scholarly journals Economic feasibility of decentralized hybrid photovoltaic-diesel technology in Saudi Arabia: A way forward for sustainable coastal development

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1 Part B) ◽  
pp. 745-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Shaahid
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Coastal Development ◽  
Photovoltaic System

In view of growing concerns of global warming and depleting oil/gas reserves, many nations are considering use of hybrid photovoltaic-diesel technology as an option for power generation The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has higher level of solar radiation and is a prospective candidate for deployment of solar photovoltaic systems. Literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in the Kingdom consume about 10-45% of the total electric energy generated. The aim of this study is to analyze solar radiation data in city of Yanbu to assess the technoeconomic feasibility of utilizing hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery power systems to meet the load of a typical residential building. The monthly average daily solar global radiation ranges from 3.61 to 7.90 kWh/m2 . National Renewable Energy Laboratory?s HOMER software has been used in the study. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system, composed of 4 kWp photovoltaic system together with 10 kW diesel system, and a battery storage of 3 hours of autonomy (average load), the photovoltaic penetration is 21%. The cost of generating energy from that hybrid system has been found to be 0.180 $/kWh. With use of this hybrid system, about 2 tons per year of carbon emissions can be avoided entering into the local atmosphere. Also, for a given hybrid configuration, the operational time of diesel generators has been found to decrease with increase in photovoltaic capacity. The investigation examines impact of photovoltaic penetration on: carbon emissions, diesel fuel consumption, net present cost, cost of energy, etc.

scholarly journals Economic perspective of hybrid wind-diesel technology for commercial loads of Dhahran Saudi Arabia: A step towards sustainable future

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-178
Author(s):  
S.M. Shaahid
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Commercial Building

The governments world-wide are deliberating to promote renewable energy sources such as wind to mitigate increasing demand of energy and to overcome effects of pollution due to to use of fossil fuels. Integration of wind turbine generators (WTG) with the diesel plants is pursued widely to reduce dependence on fossil-fuels and to reduce carbon emissions. Literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A) consume an estimated 10 - 40% of the total electric energy generated. The aim of this study is to analyze wind-speed data of Dhahran (East-Coast, K.S.A.) to assess the economic feasibility of utilizing hybrid wind-diesel power systems to meet the load requirements of a typical commercial building (with annual electrical energy demand of 620,000 kWh). The monthly average wind speeds range from 3.3 to 5.6 m/s. The hybrid systems simulated consist of different combinations of 100 kW commercial WTG supplemented with diesel generators. NREL?s (HOMER Energy?s) HOMER software has been employed to perform the techno-economic analysis. The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system comprising of 100 kW wind capacity together with 175 kW diesel system, the wind penetration (at 37 m hub-height, with 0% annual capacity shortage) is 25%. The cost of generating energy (COE, $/kWh) from this hybrid wind-diesel system has been found to be 0.121 $/kWh (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1$/liter). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the number of operational hours of diesel gensets decreases with increase in wind farm capacity. Emphasis has also been placed on wind penetration, un-met load, energy production and COE, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (relative to diesel-only situation) of different hybrid systems, cost break-down of wind-diesel systems, COE of different hybrid systems, etc.

scholarly journals Stand-Alone Hybrid Wind-Diesel Power Systems for Commercial Loads of Turaif-Saudi Arabia - Techno-Economics of Hot Desert Regions for Sustainable Clean Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2212-2217
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Average Wind Speed

Hybrid wind-diesel technology is disseminated world-wide to minimize depletion of fossil-fuels and carbon emissions. Appreciable amount (10-40%) of energy generated is consumed by commercial/residential buildings of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A.). This investigation aims at techno-economic assessment of hybrid wind-diesel systems (HWDS) to satisfy electrical demand (620,000 kWh per year) of a representative commercial building at Turaif (Northern Province, K.S.A.) by analysis of wind speed data. As per the study, the monthly average wind speed of Turaif lies in the range 3.4 - 4.4 meters per second. The configurations simulated include various mixes of 100 kW wind machines (WTG) and diesel systems. The techno-economic evaluation is carried out by using NREL’s (HOMER Energy’s) HOMER software. The results point out that the wind fraction (with zero % load rejection) is 20% for a hybrid configuration composed of one 100 kW WTG together and 175 kW diesel generator. The energy generation cost (COE) from this system is 0.123 $/kWh. Also, 20% wind fraction, results in reducing carbon emissions by 91 tons/year. The diesel operation time is less with higher penetration of wind. Also, emphasis is on effect of wind fraction on energy produced, COE, operational time of diesel sets, un-met load, excess energy, fuel savings, carbon emissions, cost of HWDS, etc.

scholarly journals Evaluating the potential energy savings of residential buildings and utilizing solar energy in the middle region of Saudi Arabia – Case study

2020 ◽  
pp. 014459872097514
Author(s):  
AbdulRahman S Almushaikah ◽  
Radwan A Almasri
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Middle Region

Lately, with the growth in energy consumption worldwide to support global efforts to improve the climate, developing nations have to take significant measures. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) implemented meaningful policy actions towards promoting energy efficiency (EE) in several sectors, especially in the building sector, to be more sustainable. In this paper, various EE measures and solar energy prospects are investigated for the residential sector, in two locations in the middle region of the KSA. An energy performance analysis of pre-existing residential buildings with an overall design is performed using simulation programs. However, installing EE measures in the building envelope is important to achieve an efficient sector regarding its energy consumption. The findings showed that applying EE measures for the building envelope, walls, roof, and windows should be considered first that makes the energy conservation possible. In Riyadh, EE measures are responsible for reducing energy consumption by 27% for walls, 14% for roof, and 6% for window, and by 29%, 13%, and 6% for walls, roof, and windows, respectively, for Qassim. However, the most impactful EE solution was selecting a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system with a high energy efficiency rate (EER), which can minimize the energy consumption by 33% and 32% for Riyadh and Qassim, respectively. The study's feasibility showed that the number of years needed to offset the initial investment for a proposed roof PV system exceeds the project's life, if the energy produced is exported to the grid at the official export tariff of 0.019 $/kWh. However, the simple payback time was 13.42 years if the energy produced is exported to the grid at a rate of 0.048 $/kWh, reflecting the project's economic feasibility.

Performance evaluation of building-integrated photovoltaic systems for residential buildings in southern India

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ramanan ◽  
K Kalidasa Murugavel ◽  
A Karthick ◽  
K Sudhakar
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Building Integrated Photovoltaic ◽  
Inclination Angles

The integration of photovoltaic modules into the building structure is a challenging task with respect to power generation of PV module and the effect of incident solar radiation. The performance of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules varies depending upon the orientation and azimuth angle of the building. In this work, the year-round performance and economic feasibility analysis of grid-connected building-integrated photovoltaic (GBIPV) modules is reported for the hot and humid climatic regional condition at Kovilpatti (9°10′0′′N, 77°52′0′′E), Tamil Nadu, India. The appropriate mounting structures are provided, to experimentally simulate the performance of GBIPV modules at various orientations and inclination angles (0° to 90°). The result indicated that the optimum orientation for installation of BIPV modules in the façade and walls is found to be east while that for a pitched roof south orientation is recommended. The overall average annual performance ratio, capacity utilisation factor, array capture loss and system losses are found to be 0.83, 23%, 0.07 (h/day), and 0.17 (h/day), respectively. In addition, the economic feasibility of grid connected PV system for residential buildings in Tamil Nadu, India is analysed using HOMER by incorporating both a net metering process and electricity tariff. Practical application: Grid-connected building-integrated photovoltaic system has many benefits and barriers by being installed and integrated into the building structure. The application of GBIPV in building structures and its orientation of installation needs to be optimised before installing into buildings. This study will assist architects and wider community to design buildings facades and roofs with GBIPV system which are more aesthetic and account for noise protection and thermal insulation in the region of equatorial climate zones. By adding as shading devices, they can reduce the need for artificial lighting, and moderate heating or cooling load of the buildings.

scholarly journals The Possibility of Developing Existing Residential Buldings by Installing Photovoltaic Modules Case Study: Libya – Zuwarah

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Marim M. A. Baka ◽  
Demet Irkli Eryildiz
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Building Roof ◽  
Photovoltaic Modules ◽  
Two Samples

Libya is completely dependent on non-renewable energy sources (oil and natural gas that increase the problem of global warming) to meet its needs for electric energy. After its decline in its oil production and the destruction of some power stations, especially after 2011, the electricity sector in Libya witnessed a very significant decline, as it could not meet the needs of citizens in all sectors, including the residential sector. On the other hand, Libya has good solar radiation, as the average solar radiation at the horizontal level is 7.1 kW/m2 in the coastal areas and 8.1 kilowatt / square meters in the southern regions for nine hours per day, and the estimated amount of solar energy available annually is 3.5×109 gig watt hours, which makes it one of the countries that can use solar energy to help meet the increasing demand for electrical energy, and together, this energy is not utilized sufficiently. This work aims to study the possibility of developing existing residential buildings by installing photovoltaic modules the photovoltaic modules have been integrated with existing buildings in Zuwarah city in different ways: on the building roof to perform functional role and facades for aesthetic role. After studying the existing residential buildings in the city, two samples were chosen as case studies to apply the integration of photovoltaic units to them using Sketch Up software, and the PV Syst software, to design the PV system. The study clarified the role that photovoltaic systems play in the sustainable architectural formation through their ability to achieve its rules and principles, and the possibility of developing existing residential buildings in Libya - Zuwara by integrating PV with it. As well as its contribution to solving the electricity crisis in Libya.

scholarly journals A Study on the solar radiation incident upon the overhead water tanks in Saudi Arabia with different configurations

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Khurshid ◽  
Karthik Silaipillayarputhur
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Water Storage Tank ◽  
Glass Insulation ◽  
Water Tanks

Saudi Arabia is one of the warmer countries in the Middle East region. In the summer months, the ambient temperature reaches 50°C on regular basis. This high temperature has a direct effect on the elevation of water temperatures inside the domestic and commercial over-head tanks. The tanks are predominantly installed on the roof of the buildings without any shade or insulation and are exposed to the direct irradiation from the sun. The tank material is not capable of reducing the effect of solar radiation. Therefore, water gets very hot in the afternoon that it is impossible for the occupants of the residential buildings to take a shower or even wash their hands. This paper studied the effect of solar irradiation on the water temperature in the over-head storage water tanks during the summer months. The temperature rise in the water storage tank was considered for different cases, (i.e.) a free standing tank exposed to direct sun’s irradiation, a tank with shade, a tank with fiber glass insulation, and a tank having insulation along with shade. An analytical model was developed to study the effects of sun’s irradiation and the results were compared with that of experimentation. The results from the water storage tank having insulation exhibited encouraging results.  

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Integration the Saudi Code of Energy Conservation with the Solar PV Systems in Residential Buildings

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3384
Author(s):  
Radwan Almasri ◽  
Abdullah Alardhi ◽  
Saad Dilshad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Thermal Insulations ◽  
The Impact

The demand for air conditioning is increasing day by day in the world’s hot and humid climate areas. Energy conservation in buildings can play a vital role in meeting this high cooling demand. This paper attempts to consider the impacts of energy efficiency and renewable energy measures on the energy demand of Saudi Arabia’s residential buildings. The energy analysis and economic feasibility analysis of thermal insulations are performed in this paper by investigating the effect of residential buildings’ thermal insulations on the economic feasibility of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. This was the combined effort of building owners and government, and buildings were examined if a photovoltaic system and thermal insulation were used. The study was conducted in the three climate zones in Saudi Arabia. The results showed that the building base case’s annual electrical energy consumption in Riyadh city was 67,095 kWh, Hail 57,373 kWh, and Abha 26,799 kWh. For the basic case-building in Riyadh, 69% of the total electrical energy was used for cooling and heating. Applying the Saudi Building Code requirement for Riyadh will provide only 18% of the total energy used for cooling and heating. RETScreen 6.1 software was used to design a photovoltaic system; the analysis was done using technical and economic indicators. The annual yield factor for Riyadh, Hail, and Abha was 1649 kWh/kWp/year, 1711 kWh/kWp/year, and 1765 kWh/kWp/year, respectively. The capacity factors for Riyadh, Hail, and Abha were 18.8%, 19.5%, and 20.1%, respectively. The Unified photovoltaic Levelized energy costs were 0.031, 0.030, and 0.029 $/kWh for Riyadh, Hail, and Abha, respectively. Finally, the Net Present Value and greenhouse gas emissions reduction have been estimated.

scholarly journals Investigation of the impact of atmospheric pollutants on solar module energy efficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 2021-2030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Radonjic ◽  
Tomislav Pavlovic ◽  
Dragoljub Mirjanic ◽  
Miodrag Radovic ◽  
Dragana Milosavljevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Carbon Powder ◽  
Solar Module ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Investigation ◽  
The Impact

Soiling is a term used to describe the deposition of dust (dirt) on the solar modules, which reduces the amount of solar radiation that reaches the solar cells. This can cause a more difficult operation of the entire photovoltaic system and therefore generation of less electric energy. This paper presents the results of the influence of various pollutants commonly found in the air (carbon, calcium carbonate ? CaCO3, and soil particles) on the energy efficiency of solar modules. Scanning electron microscope investigation of carbon powder, CaCO3, and soil particles which were applied to solar modules showed that the particles of carbon and CaCO3 are similar in size, while the space between the particles through which the light can pass, is smaller in carbon than in CaCO3. Dimensions of soil particles are different, and the space between the soil particles through which the light can pass is similar to CaCO3. Solar radiation more easily reaches the surface of solar modules soiled by CaCO3 and soil particles than the surface of the solar modules soiled by carbon. The efficiency of the module soiled by carbon on average decreases by 37.6%, the efficiency of the module soiled by CaCO3 by 6.7%, and the efficiency of the module soiled by soil particles by 6.8%, as compared to the clean solar module. The greatest influence on reducing the energy efficiency of solar modules by soiling exerts carbon, and the influence of CaCO3 and soil particles is similar.

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