Fertility Decline and Socioeconomic Change in Venezuela

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Edmonston ◽  
Frank Wm. Oechsli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita

Venezuela has experienced significant economic development during recent decades, although rapid population growth has partially offset economic gains. During the five-year period 1969-1973, the gross national product increased at an annual rate of 5.0 percent, which, coupled with population growth, yielded real per capita increases of 2.6 percent annually. Relatively smooth transition in the nationalization of the Venezuelan oil industry in 1976 presents a favorable assessment for the economy during the next decade. Yet while there has been notable progress in conventional economic indicators, there have been less rapid improvements in education, nutrition, and health. This paper examines past trends in Venezuelan population growth within the context of general social and economic development. Because of the importance of fertility in affecting population growth, particular attention is paid to fertility trends.

SYSTEMIC CAUSES OF THE APPEARANCE OF “COBRA EFFECT” IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
M. S. Mokiy ◽  
E. K. Borzenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
The Family ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Energy Consuming ◽  
The Right ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Least Energy

The article on the basis of extrapolation of system laws of management of social and economic development illustrates the system reason of the Cobra effect, that is, a situation where, despite the rather attractive goals that managers formulate, the result of the activities of subordinates is opposite to what was intended. The main problem of management is the development of a system of indicators, in which, working on the indicator, employees would change the state in the right direction. The reason for the Cobra effect is the manifestation of systemic patterns of socio-economic development. The main system regularity is the desire of the system for stability and self-preservation. This state of the system is achieved using the least energy-consuming way. It is shown that any worker, realizing system regularities, aspires to stability and self-preservation. Therefore, the employee is always forced to work for achieving the indicator. The article analyzes the manifestation of these laws at the level of enterprises and state. When managers understand these patterns explicitly or covertly, changes in the economic system are moving in the right direction. It is shown that the existing system of target indicators used as indicators to assess the effectiveness of management does not meet the goals and objectives of socio-economic development. At the meso- and macrolevel, absolute, volumetric indicators, such as gross national product and others, reduce the range of benefits to the population. The article defines the vector of change in the system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of management at the regional and state levels, based on the fact that the key element is the family. At the same time, the targets should be indicators to assess the availability of benefits for households.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

The Political Economics of Population Growth: The Case of China

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pi-Chao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
The Political ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Simon Kuznets

Some economists argue that high population density and rapid population growth are not in themselves impediments to economic development. On the basis of a quantitative analysis of historical data, Simon Kuznets, for instance, concludes that, historically, rates of economic development have not significantly correlated, either positively or negatively, with rates of population growth. Similarly, E. E. Hagen observes that “nowhere in the world has population growth induced by rising income been sufficient to halt the rise in income. … The historical record indicates that rise in income in these societies has failed to occur not because something thwarted it, but because no force has been present to cause income to rise.

scholarly journals Foreign Economic Development: The Need and How Well It Is Being Met

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Ralph K. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Land Area ◽  
The People ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Ultimate Objective

Today, the need for economic development is self-evident to the millions of people in Asia, Africa and Latin America who suffer from malnutrition, are ill-housed, poorly educated, and either unemployed or grossly underemployed. The ultimate objective of economic development is to raise the standard of life – the quality of life - for the mass of the people, to widen their area of choice, to open up new opportunities for human well-being. The less developed countries have two-thirds of the 3.5 billion people but receive only 12.5 percent of the world's gross national product. Life appears to be an economic treadmill with the future blighted by an excessive rate of population growth for millions of people. India provides a good illustration of the problem. With an estimated population of 525 million at mid-1968, India had 15 percent of the world's population, 2.4 percent of the world's land area, hardly 2 percent of the world's income, and an annual per capita income level of around $75.

Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development in South and Southeast Asia

1964 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-200
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
National Product ◽  
Technical Cooperation ◽  
Consultative Committee ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Colombo Plan

The eleventh annual report of the Consultative Committee of the Colombo Plan was prepared at the Committee's meeting in Melbourne in November 1962. The report noted that, on the basis of available statistics, the rate of progress in the Colombo Plan area during 1961–1962 was uneven, with increases in gross national product of up to 8 percent. On a per capita basis, changes in gross national product ranged from increases of up to 6 percent to falls of 2 percent. One of the most encouraging developments of the year had been the growth of technical cooperation, not only between countries inside the Plan region and those outside it, but also between member countries within the region.

The Pressures and Countermeasures of Grassland Biodiversity Conservation in Northern China

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 3696-3700
Author(s):  
Zhi Rong Zheng ◽  
Chao Yang Feng ◽  
Sheng Xing Ye ◽  
Zhao Yan Diao ◽  
Shi Hai Lv
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Grassland Ecosystem ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Rapid Population Growth ◽  
Ecological Compensation ◽  
Grassland Biodiversity

In this study, we sought to analyze the pressures of the grassland ecosystem in China and explore practical countermeasures to protect grassland biodiversity. The prominent ecological problems in grassland biodiversity conservation included rapid population growth, economic development, resource exploitation and global climate change, among which human interferences strongly influenced the grassland ecosystem. Rapid population growth and economic development still severely restricted biodiversity conservation, but coal resource exploitation gradually developed a new serious pressure for grassland biodiversity. In addition, climate change further aggravated biodiversity loss. According to these pressures, we proposed several practical countermeasures such as readjusting the industrial structure, and relieving the pressures of grassland, and conducting near-natural restoration as well as carrying out ecological compensation. This study will provide the scientific reference for manager and policy-makers of grassland biodiversity conservation.

scholarly journals Economic Development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karima Muthmaina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Per Capita

Economic Development is a process of increasing total income and income per capita by contributing to population growth and fundamental changes in the economic structure of a country and income ranking for the population of a country. Indonesia's development should be for the development of Indonesia's human resources, so that the use of per capita income indicators is not only an indicator of the success of Indonesia's development. Regarding the matters in question above, the use of Human Development Indicators (HDI) becomes relevant.

scholarly journals Analysis of Territorial Accessibility to the Nodes of Health Activity in the Municipality of Pitalito, Colombia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Diego A. Escobar ◽  
Jorge A. Montoya ◽  
Carlos A. Moncada
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
The Road ◽  
Geostatistical Methods ◽  
Current Population ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Infrastructure Network ◽  
Base Scenario

The current population growth links different social and economic development problems that must be addressed, within these public health, which should be of high priority in order to minimize the threats of health in the citizenry; therefore, administrative entities must get strong commitments in minimum periods of time. Taking into account the above, it is proposed to evaluate the level of accessibility offered by the road infrastructure network in the municipality of Pitalito, department of Huila, as well as the level of coverage by population and area for the years 2015 (base scenario) and 2031 (intervened scenario), through the use of geostatistical methods from digital tools.

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