scholarly journals Why education policies fail: Multiple streams model of policymaking

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Teodorovic
Keyword(s):  
Federal Law ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Political Will ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Multiple Streams Model ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Feasible Solutions ◽  
Implementation Problems

In this paper, the author first presents a Multiple Streams model of policymaking introduced by John Kingdon and elaborated by Robert W. Porter. The relevance and usefulness of the model are then exemplified by analyzing a reform in Argentine education. Kingdon and Porter argued that, for education policies to succeed, the following three streams of actions need to meet: problem must be clearly defined, feasible solutions offered, and political consensus obtained. In 1993, Argentina passed the Federal Law of Education in the attempt to reduce large educational inequities between the rich and the poor. The Law largely failed because (1) problems were narrowly defined only by the government, (2) solutions were one-sided, primarily focusing on the financial, and neglecting contextual and implementation problems, and (3) political will existed only at the highest level, while actual capacities of implementing units were far below those needed for the reform. Analyzing policies through the lens of the Multiple Streams model of policymaking is recommended for other policymakers.

The Distribution Mechanism of Subsidized Liquid Petroleum Gas in Sajad District West Kalimantan: An Investigation Based on Islamic Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Zarul Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Official Price ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Rich People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Initial Survey

This research is based on an initial survey of the distribution of subsidized 3-kg LPG which I think is not right on target because it is full of fraudulent practices. In distributing LPG, it was found that many rich people still buy subsidized 3-kg LPG. In fact, according to government regulations, 3-kg LPG is intended for the poor economic community or small business owners. The problem that is the focus of this research is how the mechanism for distributing 3-kg LPG is in Sajad Regency, and how is the law on selling 3-kg LPG for the rich when viewed according to Islamic law. To answer these questions, data collection techniques were carried out through observation and interviews. The results of this study are 1) the distribution of 3-kg LPG is not in accordance with government regulations, namely the distribution of LPG prioritizes people who can afford it above the official price, while the poor can only get a small part of the official government price/national subsidy price, so there are more stock for sale at more expensive than the official price. 2) If viewed from Islamic law, the distribution of 3-kg LPG is not in accordance with the sharia business method because it is carried out by ignoring government regulations, namely traders are considered to have broken an agreement with the government regarding price determination. In addition, this buying and selling practice also lacks supervision, no sanctions and no law enforcement to maintain subsidy prices so that many sellers dare to violate contracts with the government and violate government regulations.

scholarly journals Sinergi Pelayanan Zakat dan Pajak Dalam Upaya Mengurangi Kemiskinan

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumi Herlita
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government

Zakat and taxes are two important sources of funding for the state. Both function to solve economic problems and reduce poverty in the community. But in reality the function of zakat and tax can not be optimal. BAZNAS and LAZ as an extension of the government in managing zakat can not be maximized in the collection of zakat funds as well as taxes. Although the nature of the tax is not specific to the poor, but also to the rich, but in fact the existence of taxes have not been able to solve poverty in Indonesia. Therefore it is necessary solution to synergize zakat and tax in order to increase zakat and tax collection. With bersinerginya zakat and taxes are expected to increase public awareness to pay zakat and taxes that can eventually be used to reduce poverty.

Community organising for social change: the scope for class politics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn Taylor ◽  
Mandy Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Class Politics ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government

Launched in England in 2010, the government-funded Community Organisers Programme was one of a number of initiatives claiming to put power back in the hands of people. However, it was introduced at the same time as the government was introducing a range of austerity policies, and the divide between the rich and the poor was growing ever greater. This chapter explores the Community Organisers Programme’s approach and the extent to which issues of class have featured in its approach and practice.

scholarly journals Inflation Everywhere is a Monetary Phenomenon: An Introductory Note

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-183
Author(s):  
Nadeem Ul Haque ◽  
Abdul Qayyum
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Support Price ◽  
Optimal Resource ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
Development Resource

Ever since the 1970s, when inflation became a virtually global phenomenon, controlling inflation has become a high priority for policy-makers. Given the well-known costs of inflation, policy now in all countries is inflation-averse. Perhaps one of the more important adverse consequences of inflation may be that high and persistent inflation is a regressive tax1 which adversely impacts the poor.2 The poor are extremely limited in their options to protect themselves against inflation; they are normally asset-poor, while most of their saving is in the form of cash. Inflation erodes cash savings and protects the rich who hold real assets.3 It is not surprising that inflation may be politically costly for the government. Studies have also found that high and volatile inflation has been detrimental to growth and financial sector development. Resource allocation is inhibited as inflation obscures relative price changes and thus inhibits optimal resource allocation. For policy to control inflation, it is important to understand the factors that drive inflation. Unquestionably, empirical evidence points to “inflation being always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon” [Friedman (1963)]. However, there still remains some debate on whether supply-side factors could cause inflation without monetary accommodation.4 The structuralist school of thought holds that supply constraints that drive up prices of specific goods can have wider repercussions on the overall price level. Similarly, there are a number of possible sources of rising costs such as wages, profits, imported inflation-exchange rate, commodity prices, external shocks, exhaustion of natural resources, and taxes. For example, in Pakistan, increases in the wheat support price have frequently been blamed for increasing inflation.5 ........

Analysing the Effectiveness of the Nigerian Law and Policy in Promoting Renewable Energy and Expanding Access to Electricity

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 596-611
Author(s):  
Funmi Alonge
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Poor State ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Government

Access to electricity is a major challenge in Nigeria with adverse effects on residents and businesses. To improve the poor state of electricity, the government introduced several policies to enhance the use of renewable energy in addition to existing conventional energy resources. However, the use of renewable energy has been relatively low in Nigeria. This can be attributed to several factors such as inconsistency in renewable energy targets, non-implementation of policies and lack of political will. In order to address this, the use of incentives as in the case of Texas is proposed for Nigeria.

scholarly journals The Demands for Outpatient Care in Private Hospitals

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Pujiyanto Pujiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Outpatient Care ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Private Hospital ◽  
Demand Elasticity ◽  
Private Hospitals ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government

Improvement of per capita income will boost the demand for outpatient care and lead enhanced expectation of service quality of hospital. People perceived that private hospital has better services than public hospital. Based on these, we assumed that private hospital users have particularcharacteristics. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with utilization of private hospitals for outpatient care and who get the benefits, the rich or the poor. This study used data of 42,540 respondents from IFLS-4 collected in 2007. Analyses showed the higher the income the higher the demand. Insured’s groups have higher demand than uninsured. Demand analyses revealed that increased price of private hospital caused higher demand. This evidence indicated that outpatient care of private hospital was perceived as luxuries goods. However increased price of public hospital didnot influence the demand of private hospital. It is indicate that private hospital has different type with patients of public hospital. It means that the two types of hospital comprise different segment of patients. The rich benefited more outpatient care in private hospital than the poor. It implies that the government should enforced Ministry of Health’s regulation on hospital social function.Keywords: demand, elasticity, outpatient care, private hospitalAbstrakPeningkatan pendapatan per kapita menaikkan permintaan rawat jalan dan harapan mutu pelayanan rumah sakit. Masyarakat memiliki persepsi pelayanan rumah sakit swasta lebih bermutu daripada rumah sakit pemerintah, sehingga terdapat asumsi pelanggan rumah sakit swasta mempunyaikarakteristik khusus. Tujuan studi ini adalah menginvestigasi berbagai faktor yang berhubungan dengan utilisasi rawat jalan dan kelompok yang mendapat manfaat. Studi ini menggunakan 42.540 responden rumah sakit swasta IFLS-4 tahun 2007. Semakin tinggi pendapatan semakin tinggi pulapermintaan, kelompok jaminan/asuransi mempunyai permintaan yang lebih tinggi daripada non-jaminan. Kenaikan tarif rawat jalan rumah sakit swasta yang dipersepsi masyarakat sebagai barang mewah meningkatkan permintaan. Namun, kenaikan tarif rawat jalan rumah sakit pemerintah tidak memengaruhi permintaan rawat jalan rumah sakit swasta. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan karakteristik pasien rumah sakit swasta yang berbeda dari rumah sakit pemerintah. Kelompok kaya mendapatkan manfaat rawat jalan rumah sakit swasta lebih besar daripada kelompok miskin. Untuk mengoreksikeadaan ini pemerintah perlu menegakkan peraturan menteri kesehatan tentang fungsi sosial rumah sakit.Kata kunci: permintaan, elastisitas, rawat jalan, rumah sakit swasta

scholarly journals SOCIAL SECURITY MARKETING AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 270-278
Author(s):  
Dr. Igwe, Sunny Rukani ◽  
Dike, Mercy Onyinyechi
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
National Development ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government

Bridging the gap between the trodden poor and the rich has always posed a perennial challenge and this requires the marketing of social security for all concerns by the government. Social security has been a catalyst to the economic and national development of nations of the world. This explains why the Nigerian economy has been subjected to modernization efforts as newer schemes are springing up. Through exploratory and critical review design, this paper examined social security marketing and explored how its practices would enhance national development by improving and balancing the living standard of the poor. Finally, it encourages that adequate and timely adoption of social security marketing is a driver for national development. KEYWORDS: Social security, National Development, Disability scheme, Marketing

scholarly journals CAN THE “TAX THE RICH, SUBSIDISE THE POOR” POLICY IMPROVE FINANCIAL SATISFACTION AMONG MALAYSIANS?

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Meng Chan ◽  
Chia-Guan Keh ◽  
Siu-Eng Tang ◽  
Yan-Teng Tan ◽  
Ying-Yin Koay
Keyword(s):  
Financial Satisfaction ◽  
World Value Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Redistribution Policy ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

“Tax the rich, subsidise the poor” is deemed one of the typical finance characteristics of democracy and a solution in reducing income inequality. The Malaysian government has also adopted this strategy in its income redistribution policy. Evidently, this strategy can minimise the income gaps at the country level. However, it is doubtful if it can be effectively done at the individual level. The rich have to pay more while the poor can enjoy the ‘free’ income. Would that lead to financial satisfaction? Hence, the main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of individual perceptions on the government’s democratic act in implementing "tax the rich, subsidise the poor" policy for financial satisfaction among Malaysians. For an empirical analysis, this paper discusses the study conducted which used the sixth wave of the World Value Survey (WVS) data with 1290 respondents and is regressed by the ordered logit and ordered probit modelling. The results indicated that the democratic act of ‘taxing the rich and subsidising the poor’ in reality reduces financial satisfaction among Malaysians. In contrast, these same Malaysians wish for a larger income difference as an incentive for individual efforts. In view of this, the government and policy makers should make revisions to the current progressive taxation system or look for other alternative taxation systems which may be seen as fairer and can improve financial satisfaction among Malaysians at each income level.

PUBLIC PROVISION OF PRIVATE GOODS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (03) ◽  
pp. 1640016
Author(s):  
PARKASH CHANDER
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Utility Function ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Deadweight Loss ◽  
Public Provision ◽  
Private Goods ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government

In this paper, we characterize optimal redistributive taxes and subsidies on a discrete good which is available in different qualities. We assume that utility function of each consumer is such that his willingness-to-pay for quality increases with income. This separates the rich and the poor through the quality levels of the good actually purchased by them and allows the government to tax the rich and subsidize the poor. It is shown that the deadweight loss associated with the optimal policy may be zero. The notion of a consumer equilibrium introduced in the paper suggests a method for estimating the quality of a good as perceived by the consumers.

How Does the Largely Unregulated Private Health Sector Impact the Indian Mass?

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-393
Author(s):  
Ranjit Kumar Dehury ◽  
Janmejaya Samal ◽  
Shawnn Coutinho ◽  
Parthsarathi Dehury
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Private Hospitals ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Private Health Sector ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government

Private hospitals in India are least monitored by the government, which leads to violation of the roles and responsibility they have to offer for the community. Indeed, it is a more serious issue in a country like India where people are forced below poverty line (BPL) after every hospitalization. Of the four different models of health expenditure, India and, in fact, many developing countries follow the out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure model rampantly. This is very evident from the recent working article (2015) published by NITI Aayog-Health Division, which reveals that OOP expenditures are high in India accounting for 69.5 per cent of total health expenditure. These are catastrophic economic damages for the poor and push an estimated 37 million into poverty each year. Furthermore, 66.4 per cent of the total expenditure is on medicines. A major part of these expenditures are invariably the money spent by a huge section of the community, both rich–poor and rural–urban, on healthcare services availed from the privately run corporate hospitals in India. The sector needs to be sensitive for an inclusive healthcare. However, the situation appears to be the opposite in India and the private health sector creates a divide in the society by virtue of which the rich get medical care and the poor stay sick or die. This article discusses various ethical concerns and remedial measures relating to the functionality of private hospitals which poses serious pressure on the community and marginalized sections of the society.

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