Political Causes

1960 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Arnade
Keyword(s):  
Spanish America ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
War Of Independence

It is not easy to distinguish between cultural, economic and political causes of the War of Independence in Spanish America and separate them into three closed compartments. Then there are psychological obstacles. There is a feeling among many Latin Americanists that this topic is exhausted and further research will add nothing new. Others want a complete revision of the usual causes cited and demand more documentary study. They believe that the standard causes are based on too scanty research, mostly done in the last century from incomplete sources. Furthermore, there are the rising nationalists and indigenistas of our century, most of them poor historians, who insist that the role of the Indians and mestizos was much more important than historians have accepted. They consider past historians racially and economically prejudiced. Such a trend is especially strong in Mexico, Bolivia, and Cuba, the three countries that have faced a real social revolution. And, unfortunately, history often follows the flag.

A reconnaissance of tropical resources during Revolutionary years: the role of the Paris Museum d'Histoire Naturelle

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
MADELEINE LY-TIO-FANE
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Joseph Ii

SUMMARY The recent extensive literature on exploration and the resulting scientific advances has failed to highlight the contribution of Austrian enterprise to the study of natural history. The leading role of Joseph II among the neutral powers which assumed the carrying trade of the belligerents during the American War of Independence, furthered the development of collections for the Schönbrunn Park and Gardens which had been set up on scientific principles by his parents. On the conclusion of peace, Joseph entrusted to Professor Maerter a world-encompassing mission in the course of which the Chief Gardener Franz Boos and his assistant Georg Scholl travelled to South Africa to collect plants and animals. Boos pursued the mission to Isle de France and Bourbon (Mauritius and Reunion), conveyed by the then unknown Nicolas Baudin. He worked at the Jardin du Roi, Pamplemousses, with Nicolas Cere, or at Palma with Joseph Francois Charpentier de Cossigny. The linkage of Austrian and French horticultural expertise created a situation fraught with opportunities which were to lead Baudin to the forefront of exploration and scientific research as the century closed in the upheaval of the Revolutionary Wars.

Indian Influences on Balinese Culture : The Role of Hinduism and Buddhism in Present Day Bali

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
I Ketut Ardhana ◽  
I Nyoman Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Indian Culture ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The People

Indian culture has dominantly influenced the Indonesian people, particularly in the western part of the archipelago. This, which started centuries ago, can still be seen in the peoples’ daily lives in social, cultural, economic and political matters. Both the Hindu and Buddhist lessons have been practiced in Bali, although it is argued that the Buddhist lessons had been developed earlier than the Hindu ones. These developments have strongly characterized Balinese daily life, so, it is very important to understand how the people anticipate and solve some crucial issues regarding the processes of modernization and globalization. There are some important questions that need to be addressed on the Indian influences in strengthening the Balinese culture from the earlier periods until the modern and even postmodern times. In this case, the specific questions are: Firstly, how did the Balinese accept these two lessons in their daily lives in the context of Balinization processes? Secondly, what kinds of tangible and intangible cultures of the Hindu and Buddhist lessons can be seen in the present day Bali? Thirdly, how do they strengthen the Bali identity or Balinization,  known as “Ajeg Bali”? Through this analysis, it is expected to have a better understanding of the issues of social, cultural, economic and political changes in Indonesia in general and Bali in particular in modern and postmodern times.

Karl Marx's Vision of America: A Biographical and Bibliographical Sketch

1980 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-503
Author(s):  
Robert Weiner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
The United States ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
New Era ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Made In

Karl Marx and the United States is a subject which immediately elicits interest, but also surprise. Interest, because of its contemporary importance; surprise, because Marx and America have appeared so remote from one another. Marx has definitely influenced America, but that will not be the theme of this essay —instead, we will concern ourselves with the role of America in the thought of Marx. The magnitude of this role is illustrated by a statement made in Marx's letter to Abraham Lincoln, written in 1864 on behalf of the International Workingmen's Association:The workingmen of Europe feel sure that as the American war of independence initiated a new era of the ascendency of the middle-class, so the American Anti-slavery war will do for the working-class.

Museums and Tourism: Reengineering The Role Of Museums In Malaysia’s Cultural Heritage Tourism

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
ShawHong SER
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Heritage Tourism ◽  
Cultural Resource Management ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Cultural Resource ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Cultural Management ◽  
Cultural Heritage Tourism

Since 2013, cultural heritage tourism has been identified as a new segment to be developed by the Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board (MTPB). Today, the sector has undergone rapid growth and have a great impact on Malaysia’s tourism industry, as well as bring prospects for developing museum tourism in Malaysia. In this paper, to respond on the research scholarly interest in cultural management. The researcher discusses the roles of the museum to sustainable cultural heritage tourism growth with a special focus on challenges faces by Malaysia’s museum sector in developing museum tourism. Over the years, many researches have been done, and still researching by scholars on the need for cultural resource management placing focus on the role they take towards cultural economic development. The purpose of this research, among others, is to explore how museums in Malaysia could be more effectively utilized for museum tourism and to make suggestions for better utilization of the museum sector for cultural heritage tourism development. It is hoped that this paper will provide insights into an understanding of cultural heritage tourism in Malaysia with an emphasis on crisis and opportunity in developing museum tourism.

Living a Life of Service

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa L. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Religiously Affiliated ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Worship Service ◽  
Civic Service

This chapter analyzes Russian cultural values and practices of service, with particular emphasis on the role of religiously inspired service in support of state goals of equality and justice. Over the past several centuries, Russia’s religiously affiliated assistance groups have consistently focused on redressing inequalities, whether those are social, cultural, economic, or political. Working both in cooperation with official projects and governmental bodies and in opposition to regional and federal policies, religious communities have addressed issues and operated in arenas that have in turn complicated and expanded what counts as worship, service, action, and even the intended beneficiaries of their work. As the examples documented here show, through activities of civic service and engagement, religious communities and their followers have challenged distinctions between religious and secular and cultivated new ethics of voluntarism and political activism.

The Challenges of Antirape Activism in the 1970s

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-159
Author(s):  
Catherine O. Jacquet
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Revolution ◽  
Women’S Liberation ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Black Freedom ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Rape Crisis

This chapter examines the conflicts and constraints posed by varying antirape discourses and approaches to antirape activism in the 1970s. At this time, activists in the women’s liberation and black freedom movements confronted one another’s politics on rape, sometimes unable to find common ground. The competing beliefs and approaches that activists brought to their antirape work heightened the potential for discord between movements. This was particularly exacerbated by the increasing role of the state in antirape work. By the mid-1970s, state actors and agencies played a dominating role in antirape work, leaving many feminists deeply concerned about the direction of the movement. State co-optation of key feminist interventions, such as rape crisis centers, resulted in a movement that was largely reformist. Feminists saw their once radical vision of social revolution overshadowed by increasing state efforts for reform-based solutions to the problem of sexual violence.

The Erosion of Humanitas

Worldview ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Clyde A. Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Arts Education ◽  
Liberal Arts Education ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Ideal

The role of higher education is crucial in a world that seems torn apart by cultural, economic, political and social differences, and yet is, at the same time, ever more closely drawn together by technology, travel, social and economic needs. Higher education offers no panacea for the disunity of this complex and confusing world. It should, however, contribute to a kind of understanding that spans the differences among the people of the world, or at least those within one country. In this connection liberal arts education is today in jeopardy, unsure of its competence to serve the ideal of humanitas that at one time was conceded to be both the stable ground and the ever elusive goal of higher education.

“WHO WANTS WHITE CARROTS?”: CONGRESSIONAL SEED DISTRIBUTION, 1862 TO 1923

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy J. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Seed Distribution ◽  
The Many

From 1862 to 1923, congressional seed distribution was among the most important functions of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). One of the largest agricultural programs in the late nineteenth century, the practice itself stayed in place until 1923. The subject of little historical research, the seed distribution project is usually viewed as a failure of the scientific agricultural establishment, or as vote mongering by Congress, and its demise as the simple culmination of Progressive Era reform. However, this episode in American history reveals much more than debates over science and agriculture by highlighting the many cultural, economic, scientific, and political questions about the proper role of government in a democracy. By examining heated contemporary political exchanges and published critiques, this article assesses what different constituencies viewed as good in government as they argued for or against free seed distribution, even as the USDA used seed as a vehicle for consolidating the place of science and knowledge in agriculture and in government.

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