The Distribution and Development of Fremont Maize Agriculture: Some Preliminary Interpretations

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Winter
Keyword(s):  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
East Central ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Maize Agriculture ◽  
Culture Area

AbstractThis study concentrates upon the distribution and possible developmental sequence of maize agriculture in the northern Southwest, and its significance for Fremont cultural dynamics. Attention is focused upon the corn known as Fremont Dent, which was one of the main forms of maize raised by the peoples of the Fremont culture. Of particular interest is maize material from the Evans Mound, Grantsville, and Nine Mile Canyon Fremont sites, which demonstrates a pattern of regional distribution within the Fremont culture area. Also of importance is the corn from Clydes Cavern, a well-stratified dry cave in east-central Utah. A large collection of corn was recovered from this site which broadens our knowledge of the forms, origins, and economic relations of the Fremont corn complex.

Zimbabwe Ruins in Botswana: Settlement Hierarchies, Political Boundaries and Symbolic Statements

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Huffman ◽  
Mike Main
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
District Level ◽  
East Central ◽  
Culture Area ◽  
Political Boundaries ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

At its peak in the sixteenth century, the Zimbabwe Culture encompassed an area the size of France. The greater Tuli area in east-central Botswana formed the western extent of this culture area. Here many dzimbahwe mark the residences of sacred leaders in the later Khami period (1400–1840 ad). These stone-walled headquarters formed a pyramid of political importance, with district chiefs (Level 4) and petty chiefs (Level 3) at the top and headmen (Level 2) and commoners (Level 1) at the base. Commoners and their headmen lived near arable land, while petty chiefs placed their administrative centres at the boundaries of their small chiefdoms. In death, sacred leaders rested in dzimbahwe on special hills, while ordinary villagers were buried in their homesteads. During the Khami period in Botswana, these various settlements were part of only one Level 4 district: Level 5 and Level 6 capitals were located elsewhere. After the collapse of the powerful Torwa state at Khami, decorative symbols changed from emphasizing the majesty of kingship (Khami) to the responsibilities of sacred leaders (Zinjanja), and then back again to kingship in the Rozvi state (Danangombe). The powerful Rozvi state did not extend to the Tuli area, probably because it was too dry.

Karnu's Message and the ‘War of the Hoe Handle’: Interpreting a Central African resistance movement

Africa ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Burnham ◽  
Thomas Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Central African Republic ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
East Central ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
History Of ◽  
Resistance Movement

IntroductionIn writing the history of the Gbaya-speaking peoples, a group of some half-million population inhabiting east-central Cameroon and the western third of the Central African Republic, we are seldom able to recount the careers of famous individuals, and genealogical charters which link present leaders with long-dead heroes are uncommon. For the most part, in the pre-colonial and early colonial periods, the Gbaya were not organized politically at a level greater than very localised, clan-based groupings, and political leadership was more a matter of competition for short-lived political powers among locally influential men than of formally institutionalised chieftaincy (see Burnham, 1980a: 19 et seq.). However, in some cases during the late pre-colonial period, particularly in the westernmost parts of the Gbaya region, certain leaders began to consolidate their positions as a result of political and economic relations with the neighbouring Fulbe states of Adamawa and their associated Hausa and Kanuri traders (Burnham, 1980b). The names of men like Dogo Lokoti, Bafio and Mbartua (Bertoua) then occasionally figure in the oral histories and colonial documents, and we obtain glimpses of their personalities and careers. It is all the more striking, therefore, when we encounter a Gbaya figure who stands out clearly in the historical record. Without a doubt, Karnu, the inspiration behind the movement that has been called the Karnu Rebellion or the ‘War of the Hoe Handle’ in the Gbaya language, is the most widely known name in Gbaya history.

The Stable- and Radio-Isotope Chemistry of Western Basketmaker Burials: Implications for Early Puebloan Diets and Origins

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Brenner Coltrain ◽  
Joel C. Janetski ◽  
Shawn W. Carlyle
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Bone Collagen ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Large Collection ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Maize Agriculture ◽  
Great House ◽  
Four Corners

The timing and degree of reliance on maize agriculture in the Four Corners region of the American Southwest has been a central issue in studies that examine the origins of Puebloan society. Both diffusionist (various, but see Wills 1995) and migrationist (Berry and Berry 1986; Matson 1991) models have been proposed to explain the processes responsible for the movement of maize (Zea mays) north into the Four Corners region. This paper reports bone collagen stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values with paired accelerator radiocarbon dates on a large collection of human remains from western Basketmaker II/III sites in Marsh Pass and other areas of northeastern Arizona, as well as data on a small number of Puebloan remains including Chacoan Great House burials. The results make clear that Basketmaker II people were heavily dependent on maize by 400 B.C. Moreover, their degree of dependence is similar to that of Pueblo II and III farmers of the Four Corners region. These findings and the apparent rapidity of maize dependence support a migrationist model for the origins of maize farming in the northern Southwest.

The Plateau Interaction Sphere and Late Prehistoric Cultural Complexity

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Hayden ◽  
Rick Schulting
Keyword(s):  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
Cultural Complexity ◽  
Prestige Goods ◽  
Culture Area ◽  
The World ◽  
Interaction Spheres ◽  
Northwestern North America ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Do So

The Plateau culture area of northwestern North America fits the criteria of an interaction sphere. Understanding the general cultural dynamics responsible for the creation of interaction spheres has been poorly developed in archaeological and ethnological theory. Data from the Plateau Interaction Sphere are used to argue that the main factor responsible for the emergence of interaction spheres in transegalitarian societies is the development of an elite class. Elites who seek to maximize their power and wealth at the tribal level do so in part by establishing trading, marriage, ideological, military, and other ties to elites in other communities and regions. They use these ties to monopolize access to desirable regional prestige goods and to enhance their own socioeconomic positions. In conformity with expectations derived from this model, the data from the Plateau demonstrate that interaction sphere goods are predominantly prestige items and that these concentrate in communities that have the greatest potential to produce surplus and to develop socioeconomic inequalities. These same features also seem to characterize well-known interaction spheres elsewhere in the world.

scholarly journals “Like Ireland, Hungary Had Her Struggles for Freedom:” Cultural and Diplomatic Links between Interwar Ireland and Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-97
Author(s):  
Lili Zách
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
Small States ◽  
Irish Nationalism ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Cultural Connections

Abstract The interwar years in Ireland were marked by the widening of international relations following the newly independent Irish Free State’s entry to the League of Nations in 1923. This paper aims to provide insights into a lesser-known part of Irish diplomatic history, focusing on how, besides Geneva, Dublin also became significant as a meeting point with Central European small states from the mid-1920s. It will trace how the foundation of the Honorary Consulate of Hungary in Dublin demonstrated Irish interest in widening economic relations and furthering cultural connections with Central Europe, even if honorary consulates traditionally fulfilled primarily symbolic purposes. Based on so far unpublished archival materials and press records, this article will assess cultural and diplomatic links cultivated under the consulate of Hubert Briscoe, highlighting the significance of independence and Catholicism as a perceived connection between Irish and Hungarian national identities. Ultimately, this article argues that Irish images of East-Central Europe may add to our current understanding of Irish nationalism in the first decades of Irish independence.

Regional distribution of diagenetic carbonate cement in Palaeocene deepwater sandstones: North Sea

Clay Minerals ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. T. Stewart ◽  
R. S. Haszeldine ◽  
A. E. Fallick ◽  
M. Wilkinson ◽  
C. I. Macaulay
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Salt Tectonics ◽  
East Central ◽  
Carbonate Cement ◽  
The North ◽  
Carbonate Concretions ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Sonic Logs

AbstractSandstones of the Palaeocene Montrose Group were deposited in a deepwater fan environment, and form a major oil reservoir in the North Sea. Calcite concretions occur commonly within thick-bedded and structureless sandstones. These concretions have been identified by sonic logs and well reports, and were cross-checked with available core data. Regionally, 101 wells have been examined and carbonate concretions form 0.6–7.2% of the core. Concretions are most abundant along the flank of the Fladen Ground Spur, the north Witch Ground Graben (WGG), the east south Viking Graben and East Central Graben (ECG). Concretions of the ECG formed at deep burial, with C from decarboxylation. Geochemical inheritance of Mn and Sr from Cretaceous chalk clasts may occur. Concretion growth may also have been influenced by vertical expulsion of fluids (leak-off) localized above salt tectonics. Isotopic and petrographic evidence indicates that much carbonate C in the WGG was derived from biodegradation of migrating oil in meteoric water at shallow depth. The locations of abundant carbonate with characteristic negative C isotope signatures can be used as shallow exploration guides to leak-off points located above deep overpressured structures.

scholarly journals The Political-Military Foundations of China’s Global Ascendency

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 420-448
Author(s):  
Aaron Major ◽  
Zhifan Luo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Military Networks ◽  
Economic Ties

In recent years China has positioned itself as a global economic leader, working through its “Belt and Road” initiative (BRI) and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), to not only expand its global economic reach, but to organize and lead global economic relations. China’s rise is largely understood in economic terms, but the history of global power dynamics suggests that such leadership is built on both economic and political-military foundations. This paper explores the structural relationship between China’s economic and political-military relationships with other states over the period 1993 to 2015. Drawing on a wide variety of data sources, we present a multi-dimensional analysis that measures the changing size of China’s economic and political-military networks, their shifting regional distribution, and the degree of coupling, or decoupling of economic ties from political-military ties. In describing these patterns, we conduct a similar analysis for the United States. This allows us to situate Chinese trends in the context of the structures of U.S. global power. Our analysis points to ways in which China’s global rise has been shaped through navigating U.S. global power. Our analysis also shows that China’s growing leadership in the global economy builds upon a set of existing political-military relationships that, while their scope and form are quite different from those that the United States built to support its hegemonic ascendency, are nevertheless critical for understanding the mechanisms by which Chinese power and influence has grown in the global political economy.

AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF TESTIMONY Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. By LIISA H. MALKKI. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1995. Pp. xiv + 352. £17.25 (ISBN 0-226-50272-4).

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-177
Author(s):  
DAVID NEWBURY
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
University Of Chicago ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
East Central ◽  
Recent Increase ◽  
University Of Chicago Press

An estimated seven million people live as refugees in Africa today. While reports on refugee services abound, there are few studies of internal cultural dynamics among the displaced. This book is pre-eminent among these, with its insights the more urgent given the horrific recent increase in refugees in East Central Africa.

An Analysis of the Areal Distribution of Soil Size Facies on the Lower Greensand Rocks of East-Central England by the Use of Trend Surface Analysis

1964 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Chorley
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Trend Surface Analysis ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
The West ◽  
East Central ◽  
Mathematical Generalization ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Soil Grain Size ◽  
Coarse Soil

AbstractProgressive fitting of linear, quadratic and cubic partial trend best-fit surfaces to median grain size (X1, in mm.) and percentage of silt and clay sizes (X3) of soil samples taken from fifty locations on the Lower Greensand outcrop between Ely and Leighton Buzzard in east-central England permit up to about 40 per cent of the total sums of squares to be “explained”. The successively higher levels of mathematical generalization of regional soil size distribution indicate a decrease in soil grain size towards the south-east, a disparity between the alignment of the soil facies and the strike of the present outcrop, and the existence of zone of abnormally coarse soil facies just to the west of the line of the rivel Ivel. These three features of the regional distribution of soil sizes are interesting in that they correlate with observations which have been made on the regional distribution of bedrock size facies. Finally, a suggested correlation is made between the local zones of small median grain size and abnormally high proportions of silt andclay soil sizes—isolated as “deviations or residuals” from the fitted regional surfaces—and localities where small admixtures of glacial drift (evidenced by the presence of flints) have been observed.

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