The Emancipation of Iraq from the Mandates System

1932 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1024-1049
Author(s):  
Luther Harris Evans
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
British Government ◽  
Council Decision ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Detailed Application

The purpose of this article is to indicate how the competent authorities of the League of Nations came to accept the view that Iraq should be considered ready for the termination of the mandate, and how they worked out for the case of Iraq the detailed application of the general principles of mandate termination. The development of the general principles here applied for the first time is the subject of a separate study.The Iraq Mandate. Iraq was placed within the provisions of Article 22 of the League Covenant by the Council “decision” of September 27, 1924. By that decision, the Council adopted the treaty of alliance between Great Britain and Iraq, of October 10, 1922, and certain subsidiary agreements, as defining the relations of the mandatory and the mandated territory, and as giving effect to Article 22 of the Covenant. The decision provided that the British government should assume responsibility, toward all members of the League accepting the arrangement, for the fulfillment by Iraq of the terms of the treaty of alliance. Steps would be taken for the negotiation of such special extradition agreements as should be necessary. An annual report to the satisfaction of the Council should be made as to the measures taken during the year to carry out the provisions of the treaty of alliance, and copies of all laws and regulations promulgated during the year should be attached thereto. The British government undertook not to agree to any modification of the treaty of alliance without the consent of the Council. Disputes with members of the League not settled by negotiation should be referred to the Permanent Court of International Justice.

1. Twenty-fourth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor. 1870. 2. Twelfth Annual Report of the General Board of Commissioners in Lunacy for Scotland. 1870

1870 ◽  
Vol 16 (75) ◽  
pp. 426-437
Author(s):  
T. S. C.
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Report ◽  
True Conclusion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lord Chancellor ◽  
First Time

The number of persons in Great Britain registered as insane is now 62,023. Of these 54,713 are English and 7,310 Scotch. Ten years ago the numbers were 39,647 and 6,251, or 45,898 in all. An increase of 16,125 lunatics in ten years in this country is a most noteworthy fact. It has hitherto received no thoroughly satisfactory explanation. We can conceive of no question the solution of which would be more interesting medically, socially, and economically. It is to be earnestly hoped that the Commissioners in Lunacy will soon attempt it. They alone have the materials for working it out. They have already put forward partial explanations, or rather theories, supported by a certain amount of fact. But the subject in all its bearings is still in want of a satisfactory handling. All the facts and figures that bear on (1st) the cases registered as insane for the first time each year, (2nd) the mortality among the insane, (3rd) their mode of accommodation and treatment in each district from year to year, and (4th) the cases left as insane at the end of each year, would require to be ascertained and carefully considered before a true conclusion could be arrived at. Under the first heading a comparison of the numbers of well marked cases of the different varieties of recent insanity occurring each year would require to be made. And all the truth could not be got until a similar comparison of the varieties of chronic cases for the first time registered as insane each year was made, and also an attempt to discover the original forms of their insanity, the treatment to which they had been subjected, and its influence on their malady. Under the second heading, the death rate in each variety of insanity under the different kinds of treatment and distribution, the prospects of life and “natural termination” of the chronic cases, would have to be studied and compared with the numbers of new cases registered each year, and with the death rate and rapidity of increase of the population at large. The third point referred to would enable corrections to be made for certain counties in which changes in the accommodation for the insane had been made, and then all the preceding vital statistics applied to the figures under the fourth heading would bring out the whole truth in regard to the subject. In the Scotch report there is a new and able effort to take the question of age into account in dealing with the vital statistics of the insane; but unfortunately the chief value of the facts are not brought out, by not comparing them with the returns of the Registrar-General in regard to the numbers of the general population of different ages.

EDWIN CHADWICK'S SELF-FASHIONING: PROFESSIONALISM, MASCULINITY, AND THE VICTORIAN POOR

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priti Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Legislative Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War ◽  
First Time ◽  
Scholarly Attention

IN THE PAST DECADE EDWIN CHADWICKhas been the subject of several scholarly inquiries; indeed one can almost speak of a “Chadwick industry” these days. This is not, however, the first time he has attracted significant scholarly attention: in 1952, S. E. Finer's and R. A. Lewis's biographies initiated our century's first evaluation of him, culminating in M. W. Flinn's excellently edited reprint of Chadwick's most important text,The Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain(referred to as theSanitary Report). Yet the Chadwick that emerges in recent accounts could not be more different from the mid-century Chadwick. The post-war critics saw him as a visionary, an often-embattled crusader for public health whose enemies were formidable but whose vision, extending the liberal and radical tradition, ultimately prevailed. Cultural critics, on the other hand, present a Chadwick who misrepresented (if not outright oppressed) the poor and who was instrumental in developing a massive bureaucracy to police their lives. Thus, while earlier accounts highlighted Chadwick's accomplishments, the progress of public health reforms, and the details of legislative politics, more recent ones draw attention to his representations of the poor, the erasures in his text, and the growing nineteenth-century institutionalization of the poor that theSanitary Reportpromotes. Chadwick, in other words, is portrayed as either a pioneer of reform or an avatar of bureaucratic oppression.

The National Institute of Oceanography

Polar Record ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 6 (41) ◽  
pp. 88-90
Author(s):  
G. E. R. Deacon
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Marine Biology ◽  
National Committee ◽  
British Government ◽  
Marine Biological ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Set Up

In 1944 Vice-Admiral Sir John Edgell, K.B.E., C.B., F.R.S., then Hydrographer of the Navy, advised the British Government that in its contribution to research in oceanography this country had fallen seriously behind other countries, including many which had no comparable traditions of interest in the oceans and their navigation, and that an oceanographical institute should be set up in Great Britain. The subject was referred to the Royal Society, and the Oceanographical Sub-Committee of the National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics showed itself, in a report which was accepted by the Society, to be strongly in favour of setting up a national oceanographical institute. It urged the primary need for researches of physical character because marine physical investigations had taken a secondary place to marine biology ever since the Challenger Expedition of 1872–76, and because the biological aspects were well looked after by existing authorities such as the Marine Biological Associations of the United Kingdom and Scotland, the Fisheries Laboratories at Lowestoft and Aberdeen, the Discovery Investigations, and marine biological laboratories associated with universities.

The United States and the Permanent Court of International Justice

1927 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Quincy Wright
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
The Subject

On August 15, 1921, the Secretary of State of the United States acknowledged receipt from the Secretary General of the League of Nations of a certified copy of the protocol of the Permanent Court of International Justice opened for signature on December 16, 1920, by members of the League and states mentioned in the annex to the Covenant. On February 24, 1923, President Harding submitted the protocol and the accompanying statute to the Senate with a request for its consent to American adhesion with four “ conditions and understandings” explained in an attached letter from Secretary of State Hughes, dated February 17, 1923. President Harding continued to speak for the court until his death, and on December 6, 1923, President Coolidge commended the proposal to the Senate. Resolutions on the subject were introduced in the Senate by Senators Lenroot of Wisconsin (December 10, 1923), Pepper of Pennsylvania (April 7, 1924), Lodge of Massachusetts (May 5, 1924), Swanson of Virginia (May 5, 1924), King of Utah (May 20, 1924), and on May 26, 1924, Senator Pepper submitted a report from the Committee on Foreign Relations endorsing his proposal for Senate consent with radical amendments to the statute.

The Treaty of Paris and Turkey’s Status in International Law

1943 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh McKinnon Wood
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
The Family ◽  
Independent States ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
European Group

Writers on international law agree that its development in its present form began in the 16th century among the Christian States of Europe, when the feudal organization of the continent gave place to its modern organization in the “sovereign, independent” States of the traditional terminology, and that originally it was considered as not applying, or as not fully applying, to States outside the pale of Christian civilization. At the end of the 18th and until well into the 19th centuries it was common for treatises on the subject to bear titles referring not to “International Law” but to “European International Law,” although such a title had ceased to be appropriate after the attainment of independence by the United States. It is also usually said that Turkey, the first Mohammedan State to join the family of States between which international law is in force, was brought into the family and made for the first time a subject or “person” of international law by Article 7 of the Treaty of Paris of March 30, 1856, which terminated the Crimean War. This view has, however, been disputed by A. H. Smith who argues that “for many centuries Turkey had maintained diplomatic intercourse and concluded treaties with Great Britain and other European Powers and … the general body of international law was considered to apply,” and that the alleged recognition appears to have made no practical difference; and who accordingly suggests the meaning of the article to be that Turkey was formally “admitted to the specifically European group of nations which was deemed to have been established by the Vienna settlement of 1815.” Smith gives no details regarding the evidence on which his view is based, and other writers habitually content themselves with quoting the text of the article. It may be interesting to consider what light contemporary evidence throws upon the matter.

Notes on the 10th ASTIN Colloquium

1974 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
P. J. H. Green
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Life Insurance ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Scientific Programme ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dual Capacity

ASTIN—the section of the International Actuarial Association whose main interest is in the actuarial study of non-life insurance—held its 10th Colloquium at the University of Essex from 4–8 September 1973.In all 161 members, representatives of corporate members, and accompanying persons attended, including 20 members of the Institute of Actuaries and 4 Fellows of the Faculty of Actuaries. 21 countries were represented and for the first time Great Britain provided the largest delegation.The subject for the Colloquium was ‘Mathematical and Statistical Models underlying nonlife insurance’ and 24 papers or written contributions were presented. The Colloquium was opened by R. E. Beard, O.B.E., F.I.A., in his dual capacity as co-ordinator of the Scientific Programme and Professor at Essex University. The Chairman of ASTIN, Professor Bühlmann from Switzerland, expressed the gratitude of all to the University of Essex for the facilities given and his pleasure at the 10th Colloquium being held in the United Kingdom, a country recognized as the Father of Insurance.

ABEL PRIZE AS THE FLAGSHIP OF WORLD MATH ADVANCES

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
Nataliya V. Grishina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Famous Scientist ◽  
International Authority ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time

The annual prize, awarded by the Norwegian Academy of Sciences, bears the name of the famous scientist Niels-Henrik Abel and has a reputation as a Nobel Prize for mathematicians, with its size in terms of money of about $1 million. Since Alfred Nobel, in his will, determined the range of scientific areas for the payment of bonuses that did not include mathematics, the Norwegian mathematician Sofus Lee at the end of his life devoted all his efforts and his international authority to create a foundation for awarding prizes to mathematicians. He wanted to give the award the name of Niels Henrik Abel, also a Norwegian mathematician. The article presents a historical background for the formation of the Abel Prize. The winners of the main mathematical prize for all the years of its existence and their major achievements are shown. Among laureates of the Abel Prize there are outstanding scientists from 11 countries: France, Great Britain, Lebanon, USA, Hungary, Sweden, India, Belgium, Russia, Canada and Israel. Three times the prize was at once awarded to two scientists. And in 2019, for the first time ever the woman – Karen Keskalla Uhlenbeck – professor, American mathematician, became the winner of the prestigious mathematics award.

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ КОНФЛИКТОЛОГИЯ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
А. Н. Сухов
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Structure Dynamics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

This given article reveals the topicality not only of destructive, but also of constructive, as well as hybrid conflicts. Practically it has been done for the first time. It also describes the history of the formation of both foreign and domestic social conflictology. At the same time, the chronology of the development of the latter is restored and presented objectively, in full, taking into account the contribution of those researchers who actually stood at its origins. The article deals with the essence of the socio-psychological approach to understanding conflicts. The subject of social conflictology includes the regularities of their occurrence and manifestation at various levels, spheres and conditions, including normal, complicated and extreme ones. Social conflictology includes the theory and practice of diagnosing, resolving, and resolving social conflicts. It analyzes the difficulties that occur in defining the concept, structure, dynamics, and classification of social conflicts. Therefore, it is no accident that the most important task is to create a full-fledged theory of social conflicts. Without this, it is impossible to talk about effective settlement and resolution of social conflicts. Social conflictology is an integral part of conflictology. There is still a lot of work to be done, both in theory and in application, for its complete design. At present, there is an urgent need to develop conflict-related competence not only of professionals, but also for various groups of the population.

Thermodynamics in Geochemistry

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg M. Anderson ◽  
David A. Crerar
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Graduate Level ◽  
Years Of Teaching Experience ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

This textbook and reference outlines the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, emphasizing applications in geochemistry. The work is distinguished by its comprehensive, balanced coverage and its rigorous presentation. The authors bring years of teaching experience to the work, and have attempted to particularly address those areas where other texts on the subject have provided inadequate coverage. A thorough review of the necessary mathematics is presented early on, both as a refresher for those with a background in university calculus, and for the benefit of those coming to the subject for the first time. The text is written for students in advanced undergraduate or graduate-level geochemistry as well as for all researchers in this field.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document