The History of Trade at Ikom, Eastern Nigeria

Africa ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Harris
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Nineteen Twenties ◽  
Cross River ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphIkom, on the Cross River and with a total population of just over 7,000 in 1953, lies near the boundary between Nigeria and southern Cameroons. It has been commercially important in recent years, as was indicated, for example, by the presence there in 1953 (the date of the last fairly reliable census) of over 1,500 Ibo. But the Ibo are newcomers, and this paper is concerned with examining earlier patterns of trade as they had developed down to the nineteen-twenties. More recently the people of Ikom have derived their prosperity from the exploitation of their soil, which is eminently suitable for producing cocoa. According to a visiting soil scientist in the 1960s, there are in the locality 140 square miles of suitable cocoa land, which in fact is so plentiful that although two-thirds of it was still held in a forest reserve there was in 1966 no public pressure to have any portion released for agriculture. The affluence based on cocoa is, however, recent; the traditional path to prosperity and influence was through participation in trade, especially trade with Mamfe to the east and with Calabar on the coast, principally along the Cross River.

Maasai Age-Sets and Prophetic Leadership: 1850–1910

Africa ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Berntsen
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
East African ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Initial Interaction ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Opening ParagraphIn their initial interaction with the Colonial powers, several East African peoples such as the Maasai, the Turkana, the Sebei, the Karamojong, and the Nandi—all organized through some type of age-based institution—united around prophetic leaders, diviners, or ritual experts who mobilized men from several territorial sections to confront the intruders. This ad hoc military unity was necessarily short-lived, usually ending with the defeat of the people by the colonial power and see the imprisonment or death of the prophetic leader involved. (See Fosbrooke 1948: 12-19; Merker 1910: 67-105; Jacobs 1965: 20-108; Dyson-Hudson 1966: 15-16; Gulliver 1950: 229, 240; Meinertzhagen 1956: 222 ff; Weatherby 1962: 200-12; 1967: 133-44; Lamphear 1976: 225-43.) While ethnological studies of various age-organizations often mention that diviners or prophets provided professional services for the members of an age-group at their ceremonies, no one has examined the process by which a prophetic leader or diviner established his legitimacy during periods of peace so that he might lead the people during times of crisis. An examination of the prophetic institution among the Maasai and the relationship between the prophets and the members of the age-sets may provide some insight into the process, especially the manner in which prophets emerged as leaders of the people during two major crises in the history of the Purko-Kisongo Maasai: the Ilaikipiak war and the rinderpest pan-zootic.

scholarly journals A History of Marginalization - Africville: a Canadian Example of Forced Migration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Pamela Vincer
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Black People ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
The People ◽  
Dominant Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forced Resettlement ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Colonial Government

The people of Africville, Nova Scotia were removed from their homes and had their community razed in the 1960s during an era of urban renewal. Africville, Nova Scotia will be explored as an example of forced resettlement in Canada. Specifically, this case study will display the extreme racism Black people in Nova Scotia have endured upon settlement and onward. This paper will trace their migration, while highlighting the exclusion from the dominant society – by the colonial government of Nova Scotia, through lack of access to quality land, hence denial of their livelihoods. The racialization of space and the dominance of whiteness theories will be applied to the case of Africville and Blacks in Nova Scotia. The migration of Black people to Nova Scotia is unique, in that they arrived in Canada during the same time as the early European settlers, yet are still treated as the Other.

A review of Antarctic whaling

Polar Record ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (74) ◽  
pp. 555-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Present Situation ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Nineteen Twenties ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whaling Industry ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
The Antarctic

Since the early nineteen-twenties whaling in the Antarctic has dominated the world's whaling industry. In recent years, however, there have been increasing signs that the Antarctic industry is approaching an important crisis. There is no doubt that too many whaling expeditions are pursuing too few whales. This article attempts to review the present position of the industry, first dealing very briefly with the biology of the commercially important whales and the history of whaling generally and then discussing the development of Antarctic whaling and the events which have led to the present situation.

Ward Organization among the Yakö

Africa ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryll Forde
Keyword(s):  
Main Group ◽  
Cross River ◽  
River People ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphThe Yakö of the Middle Cross River area of Obubra Division in SE. Nigeria live in five compact villages a few miles apart, each of which was formerly autonomous in its political as well as its ritual organization. They have a common tradition that their forebears all came from Okuni, a settlement some 50 miles away up the Cross River, from which they came overland, for they were not river people, in several parties and over some years. Among the Yakö settlements distinction is made between those in which the original migrants settled—that is, Idomi, where stopped a section of the main group which founded Umor, Umor itself, and the separately settled community of Nko—and the remaining villages of Ekuri and Nkpani which are held to have been founded a generation or two later by local migrations, following dissensions, from Umor.

The Ohu System of Slavery in a Northern Ibo Village-group

Africa ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. G. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Average Density ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
District Officer ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Slave Traders ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Village

Opening ParagraphThe village-group of Nike occupies an area of some 200 square miles to the immediate north-east of Enugu, capital of the Eastern Provinces of Nigeria. It comprises 24 villages with a total population of 9,600, a figure which gives the average density of the group as 48 per square mile—one of the lowest in Ibo country.Traditions in neighbouring groups, as well as in Nike itself, affirm that before the advent of the British Administration the people of Nike were the principal slave-traders in northern Ibo-land. The first mention of the group in the history of colonial Nigeria appears in an account submitted by the Assistant District Officer, Obubra, of some exploratory journeys undertaken amongst the northern Ibo in the year 1905. Remarking, with the true empire-builder's sang-froid, that ‘the whole area seems relatively quiet and well-disposed…cannibalism and human sacrifice are more or less general’, the officer encloses an interesting sketch-map of the north-eastern section of Ibo-land which shows the Nike group to have been the main trading cross-roads of the whole of this area.

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP PERMINTAAN BERAS DI KOTA BAUBAU

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hardin Hardin
Keyword(s):  
Price Elasticity ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
A Value ◽  
The People ◽  
Corn Prices ◽  
The Cross

Rice for people of Baubau town is the first staple food after maize and tubers. While the agricultural sector will not be able to provide food for the people of Baubau including rice, because extensification cannot be carried out. This study aims: (1) Determine the effect of rice, corn, and egg costs, the total population and the level of income of the population affect the rice demanded in Baubau town; (2) Knowing the elasticity value of rice requested in the town of Baubau. The data analysis method used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis while price elasticity and cross elasticity can be obtained from the value of bi in the calculation of SPSS version 22.0. The conclusions of this study: (1) Simultaneously both the price of rice, corn, and eggs, as well as the total population, have a positive and significant effect on the demand for rice in Baubau; (2) Based on the value of price elasticity of 9,124. The meaning of this value is that if the price of rice rises by 1 percent, demand also rises by 9,124% and if it goes down the opposite occurs. Because Ep> 1 results, demand is elastic; (3) The cross elasticity value of corn is 0.327, this means that if for 1 percent of the price of corn, the demand for rice also rises with a value of 0.327%, if a decrease of 1 percent will occur otherwise. The elasticity value of corn prices marked with (+)/positive means that corn is a substitute item from rice. The price of eggs has a cross elasticity of 3.746, this means that if the price of eggs rises by 1%, the demand for rice will increase by 3.746%, and vice versa. The cross elasticity value of the egg price is positive, indicating that the egg is a substitute item from rice, there is a conflict with the existing theory that the egg is a complimentary item and the elasticity value has a sign (-)/negative.  Keywords: Factors, Affecting Rice Demand

Identifying Foragers and Farmers

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Barker
Keyword(s):  
Primary Data ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
The People ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
History Of ◽  
Food Residues ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Early Farmers ◽  
Exciting Area ◽  
Physical And Chemical

One of the most exciting aspects of studying transitions from foraging to farming is the extraordinary range of evidence available, and the necessary interdisciplinarity of the exercise (Barker and Grant, 1999; Dincauze, 2000). The primary data for whether prehistoric people were living as foragers or farmers (or combining activities, as was often the case) have been collected by archaeologists, from their surveys and excavations. For much of the history of study, subsistence patterns were inferred principally from interpretations of artefacts, settlements, and associated structures. More recently, studies of artefact use have been strengthened by the application of techniques of physical and chemical analyses of food residues attached to them. A vital strand of research has been on the environmental contexts in which early farming took place. Such studies, of sediments, soils, and the microscopic flora and fauna they contain, have contributed reconstructions at a wide variety of scales, from regional climatic and environmental histories of late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic change to the landscapes of single occupation sites—the recognition of signs of animal stalling, for example. From the 1960s onwards, priority has also been given on archaeological excavations to the collection of the organic materials that survive in many conditions such as fragments of animal bone and seeds and other fragments of plants, waste discarded from the consumption of food that is the primary evidence for systems of subsistence. In certain conditions even faeces may survive, telling us about individual meals. Human teeth and bone provide further information about diet. Molecular biology is a new and exciting area of current research, with modern and ancient DNA (aDNA) being used to infer population histories and domestication processes (Jobling et al., 2004; M. Jones, 2001; Renfrew and Boyle, 2000). Further contributions have come from linguistics: studies of present-day languages have been used in support of theories about how farming was spread by new language groups (Bellwood and Renfrew, 2002). The art systems created by foragers and early farmers are yet another source of information, amongst the most intriguing for their potential insights about the beliefs of the people who created them. In short, there is a remarkably broad church of disciplines with contributions to offer, though integrating their findings can be challenging.

Transacting Obasinjom: The Dissemination of a Cult Agency in the Cross River Area

Africa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Röschenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Cross River ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Language Boundaries ◽  
Over Time

AbstractDuring the twentieth century, Obasinjom became one of the best known and most effective cult agencies in the Cross River area of Cameroon and Nigeria. This paper aims at reconstructing the history of Obasinjom and some of its variants. Unlike many other witch-hunting cults, Obasinjom usually did not disappear after accomplishing the immediate job for which it was acquired. The owners additionally desired to possess the institution because it created wealth, influence and prestige for them as well as their village as a whole. Obasinjom and other cult agencies (as well as women's and men's societies and dance associations) spread from village to village across ethnic or language boundaries. Along with their dissemination, something of their identities and agency diffused and was incorporated into their histories over time and space. As intellectual property they were owned by the buying village and at the same time remained the property of the selling village. Obasinjom, as well as more important institutions, created decentralised networks of owners who had no definite knowledge of all the other participants. The recently formed pan-Obasinjom association, however, has changed this situation and, at least among some owners, created a feeling of identity and a greater sense of unity.

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