scholarly journals The history of audiology

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Sente
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Otoacoustic Emission ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
Cochlear Microphonic Potentials ◽  
First World

Introduction The paper presents historical data on development of audiology as a medical specialty. It gives the chronological overview of the most significant discoveries which have contributed to the progress and constant development of the science of hearing. The insights and discoveries encompass the ancient, medieval and contemporary medical science. The term "audiology" and first associations of audiologists The paper reviews the origin of the term ?audiology? and the time of its occurrence. The First World Congress of Audiologists was held in 1948, and the Conference of Audiologists and Phoniatrists of Yugoslavia was established in 1974. Historical overview The ancient scientists and philosophers mentioned in the paper are as follows: Democritus, Hippocrates, Empedocles, Plato, Aristotle, and Galenus. Discoveries of Vesalius, Fallopio, Eustachio, Duverney, Schelhammer, Catugno and Helmholtz marked their epochs and made a great contribution to the development of the entire medical science, including audiology. A significant contribution to audiology was made by Schwartz in 1920 and Fletcher in 1926, constructors of audiometers. Fowler, Weigel and Fletcher promoted an audiogram in 1922. Wever and Bray first introduced the cochlear microphonic potentials. The first modern audiometer with a flat zero line for all pitches was constructed in 1937. In 1947, B?k?sy constructed the automatic audiometer, and the theory of mobile waves was introduced in 1928. Fletcher and Steinberg promoted speech audiometries in 1929. Mendel and Goldstein described medium latency responses in 1969. The first hearing aids worn within the ear appeared in the same year. William House pioneered the cochlear implantation in adults in 1969, and the program of infant cochlear implants. Jewett described the evoked auditory potentials in 1970. James Jerger classified tympanometric curves into three tympanogram types (A, B, C). Portmann and Arran introduced transtympanic electrocochleography in 1971. Kemp introduced otoacoustic emission in 1978. Instead of conclusion Finally, the paper lists the titles of available dissertations and subspecialisations in the field of audiology defended in Novi Sad and Belgrade.

scholarly journals Posthumanism and the New Ethics of Medical Practice—Epidemiology as the New Deontological Paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-118
Author(s):  
Timea Vitan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vantage Points

In the context of the COVID19 pandemic, during last year all public attention has been focused on Medicine. Epidemiology is no longer just one medical specialty among many others, but became the main paradigm and the unique background of medical science. The individual pacient has turned into the collective pacient. Medical policies are not centered on the pacient anymore, but on its social group. In this article I will try to show how the characteristics of medical practice changed since the pandemic began and which are the deontological implications of such changes. With a short introduction on the medical policies proposed by the WHO during the last decades, I wish to underline the recent history of medical practice and its obvious turning point occasioned by the pandemic. Once the new bioethical vantage points are set, I wonder to which extent posthumanist philosophy foresaw this new deontological paradigm. Having Rosi Braidotti`s “The Posthuman” as my starting point, I maintain that medical doctors no longer practice on a humanist background, but with a sort of commitment that goes beyond the individual. However, this is not an antihumansit pledge, because contemporary medical doctors still adhere to certain humanist principles. As it so often happens, we will be left with even more questions. If the pacient is no longer the individual, but the group of individuals, which is the nature of a symptom and how should we decipher its meaning? How would a new medical science look like if we are to build it not on a human but on a posthuman biology?

Communities in Exile

2020 ◽  
pp. 180-202
Author(s):  
Alex Dowdall
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
First World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Forced Displacement ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

Chapter 6 discusses the relationships of refugees from the front-line towns to the bombarded communities they left behind. It outlines the size of the refugee populations from the front-line towns, and maps their destinations within the French interior. It demonstrates that most refugees from the front-line towns experienced forced displacement alongside others from their home communities, and that this geography of displacement allowed refugees to remain socially, emotionally, and imaginatively involved in their bombarded home communities. In this way, refugees remained members of the front-line communities, even while displaced. To date, the refugee history of the First World War has focused on the attitudes of the state and host communities in the interior towards refugees. This chapter, in contrast, makes a significant contribution to the historiography by focusing on the attitudes and actions of refugees themselves. Using refugee newspapers, diaries, and a previously unknown collection of letters, it argues that refugees from the front-line towns were not merely the passive recipients of state and charitable aid, but could actively shape the conditions of their exile by remaining invested in their abandoned home towns and making appeals based on their French citizenship.

SOME CHARECTERISTIC EPIDEMIC OF HEARING LOSS CHILDREN UNDER 3 YEARS OLD IN NATIONAL CHILDREN HOSPITAL IN 2018-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Dinh Thiem ◽  
Lai Thu Ha ◽  
Phan Huu Phuc
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Language Therapy ◽  
Profound Hearing Loss ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Children With Hearing Loss ◽  
Impaired Children

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on a group of 461 hearing impaired children who were diagnosed and treated at the Audiology and Speech language therapy centre at the National Children Hospital from January 2018 to August 2019. The purpose of the study is to assess the distribution of children by age group, gender, degree of hearing loss, high risk factors of hearing loss, and status of intervention in this group of children. Data were taken by using questionnaires and analyzed using Stata software. The results showed in the study group, there were 281 boys and 180 girls. Children with profound hearing loss have the highest rate with 58.4%, followed by the severe (11,9%) and the moderate to severe (6,9%). ANSD accounts for 16.7%. The majority of children with hearing loss in both ears (90,5%), only 9,5% children with hearing loss in one ear. The most common age at which children with hearing loss are detected is 13-24 months (33,2%). Among ANSD children, 73,6% had a history of jaundice in the newborn period. Only 17,6% of children had hearing aids and 8,9% of children with severe to profound hearing loss had cochlear implants.

scholarly journals Eponyms in the human heart anatomy

Morphologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-219
Author(s):  
A.O. Svitlytskyi ◽  
A.V. Cherniavskyi ◽  
Yu.Yu. Abrosimov
Keyword(s):  
Human Heart ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Clinical Anatomy ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Anatomical Terminology ◽  
Heart Study ◽  
Clinical Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anatomical Nomenclature

The present time is characterized by an increase in the pace of life, and medicine is no exception. Often, when analyzing the medical literature, specialists are faced with the fact that in different publications almost the same structure has a different name, which causes misunderstanding among specialists in various medical fields. This is especially true for clinicians who use the convenient anatomical names of fundamental scientists such as morphologists. As these names, terms from the International Anatomical Nomenclature are used, along with which, especially in clinical anatomy and medicine, eponymous names are accepted. The use of the latter can also be misunderstood, because eponyms are absent in modern anatomical terminology. However, additional knowledge of eponyms, along with common terms, gives the opportunity to look into the past and honor the memory of those who first described the structures. The paper attempts to systematize the names - eponyms of human heart structures. The need for such work exists because many structures have several eponymous names. In addition, if you arrange the terms in the chronological order of their occurrence, you can trace the main stages in the history of the human heart study. Despite the large number of eponymous names for the same structure and the doubtful attribution of some authors, the work lists only the most common eponyms in domestic and foreign literature, about the origin and authors of which reliable information was found. In 1955, at the IV International Congress of Anatomists in Paris (Paris Anatomical Nomenclature, PNA), eponymous names were excluded from the terminology. There are a number of objective reasons for this, but at the same time, the main function of eponyms is lost - the preservation and transmission to descendants the memory of major figures of medical science who made a significant contribution to its development. Therefore, despite the exclusion of eponyms from the official terminology, these terms are widely used today both at the departments of universities in the world, and in clinical literature and practice.

Socio-political and confessional preconditions of the birth of the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church in Western Ukraine (20-30 years of the twentieth century)

2000 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
R. Soloviy
Keyword(s):  
Public Life ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Religious Influences ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Factor ◽  
First World

In the history of religious organizations of Western Ukraine in the 20-30th years of the XX century. The activity of such an early protestant denominational formation as the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church occupies a prominent position. Among UCRC researchers there are several approaches to the preconditions for the birth of the Ukrainian Calvinistic movement in Western Ukraine. In particular, O. Dombrovsky, studying the historical preconditions for the formation of the UREC in Western Ukraine, expressed the view that the formation of the Calvinist cell should be considered in the broad context of the Ukrainian national revival of the 19th and 20th centuries, a new assessment of the religious factor in public life proposed by the Ukrainian radical activists ( M. Drahomanov, I. Franko, M. Pavlik), and significant socio-political, national-cultural and spiritual shifts caused by the events of the First World War. Other researchers of Ukrainian Calvinism, who based their analysis on the confessional-polemical approach (I.Vlasovsky, M.Stepanovich), interpreted Protestantism in Ukraine as a product of Western cultural and religious influences, alien to Ukrainian spirituality and culture.

Ale na razie tu cisza” – fotografie sprzed katastrofy w wybranych zapisach literackich (Stefan Chwin, Ryszard Kapuściński, Wisława Szymborska)

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Magdalena Strąk
Keyword(s):  
Time Perspective ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
First World War ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

The work aims to show a peculiar perspective of looking at photographs taken on the eve of the broadly understood disaster, which is specified in a slightly different way in each of the literary texts (Stefan Chwin’s autobiographical novel Krótka historia pewnego żartu [The brief history of a certain joke], a poem by Ryszard Kapuściński Na wystawie „Fotografia chłopów polskich do 1944 r.” [At an exhibition “The Polish peasants in photographs to 1944”] and Wisława Szymborska’s Fotografia z 11 września [Photograph from September 11]) – as death in a concentration camp, a general concept of the First World War or a terrorist attack. Upcoming tragic events – of which the photographed people are not yet aware – become for the subsequent recipient an inseparable element of reality contained in the frame. For the later observers, privileged with time perspective, the characters captured in the photograph are already victims of the catastrophe, which in reality was not yet recorded by the camera. It is a work about coexistence of the past and future in the field of photography.

From the history of the military past of composer and conductor Boris Galaev

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Felix S. Kireev
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Musical Activity ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time ◽  
First World

Boris Alexandrovich Galaev is known as an outstanding composer, folklorist, conductor, educator, musical and public figure. He has a great merit in the development of musical culture in South Ossetia. All the musical activity of B.A. Galaev is studied and analyzed in detail. In most of the biographies of B.A. Galaev about his participation in the First World War, there is only one proposal that he served in the army and was a bandmaster. For the first time in historiography the participation of B.A. Galaev is analyzed, and it is found out what positions he held, what awards he received, in which battles he participated. Based on the identified documentary sources, for the first time in historiography, it occured that B.A. Galaev was an active participant in the First World War on the Caucasian Front. He went on attacks, both on foot and horse formation, was in reconnaissance, maintained communication between units, received military awards. During this period, he did not have time to study his favorite music, since, according to the documents, he was constantly at the front, in the battle formations of the advanced units. He had to forget all this heroic past and tried not to mention it ever after. Therefore, this period of his life was not studied by the researchers of his biography. For writing this work, the author uses the Highest Orders on the Ranks of the Military and the materials of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RSMHA).

CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL IDEA OF THE “SOCIAL STATE” IN THE HISTORY OF LEGAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Fedorov
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Social State ◽  
Classical Liberal ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to the problem of the social state as one of the fundamental constitutional principles of the state structure of modern developed countries. The course of historical development of philosophical and legal thought on this problem is considered. The idea of a close connection between the concept of the social state and the ideas of utopian socialism of Thomas More and Henri Saint-Simon is put forward. Liberals also made a significant contribution to the development of the idea of the social state, they argued that the ratio of equality and freedom is a key problem for the classical liberal doctrine. It is concluded that the emergence of the theory of the social state for objective reasons was inevitable, since it is due to the historical development of society.

De Brusselse vereniging De Veldbloem zoekt toenadering tot Hendrik Conscience. Twee pas ontdekte brieven

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
Luc Vandeweyer
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
De Man ◽  
First World

Het wordt in de historiografie van de Vlaamse beweging aanvaard dat Hendrik Conscience door de Brusselse progressieve vereniging ‘De Veldbloem’ in 1872 werd gevraagd om te kandideren voor de parlementaire verkiezingen. Conscience zou dat geweigerd hebben. Dit is uiteraard geen onbetekenend feit in de biografie van de man die ‘zijn volk leerde lezen’.Dit gegeven is terug te voeren op de geschriften van Antoon Jacob (°1889) van na de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Jacob werd beschouwd als een autoriteit inzake Conscience. Maar waar is het bewijs? Hij verwees daarbij naar “uitvoerige correspondentie” maar die is niet te vinden. Het ADVN slaagde erin om de archivalische nalatenschap van de in 1947 gestorven Jacob te verwerven. Daarin bleken heel wat brieven van en aan Conscience te zitten. De briefwisseling met ‘De Veldbloem’ was onderwerp van deze bijdrage. Daarin is geen spoor te vinden van de poging om Conscience op het politieke strijdtoneel te brengen in Brussel. Daarbij moet de vraag gesteld worden hoe Jacob deze archiefstukken verzamelde en wat ermee is gebeurd tijdens zijn turbulente leven en talrijke omzwervingen. Het is best mogelijk dat er een en ander is verloren gegaan. Toch is deze nalatenschap een belangrijke aanwinst voor de studie van de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging en die van Conscience in het bijzonder. ________ The Brussels association ‘De Veldbloem’ seeks contact with Hendrik Conscience. Two recently discovered letters It is an accepted fact in the historiography of the Flemish Movement that the Brussels progressive Association ‘De Veldbloem’ [=the Wildflower] asked Hendrik Conscience in 1872 to be their candidate for the parliamentary elections. It is said that Hendrik Conscience refused the request. This is of course a very significant fact in the biography of the man ‘who taught his people to read.’ This information may be inferred from the writings of Antoon Jacob (°1889) from the period after the First World War. Jacob was regarded as an authority on Conscience. But where is the evidence of this? In his claim, he referred to ‘extensive correspondence’, but that correspondence is not extant. The ADVN managed to acquire the archival legacy of Jacob who died in 1947. It turned out that it included quite a number of letters to and from Conscience. The exchange of letters with ‘De Veldbloem’ was the subject of this contribution. It contains no trace of the attempt to bring Conscience into the political arena in Brussels. It raises the question how Jacob collected these archival documents and what happened to them during his turbulent life and his many peregrinations.  It is certainly possible that some documents have been lost. However, this legacy is still an important acquisition for the study of the history of the Flemish Movement and of Conscience in particular.

ENGLISH LABOUR AND TRADE UNIONISM OF THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY IN THE COVERAGE OF THE BRITISH HISTORIAN G. D. H. COLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
T.N. GELLA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
First World

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the views of a famous British historian G.D.G. Cole on the history of the British workers' and UK socialist movement in the early twentieth century. The arti-cle focuses on the historian's assessment and the reasons for the workers' strike movement intensi-fication on the eve of the First World War, the specifics of such trends as labourism, trade unionism and syndicalism.

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