A study on the allelopathic tolerance of garden pea varieties to Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. extracts

The present research study identified garden pea varieties with pronounced tolerance to the allelopatic action of Sorghum halepense. Nine varieties were selected to study the effects of shoot and root weed biomass, applied in three extract concentrations (1, 5 and 10%), on seed germination and initial germ growth. A variance analysis of data revealed significant influence (p <0.05) of three studied factors (variety, type and concentration of extracts) on the investigated parameters. Statistically insignificant was only the influence of extract type (root/aboveground biomass) on seed germination. Based on absolute values of the allelopathic indicator RI, which determines the degree of allelopathic inhibition in terms of germination, germ length and weight in different varieties, the variation was as follows: from -0.30 to -0.04, from -1.31 to -2.96 and from -0.47 to 0.02. The total effect of allelopathic action of S. halepense on all studied parameters, presented as a GGE-biplot analysis, defined Pulpudeva and Puldin varieties as exhibiting higher tolerance, in contrast to Denitsa and Vyatovo, which were sensitive. Ran I, Mira, Musala and Vechernitsa occupied an intermediate position. Cultivation of allelopathic tolerant varieties is a promising addition to the current weed control strategy, especially in organic production.

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Physical weed control in protected leaf-beet in central Italy

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1017/s1742170509990287 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 8-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michele Raffaelli ◽

Marco Fontanelli ◽

Christian Frasconi ◽

Marco Ginanni ◽

Andrea Peruzzi

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Control Strategy ◽

Weed Management ◽

Central Italy ◽

Conventional Technique ◽

Organic Production ◽

Organic System ◽

Protected Cultivation ◽

Set Up ◽

Physical Weed Control

AbstractLeaf-beet is a typical and very important protected cultivation crop in central Italy. In leaf-beet protected cultivation, weed control is one of the most important problems because of its fairly long crop cycle (approximately 4–5 months). The aim of this research was to set up an efficient non chemical weed control strategy performed with innovative machines built and set up by the University of Pisa. A two-year (2006–2007) ‘on-farm’ experimental trial was carried out in Crespina (PI). A conventional weed management technique (consisting of one pre-transplanting chemical treatment) was compared with an innovative physical weed control strategy in an organic production system (consisting of using a stale seedbed technique, in several post-emergence precision hoeing and in-row hand-weeding treatments). In the conventional technique, leaf-beet was manually transplanted, while it was sown with a precision pneumatic planter in the organic system. All innovative machines for physical weed control were adjusted and set up for the protected cultivation. Similar yields were recorded for the two systems in this two-year trial. Total labor time (for weed management and crop planting) was appreciably lower in the conventional system in the first year of the experiment (−67%), while in the second year, some improvement in the physical weed control techniques decreased labor needs with respect to the conventional technique (−40%). Weed dry biomass at harvest was significantly lower in the organic cropping system (on average −50%).

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Allelopathic Potential of Jasminum Officinale on Weed Species

Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca Animal Science and Biotechnologies ◽

10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:12611 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Steliana RODINO ◽

Marian BUTU ◽

Alina BUTU

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Beneficial Effect ◽

Weed Control ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽

Sorghum Halepense ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Weed Species ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Radicle Elongation

Allelopathy is generally defined as any direct or indirect harmful or beneficial effect of one plant on another mediated by the production allelochemicals. The scope of this study was the evaluation of the potential allelopathic effect of Jasminum officinale against some weed species.Â The effects of extracts obtained from root, stem and leaves of J. officinale, were evaluated against ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and Johnsonn grass (Sorghum halepense). The aqueous leachates of jasmine demonstrated promising allelopathic potential by inhibiting seed germination and radicle elongation of all tested species. The more profound research in the field of allelopathy will eventually lead to the development of bioproducts designed for pest or weed control using allelochemicals.

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Weed Management in Autumn Fresh Market Spinach: A Nonchemical Alternative

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.25.2.177 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 177-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marco Fontanelli ◽

Luisa Martelloni ◽

Michele Raffaelli ◽

Christian Frasconi ◽

Marco Ginanni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Control Strategy ◽

Weed Management ◽

Physical System ◽

Organic Production ◽

Chemical System ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Integrated Production ◽

Physical Weed Control ◽

Density And Biomass

Physical rather than chemical treatments are preferred for integrated production and are required for organic production to ensure a sustainable production. Weed management in many horticultural crops is heavily constrained by the limited number of herbicides available. Physical weed control strategies, on the other hand, are essential to organic vegetable production and greatly assist conventional vegetable farmers. A physical weed control strategy was developed and compared with a standard chemical strategy within an integrated farming system in fresh market spinach (Spinacia oleracea). The experiment was conducted on a farm in the Serchio Valley (Tuscany, central Italy) in 2004 and 2005, where spinach is one of the most important crops. The physical weed control strategy consisted of a stale seedbed technique and postemergence treatments using various mechanical and thermal machines. The chemical weed control strategy consisted of a single postemergence herbicide treatment using phenmedipham at 15.8% in compliance with integrated production norms in Italy. Strategy performance was assessed in terms of weed density and biomass, total labor requirement, and crop yield. Compared with the chemical system, the physical system required a substantially larger labor input (19 vs. 6 h·ha−1), but like the chemical system, did not require hand weeding. In addition, the physical system reduced weed dry biomass at harvest by 50% and increased spinach fresh yield by 35%. Physical strategies therefore are a valid alternative to the use of herbicides in fresh market spinach and may be especially desirable given the increasing importance of nonchemical weed control in integrated, organic, and conventional farming systems in Europe and the United States.

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Weed Control in a Conservation Tillage Rotation in the Texas Blacklands

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500060823 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 695-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Steven M. Brown ◽

James M. Chandler ◽

John E. Morrison

Keyword(s):

Control Systems ◽

Weed Control ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Grain Sorghum ◽

Control Measures ◽

Sorghum Halepense ◽

Low Intensity ◽

No Till ◽

Primary Tillage ◽

And Control

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate weed control systems in a conservation tillage rotation of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] – cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) – wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Herbicide systems included fall and spring/summer inputs of high and low intensity. Tillage regimes were no-till (NT) and reduced-till (RT) systems; the latter included fall primary tillage followed by spring stale seedbed planting. Both tillage systems utilized controlled traffic lanes and wide, raised beds. Effective johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] control required intense herbicide inputs at one or both application periods, i.e., in the fall and/or spring/summer. Grain sorghum and cotton yields for the most intense weed control system, which included high inputs in both the fall and spring/summer, were not superior to systems that included high inputs in only one of the two application periods. Seedling johnsongrass emergence occurred before spring planting in RT (but not in NT) in 2 of 3 yr, and control measures were ineffective. After 3 yr, the predominant weeds were johnsongrass and browntop panicum (Panicum fasciculatumSw. # PANFA).

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The Use of Electrostatic Field to Improve Soybean Seed Germination in Organic Production

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11081473 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1473

Author(s):

Zlatica Mamlic ◽

Ivana Maksimovic ◽

Petar Canak ◽

Goran Mamlic ◽

Vojin Djukic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Electrostatic Field ◽

Seed Quality ◽

18Th Century ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Organic Production ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Physical Treatment ◽

Soybean Seedlings ◽

Dark Green

Soybean production in the system of organic agriculture is not very demanding, and this has been well documented both through experimental results and commercial production. However, one of the biggest problems in organic production is the lack of adequate pre-sowing treatments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of the electrostatic field. This is a physical treatment that was first used for seed treatment in the 18th century but has mostly been neglected since then. Seeds of five soybean genotypes with differently colored seed coats (yellow, green, dark green, brown, and black) were included in this study. The seeds were exposed to different values of direct current (DC) with the following voltages: 0 V (control), 3 V, 6 V, and 9 V, to which the seeds were exposed for 0 min (control), 1 min, and 3 min. After exposing the seeds to the electric field, the physiological properties of seeds and seedlings at the first stage of growth were evaluated. The results show that the effect of the electrostatic field on seed quality depends on the genotype, voltage, and exposure time. The application of DC can be a suitable method for improving seed germination and the initial growth of soybean seedlings. In addition, the results indicate that it is necessary to adjust the DC treatment (voltage and duration of exposure of seeds) to particular genotypes since inadequate treatments may reduce the quality of seeds.

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Systems of Weed Control for Peanuts

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500032069 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 176-180 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

E. W. Hauser ◽

S. R. Cecil ◽

C. C. Dowler

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Weed Control ◽

Soil Types ◽

Average Weight ◽

Clay Loam ◽

Sandy Clay Loam ◽

Effective System ◽

Economical System ◽

Grade Average

Systems of weed control composed of (a) herbicides only, (b) herbicides plus cultivation, or (c) cultivation only were devised. The most effective systems, involving herbicide sequences plus one “non-dirting” layby cultivation, controlled twelve troublesome species of weeds with acceptable yields of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). On Greenville sandy clay loam, a particularly effective and economical system of weed control consisted of (a) N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine (benefin) used as a preplanting incorporated treatment, then (b) S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate) either incorporated into the soil before planting or injected at planting, and finally, (c) a layby cultivation 5 to 6 weeks after planting. A similarly effective system on Tifton loamy sand involved vernolate injected at planting, 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) at “cracking”, and 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) as a postemergence treatment followed by the layby cultivation. The “non-dirting” layby cultivation, averaged over both years and herbicide sequences, significantly increased yields of peanuts on both soil types. None of the systems of weed control caused consistent differences in market grade, average weight per seed, germination, or organoleptic quality of the peanuts.

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Progress towards no-till organic weed control in western Canada

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1017/s1742170511000500 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 60-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Steven J. Shirtliffe ◽

Eric N. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Green Manure ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Organic Production ◽

Field Pea ◽

Western Canada ◽

No Till ◽

Green Manure Crops

AbstractOrganic farmers in western Canada rely on tillage to control weeds and incorporate crop residues that could plug mechanical weed-control implements. However, tillage significantly increases the risk of soil erosion. For farmers seeking to reduce or eliminate tillage, potential alternatives include mowing or using a roller crimper for terminating green manure crops (cover crops) or using a minimum tillage (min-till) rotary hoe for mechanically controlling weeds. Although many researchers have studied organic crop production in western Canada, few have studied no-till organic production practices. Two studies were recently conducted in Saskatchewan to determine the efficacy of the following alternatives to tillage: mowing and roller crimping for weed control, and min-till rotary hoeing weed control in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). The first study compared mowing and roller crimping with tillage when terminating faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and field pea green manure crops. Early termination of annual green manure crops with roller crimping or mowing resulted in less weed regrowth compared with tillage. When compared with faba bean, field pea produced greater crop biomass, suppressed weeds better and had less regrowth. Wheat yields following pea were not affected by the method of termination. Thus, this first study indicated that roller crimping and mowing are viable alternatives to tillage to terminate field pea green manure crops. The second study evaluated the tolerance and efficacy of a min-till rotary harrow in no-till field pea production. The min-till rotary hoe was able to operate in no-till cereal residues and multiple passes did not affect the level of residue cover. Field pea exhibited excellent tolerance to the min-till rotary hoe. Good weed control occurred with multiple rotary hoe passes, and pea seed yield was 87% of the yield obtained in the herbicide-treated check. Therefore, this second study demonstrated that min-till rotary hoeing effectively controls many small seeded annual weeds in the presence of crop residue and thus can reduce the need for tillage in organic-cropping systems.

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