scholarly journals Analysis of naturally etched surface of brass sheathing from a nineteenth-century shipwreck

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ashkenazi ◽  
A. Inberg ◽  
D. Cvikel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Zinc Oxides ◽  
Underwater Environment ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Good State ◽  
Brass Sheet ◽  
Etched Surface

The Akko Tower Wreck is ently the remains of a 25-m-long merchant brig, dated to the first half of the nineteenth century. During the 2015 underwater excavation, a piece of brass sheet was retrieved from the shipwreck and its surface and bulk were examined by metallurgical analyses. The examinations revealed a unique example of almost two hundred years? natural etching, which took place in the sea underwater environment. The surface of the sheet was covered with different copper and zinc oxides, which were identified by XRD analysis. Observation of the naturally etched surface with multi-focal light microscopy and SEM-EDS analysis indicated a microstructure of annealed ?-brass, similar to that of its bulk. S-OES chemical analysis of the bulk revealed a composition of 65.0 wt% Cu, 34.4 wt% Zn and 0.6 wt% Pb. Based on the thickness of the sheet and its good state of preservation, it is suggested that it was used as sheathing to protect the hull against marine organisms, and to improve the sailing qualities of the ship. The results provide further information about the Akko Tower shipwreck; and expand our knowledge regarding the corrosion processes and preservation of brass during a long burial period in marine environments.

Freeze-Etch Crystal-Like Structures in Membranous Glomerulosclerosis

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
Burton B. Silver
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Donor Kidney ◽  
Unknown Substance ◽  
Etched Surface ◽  
Standard Fixation ◽  
Diseased Kidney

Tissue from a non-functional kidney affected with chronic membranous glomerulosclerosis was removed at time of trnasplantation. Recipient kidney tissue and donor kidney tissue were simultaneously fixed for electron microscopy. Primary fixation was in phosphate buffered gluteraldehyde followed by infiltration in 20 and then 40% glycerol. The tissues were frozen in liquid Freon and finally in liquid nitrogen. Fracturing and replication of the etched surface was carried out in a Denton freeze-etch device. The etched surface was coated with platinum followed by carbon. These replicas were cleaned in a 50% solution of sodium hypochlorite and mounted on 400 mesh copper grids. They were examined in an Siemens Elmiskop IA. The pictures suggested that the diseased kidney had heavy deposits of an unknown substance which might account for its inoperative state at the time of surgery. Such deposits were not as apparent in light microscopy or in the standard fixation methods used for EM. This might have been due to some extraction process which removed such granular material in the dehydration steps.

scholarly journals Effect of Molybdenum Content on the Corrosion and Microstructure of Low-Ni, Co-Free Maraging Steels

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 852
Author(s):  
Asiful H. Seikh ◽  
Hossam Halfa ◽  
Mahmoud S. Soliman
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Alloying Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Maraging Steels ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Electroslag Refining

Molybdenum (Mo) is an important alloying element in maraging steels. In this study, we altered the Mo concentration during the production of four cobalt-free maraging steels using an electroslag refining process. The microstructure of the four forged maraging steels was evaluated to examine phase contents by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Additionally, we assessed the corrosion resistance of the newly developed alloys in 3.5% NaCl solution and 1 M H2SO4 solution through potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Furthermore, we performed SEM and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis after corrosion to assess changes in microstructure and Raman spectroscopy to identify the presence of phases on the electrode surface. The microstructural analysis shows that the formation of retained austenite increases with increasing Mo concentrations. It is found from corrosion study that increasing Mo concentration up to 4.6% increased the corrosion resistance of the steel. However, further increase in Mo concentration reduces the corrosion resistance.

The Changing Relation between Atomicity and Elementarity

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-108
Author(s):  
Marina P. Banchetti-Robino
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Atomic Theory ◽  
Chemical Revolution ◽  
Fundamental Nature ◽  
Form Compound ◽  
Nature Of Matter

Early modern efforts to reconceptualize atomicity as a chymical notion fell by the wayside during the chemical revolution, as Antoine Lavoisier’s desire to transform chemistry into a strictly empirical and quantitative science led him to reject all metaphysical speculation about the fundamental nature of matter. Instead, Lavoisier focused on identifying elementary substances, which he defined operationally as the final products of chemical analysis. Our current understanding of the relation between atoms and elements, however, owes a great deal to the work of nineteenth-century chemist John Dalton. Dalton’s chemical atomic theory reconciled the concepts of “atomicity” and “elementarity” and rendered both as empirical and chemical notions, amenable to measurement and quantitative analysis. One of the central goals of Dalton’s theory was understanding how relative weights of chemical atoms determine the properties of elements and how the chemical atoms of different elements combine to form compound substances. Thus, Dalton’s theory provided a way of studying and measuring the properties of atoms and elements in a way that allowed chemists to finally understand the chemical relations between them.

Surface Properties of Laser-etched LTCC Ceramic

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (1) ◽  
pp. 000735-000739
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Zaraska ◽  
Janina Gaudyn ◽  
Adam Bieńkowski ◽  
Andrzej Czerwiński ◽  
Mariusz Płuska
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Screen Printing ◽  
Laser Etching ◽  
Photochemical Process ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Buried Layers ◽  
Etched Surface ◽  
Metal Layers

In the LTCC process, metal layers are usually deposited by screen printing conductor material on unfired tape substrate. Despite being widely used, this method has certain disadvantages, such as limited resolution of the printing process. An alternative method of producing conductor patterns is to deposit a uniform conductor paste layer on the substrate and the use a Nd:YAG laser to selectively ablate the conductor material, producing a desired pattern. This method allows achieving a higher patterning precision and also eliminates photochemical process of screen preparation, which makes it an attractive choice for rapid prototyping applications. Laser ablation step can be performed either post-firing (for a top conductor layer) or pre-firing (which allows for patterning buried layers). The aim of this paper is to investigate surface properties of LTCC ceramics processed by laser etching. Precision optical imaging and SEM are used to determine etched surface properties, and EDS analysis is used to determine its chemical composition. Effectiveness of conductor removal is investigated by comparing surface resistivity and metal content in raw and etched samples.

scholarly journals nvestigation of Morphology of Ti-6Al-7Nb after sulphuric anodizing

10.18048/5306 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Momchil Manov
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Titanium Alloy ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Excellent Corrosion Resistance

Titanium alloys possess unique combination of good mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance which make them an attractive material for application in many engineering areas. Along with these properties there are some disadvantages which can be eliminated successfully using different surface treatment methods. One of the most commonly used among them is anodizing. This article presents investigation of the results obtained from anodizing titanium alloy Ti-6Al-7Nb using sulphuric acid. The quality assessment and morphology of the anodized layer is made using a micro structural analysis, EDS analysis, XRD analysis and microhardness measurements.

‘We must send you a sample’—a Persian–European dialogue: insights into late nineteenth-century ceramic technology based on chemical analysis of tiles from the Ettehadieh house complex, Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moujan Matin ◽  
Mohammad Gholamnejad ◽  
Ali Nemati Abkenar
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Ceramic Technology ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Technological Information ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
First Time

This paper focuses on the production technology of late nineteenth-century tiles from the Ettehadieh House Complex in Tehran, Iran. It makes use of the opportunity to provide for the first time the results of chemical and microstructural analyses of late nineteenth-century tiles selected directly from context and with known provenance. The paper integrates the results of chemical study of the Ettehadieh tiles with other available technological information on nineteenth-century Persian tiles, including chemical analyses of signed tiles and samples of pigments, as well as the study of the treatise of a certain Persian potter, ‘Ali Mohammad Isfahani, to suggest processes of materials procurement and manufacture. These processes are used as evidence to discuss trade and technological interactions between Iran and Europe in the nineteenth century.

XRD and EDS Analysis of Composite Cathode Powders LSCF-SDCC-Ag for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (LTSOFC)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1087 ◽  
pp. 207-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S.A. Bakar ◽  
Sufizar Ahmad ◽  
Hamimah Abdul Rahman ◽  
H. Basri ◽  
A. Muchtar
Keyword(s):  
Ball Milling ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Composite Cathode ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Wet Milling ◽  
Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy ◽  
Phase Purity ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Milling Method

X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) analysis has been conducted on composite cathode powder LSCF-SDCC-Ag. Composite cathode powder LSCF-SDCC has been produced using high energy ball milling via wet milling method through calcinations at 750 °C. The calcined LSCF-SDCC powder then was mixed with Ag (3wt%) then pressed become pellets and sintered at 500, 550 and 600 °C. The phase purity of composite cathode powder LSCF-SDCC-Ag was determined via XRD analysis and elements distributions were observed via EDS-mapping. The SrCO3 phase was emerged after the addition of composite cathode powder LSCF-SDCC with Ag powder. The phase purity of composite cathode powder LSCF-SDCC-Ag were maintained before and after sintered. The variable of sintering temperature also not effect the structure as there were no other secondary constituent emerged as confirmed by XRD sensitivity. EDS analysis shows LSCF-SDCC-Ag produced via ball milling has uniform distribution of elements.

Preparation and Characterization of Collagen/Hydroxyapatite Microsphere Composite Scaffold for Bone Regeneration

2013 ◽  
Vol 587 ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunjalukkal Padmanabhan Sanosh ◽  
Francesca Gervaso ◽  
Alessandro Sannino ◽  
Antonio Licciulli
Keyword(s):  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Composite Scaffold ◽  
Collagen Matrix ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Bet Analysis

In the present work Collagen/Hydroxyapatite microsphere (Col/mHA) scaffold with a multiscale porosity was prepared. Col/mHA composite scaffold was prepared by freeze-drying/dehydrothermal crosslinking method. The HA microspheres (mHA) were obtained by spray drying of nanohydroxyapatite slurry prepared by precipitation technique. XRD analysis revealed that the microspheres were composed only of pure HA phase and EDS analysis revealed that Ca/P ratio was 1.69. The obtained microspheres had an average diameter 6 microns, specific surface area of 40 m2/g by BET analysis and BJH analysis shows meso porous structure having an average pore diameter 16nm. SEM analysis shows that the obtained Col/mHA scaffold had a macro porosity ranging from micron to 200 microns with meso porous mHA embedded in the collagen matrix.

scholarly journals Molecular Microspectroscopy: Where are we and where are we going

1996 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
John A. Reffner
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Orientation ◽  
Crystalline State ◽  
Microscopic Scale ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Infrared Microspectroscopy ◽  
Micro Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
History Of

Molecular microspectroscopy is the application of infrared or Raman spectrascopy, combined with light microscopy, for chemical analysis on the microscopic scale. For over a decade infrared microspectroscopy (ISM) has been an expanding technology both scientifically and commercially. Micro- Raman spectroscopy has a long history of scientific accomplishments with limited commercial success. Both of these techniques give spectral data that can be related to the bonding, crystalline state, isotopic content and molecular orientation of a material, but not its elemental composition.

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