scholarly journals Viscosity model for aluminosilicate melt

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Zhang ◽  
K.C. Chou
Keyword(s):  
Viscosity Model ◽  
Basic Oxide ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Oxygen Ions ◽  
Coulombic Force ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Abnormal Phenomenon ◽  
Priority Order ◽  
Oxygen Bond

The structurally based viscosity model proposed in our previous study is extended to include more components, e.g. SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O and K2O. A simple method is proposed to calculate the numbers of different types of oxygen ions classified by the different cations they bonded with, which is used to characterize the influence of composition on viscosity. When dealing with the aluminosilicate melts containing several basic oxides, the priority order is established for different cations for charge compensating Al3+ ions, according to the coulombic force between cation and oxygen anion. It is indicated that basic oxides have two paradox influences on viscosity: basic oxide with a higher basicity decreases viscosity more greatly by forming weaker non-bridging oxygen bond; while it increases viscosity more greatly by forming stronger bridging oxygen bond in tetrahedron after charge compensating Al3+ ion. The present model can extrapolate its application range to the system without SiO2. Furthermore, it could also give a satisfy interpretation to the abnormal phenomenon that viscosity increases when adding K2O to CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 melt within a certain composition range.

EPR STUDY OF DEOXYGENATED Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7 (x = 0.0, 0.08, 0.20, 0.50, 1.00)

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 433-439
Author(s):  
M. IKRAM ◽  
R. J. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Epr Spectra ◽  
Oxygen Ions ◽  
Electronic Spin ◽  
Different Types

EPR spectra of five compounds of Y 1-x Pr x Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 with x = 0.0, 0.08, 0.20, 0.50, 1.00 are reported. Different types of spectra are observed after deoxygenation. The most important feature is the occurrence of the 4-line spectra (to which we assigned an electronic spin S = 2) obtained through superexchange among the four Cu 2+ ions (effected through the intervening oxygen ions in the clusters of (CuO) 4). This may be interpreted as the presence of Pr helps in breaking bonds and killing the superconductivity.

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Heterotrophic Biomass under Aerobic Conditions and Characterization of Wastewater for Activated Sludge Modelling

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 125-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kappeler ◽  
W. Gujer
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Batch Tests ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Heterotrophic Biomass

To predict the behaviour of biological wastewater treatment plants, the Activated Sludge Model No. 1 is often used. For the application of this model kinetic parameters and wastewater composition must be known. A simple method to estimate kinetic parameters of heterotrophic biomass and COD wastewater fractions is presented. With three different types of batch-tests these parameters and fractions can be determined by measuring oxygen respiration. Our measurements showed that the maximum specific growth rate µmax of heterotrophic biomass depends on temperature, reactor configuration and SRT. In typical wastewater treatment plants of Switzerland the amount of readily biodegradable substrate was generally small (about 9 % of the COD in primary effluent). The same method can also be used to determine kinetic parameters of nitrifying biomass.

scholarly journals An estimation of snow accumulation on Svalbard glaciers on the basis of standard weather-station observations

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariusz Grabiec
Keyword(s):  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Relevant Point ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data

AbstractWinter precipitation in the form of snow is the major factor determining accumulation on Arctic glaciers. In this paper, I present a simple method to assess snow accumulation on the glaciers of Svalbard. I deduce snow accumulation from the sum of winter precipitation and the fraction of precipitation of different types at a reference weather station. The accumulation is then converted to a relevant point on the glacier, using an accumulation gradient and a location coefficient. I apply this algorithm of accumulation assessment to eight glaciers of southern and central Spitsbergen using data from 23 seasons. On the basis of measured accumulation data, the mean error of the calculated accumulation, with no distinction of precipitation types, amounted to 23%. When the distinction between precipitation types is used for glaciers of southern Spitsbergen, the average error of estimation was 19%. Errors result from factors influencing accumulation distribution over the glacier elevation profile (e.g. glacier topography, orography of its surroundings, precipitation inversion). Application of this accumulation algorithm may provide a crucial method of estimating mass balance for glaciers not included in permanent monitoring.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Determination of Glycyrrhizin and 15 Flavonoids in Licorice and Blood by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detector

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongqian Zhang ◽  
Jin Cao ◽  
Yingping Wang ◽  
Shengyuan Xiao
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
High Dynamic Range ◽  
Rat Plasma ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Ultraviolet Detector ◽  
Different Types ◽  
High Dynamic

Licorice is the most frequently used herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with versatile functions. It is also a popular natural dietary supplement. While the dosages is very important for there are some side effects caused by licorice. The composition of licorice, its products should be well determined thereof. A simple method for simultaneous determining sixteen compounds in vary high dynamic range of content has been established. This method based on the detection at the characteristic ultraviolet spectra of different types of compounds in licorice. Glycyrrhizin and fifteen flavonoids were well measured. All of these compounds can be precisely quantified at their characteristic wavelengths. This method has been successfully applied to the analyses of different licorices, Sini Tang decoction, and rat plasma after oral administration of Sini Tang decoction. These compounds were found to be over 3000 times in content (from 0.01 μg/g to 34.5 μg/g) in some samples.

scholarly journals Silver Nanomaterials for Wound Dressing Applications

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Dharshini Krishnan ◽  
Dominik Banas ◽  
Ramya Devi Durai ◽  
Daniil Kabanov ◽  
Bozena Hosnedlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Thermal Synthesis ◽  
Silver Nanomaterials ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Membrane Immobilization

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have recently become very attractive for the scientific community due to their broad spectrum of applications in the biomedical field. The main advantages of AgNPs include a simple method of synthesis, a simple way to change their morphology and high surface area to volume ratio. Much research has been carried out over the years to evaluate their possible effectivity against microbial organisms. The most important factors which influence the effectivity of AgNPs against microorganisms are the method of their preparation and the type of application. When incorporated into fabric wound dressings and other textiles, AgNPs have shown significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and inhibited biofilm formation. In this review, the different routes of synthesizing AgNPs with controlled size and geometry including chemical, green, irradiation and thermal synthesis, as well as the different types of application of AgNPs for wound dressings such as membrane immobilization, topical application, preparation of nanofibers and hydrogels, and the mechanism behind their antimicrobial activity, have been discussed elaborately.

scholarly journals A Quick Method for the Texture Mapping of Meshes Acquired by Laser Scanner

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Gabellone ◽  
Ivan Ferrari ◽  
Francesco Giuri
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Texture Mapping ◽  
Operational Effectiveness ◽  
Quick Method ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Infra Red Images ◽  
False Colour

The methodology described in this article was developed in connection with two different projects and entails texture mapping by time-of-flight laser scanner. In order to verify its operational effectiveness and applicability to other contexts, sites with extremely different morphological characteristics were studied. The basic rationale of this simple method derives from the need to obtain different types of mapping – including RGB real colour images, infra-red images, false colour images from georadar scans, etc. – from the same scanned surface. To resolve this problem, we felt that the most appropriate step was to obtain a UVW mapping based on the high resolution real colour images and then use the samecoordinates to rapidly map the false colour images as well. Thus we fitted a device to the camera to determine its trajectory (similar to a gunsight); when scanned by the laser scanner in the same context as the monument, it makes it possible to know the exact coordinates of the viewpoint.

scholarly journals Portfolio Selection Based on Distance between Fuzzy Variables

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiyi Qian ◽  
Mingqiang Yin
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Portfolio Selection ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Fuzzy Variables ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
Investment Return ◽  
New Models ◽  
Different Types

This paper researches portfolio selection problem in fuzzy environment. We introduce a new simple method in which the distance between fuzzy variables is used to measure the divergence of fuzzy investment return from a prior one. Firstly, two new mathematical models are proposed by expressing divergence as distance, investment return as expected value, and risk as variance and semivariance, respectively. Secondly, the crisp forms of the new models are also provided for different types of fuzzy variables. Finally, several numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A Simple Method for Rearing Terrestrial Heteroptera, with Special Reference to Seed-Bugs (Het. Lygaeidae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl-Cedric Coulianos ◽  
Otto Kugelberg
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Food Preference ◽  
Inexpensive Method ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Successful Mating ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Rearing Techniques ◽  
Critical Phases

AbstractA description is given of a versatile, inexpensive method for rearing different types of terrestrial Heteroptera. It permits individual, group- or massrearing and is suitable for continuous rearing as well as for food-preference experiments. It seems to fulfil all the essential requirements of the insects regarding feeding, drinking, moulting, mating, and oviposition. Some experiences are given espeeially from rearing seed-feeding Lygaeidae. Especially important is that the animals are given shelter during critical phases of development notably during moulting. Substrate and shelter also seem to be of great importance for evoking the behaviour necessary for a successful mating and oviposition. The method is discussed and compared with some other rearing techniques.

Calculation and Analysis of Three-Phase Transformer Short-Circuit Current

2014 ◽  
Vol 986-987 ◽  
pp. 1914-1917
Author(s):  
Pei Ming Pan ◽  
Huan Lian ◽  
Fei Xiang Hui ◽  
Wei Pu Tan
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Current Calculation ◽  
Important Significance ◽  
Selection Of

Analysis the important significance of transformer short-circuit current calculation for the stable operation of power system. Lead to three different types of transformer short-circuit current calculation methods, this literature uses a simplified example to compare the characters among three methods. Meanwhile, calculation by using the theory to get a quantitative range of simplified method. The calculation results and theory support each other, finally, summarizing the application range of the three methods, and offering a reference for reasonable selection of short-circuit current methods.

scholarly journals Neutron Diffraction Study of Tetragonal Zirconias containing Tetravalent Dopants

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Hunter ◽  
C. J. Howard ◽  
D.-J. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Tetragonal Zirconia ◽  
Neutron Diffraction Study ◽  
Neutron Powder Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bond Lengths ◽  
Oxygen Ions ◽  
Vegard’S Law ◽  
Raman Study ◽  
Position Parameter ◽  
Oxygen Bond

In tetragonal zirconia, the cation is coordinated by two interpenetrating tetrahedra of oxygen ions, implying two different cation-oxygen bond lengths. Neutron powder diffraction was used to study tetragonal ZrO2–2 mol% Y2O3 incorporating various amounts of the different tetravalent ions Ge, Ti, Sn and Ce. Precise and accurate values for the lattice parameters and the variable oxygen position parameter have been obtained, and from these the bond lengths derived. The results are compared with those from an earlier X-ray and Raman study on the same materials. Of interest are the confirmation of the increase in cell volume occurring when Zr is replaced by the smaller Sn ion, and the observation of departures from Vegard’s law in the case of substitution of Zr by Ti.

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