Measurement, Method, and Meaning in Lithic Analysis: Problems with Amick and Mauldin's Middle-Range Approach

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Rozen ◽  
Alan P. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Lithic Analysis ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Lithic Assemblage ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Essential Prerequisite ◽  
Unsupported Position

Amick and Mauldin (1989) claim that our approach to describing debitage assemblage variation is unproductive because our typology is free of interpretation. They suggest that our method for assigning meaning to archaeological data is sterile because it is based solely on observations of the archaeological record. Their views seem to be based on inattention to key analytic concepts, an unfamiliarity with the full range of factors affecting lithic assemblage content, and an empirically unsupported position about how knowledge of the past may be obtained from the archaeological record. Experimental studies are useful for developing generalizations about how technological factors may influence debitage assemblage characteristics, but sound description of those characteristics is an essential prerequisite to reliable interpretations.

DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION IN USE OF FUEL WITH ADDITIVES

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Petar Kazakov ◽  
Atanas Iliev ◽  
Emil Marinov
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Positive Effects

Over the decades, more attention has been paid to emissions from the means of transport and the use of different fuels and combustion fuels for the operation of internal combustion engines than on fuel consumption. This, in turn, enables research into products that are said to reduce fuel consumption. The report summarizes four studies of fuel-related innovation products. The studies covered by this report are conducted with diesel fuel and usually contain diesel fuel and three additives for it. Manufacturers of additives are based on already existing studies showing a 10-30% reduction in fuel consumption. Comparative experimental studies related to the use of commercially available diesel fuel with and without the use of additives have been performed in laboratory conditions. The studies were carried out on a stationary diesel engine СМД-17КН equipped with brake КИ1368В. Repeated results were recorded, but they did not confirm the significant positive effect of additives on specific fuel consumption. In some cases, the factors affecting errors in this type of research on the effectiveness of fuel additives for commercial purposes are considered. The reasons for the positive effects of such use of additives in certain engine operating modes are also clarified.

ADOLESCENTS IN CRIMINAL STREET GROUPINGS: REASONS AND MOTIVATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-199
Author(s):  
E.O. Chernova
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Motivational Factors ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Social Communities ◽  
Criminal Groups

The article gives an analysis of the results of authorial experimental studies. Motivational factors affecting adolescents' participation in criminal groups are considered, they are: dominant groups of motives, the predominance of aspiration to success or avoidance of failures. Thus, the author explores the subjective potential of the personality of adolescent groupers. According to the results of the research, the author concludes that the specificity of the motivation of such adolescents consists in the predominance of material motives, social motives (involvement in social communities, groupings) and motives of recognition and respect. The author notes that the motivation for avoiding failures is more characteristic of such adolescents than the motivation for the pursuit of success. It is concluded that the data obtained can serve as a basis for developing preventive measures when working with adolescents at risk.

The methodology of experimental research of the feed components extrusion process in order to improve its energy performance

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
E. M. Ratnikov ◽  
D. O. Milko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Mathematical Planning ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Extrusion Processing ◽  
Definition Of

Annotation Purpose. Development of a program and methods for conducting experimental studies of the extrusion process with the definition of parameters and modes of operation of the extruder to improve its energy performance. Methods. Methods of mathematical statistics, synthesis, analysis, description and modeling were used. Results. The application of mathematical methods, in particular mathematical planning, reduces the number of experiments several times, and allows to evaluate the role of influencing factors, obtain a mathematical model of the process and determine the optimal conditions for its parameters and modes, etc. Conclusions. The methodology for experimental studies of a screw extruder is presented with the necessary equipment and methodology for processing the obtained experimental data. A mathematical method of planning, which reduces the number of experiments several times, allows us to evaluate the role of factors affecting productivity and energy intensity is presented. Keywords: extruder, auger, nutrients, research methodology, extrusion, processing, feed.

scholarly journals Drivers and Determinants of Food Waste Generation in Restaurants Serving Mediterranean Mezze-Type Cuisine

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6358
Author(s):  
Ali Chalak ◽  
Hussein F. Hassan ◽  
Pamela Aoun ◽  
Mohamad G. Abiad
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Food Service ◽  
High Price ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Price Range

Food waste from the food service and hospitality industry is increasing, especially in Mezze serving restaurants, where a variety of dishes are usually served. To date, information on the factors affecting food waste generation in restaurants is scarce. This study aimed to identify the drivers and determinants of food waste generation while dining out at restaurants serving Mezze-type cuisine. According to the results from a convenience sample of 496 restaurant clientele, gender, age, and marital status did not affect food waste generation. Diners in both low and high price range restaurants waste above the grand mean compared to middle-range ones. Waste generation decreased significantly as the number of diners per table increased. However, ordering water-pipe, alcohol, or more dishes contributed significantly to food waste generation. As food waste is not the outcome of a single behavior, our study puts food waste generation drivers and determinants while dining out in perspective.

scholarly journals Fish and Chaps: Some Ethnoarchaeological Thoughts on Fish Skin Use in European Prehistory

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 329-347
Author(s):  
Roman Vávra
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Fish Skin ◽  
Subsistence Strategies ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The World

AbstractThe following study summarizes the available ethnographical, historical, and archaeological data about the use of fish skin as a material. Fish skin and the methods of its processing are described. The fish skin utilisation accounts from around the world are collected in an organized matter. Afterwards the various factors affecting the use of this material are discussed and some concluding remarks about the further research possibilities are proposed. The use of fish skin does not appear to be based purely on climate, subsistence strategies, or the availability of fish, but also on cultural norms and traditions. Careful hypotheses can be made by using relational analogies, but ultimately a re-examination of museum collections or new archaeological discoveries are fundamental in furthering this field of research.

scholarly journals Cultural Transform di Situs Benteng Putri Hijau

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Stanov Purnawibowo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Past

AbstractArchaeology not only describing about the past, but also present. The form of cultural transformation process which describe the process of archaeological record disposition in the post-depositoanal factors, one of example form describe from present. Cultural transformation of archaeological record was found in Benteng Putri Hijau site. Precipitation position of archaeological data and stratigraphy can give information about cultural transformation data and contexts remain found in archaeological deposition.

scholarly journals Weaving the Common Threads of Simulation and Formation studies in Archaeology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Davies
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Material Record

Computer simulation is a tool increasingly used by archaeologists to build theories about past human activity; however, simulation has had a limited role theorising about the relationship between past behaviours and the formation of observed patterning in the material record. This paper visits the argument for using simulation as a means of addressing the gap that exists between archaeological interpretations of past behaviours and their physical residues. It is argued that simulation is used for much the same reason that archaeologists use ethnographic or experimental studies, and that computational models can help to address some of the practical limitations of these approaches to record formation. A case study from arid Australia, examining the effects of episodic surface erosion on the visibility of the record, shows how simple, generative simulations, grounded in formational logic, can be used to compare different explanatory mechanisms and suggest tests of the archaeological record itself.

scholarly journals Transport of engineered nanoparticles in soils and aquifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Fazeli Sangani ◽  
Gary Owens ◽  
Amir Fotovat
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Engineered Nanoparticles ◽  
Background Solution ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Aquifer Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Transport Behaviour ◽  
The Media

Transport and deposition behaviour of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in natural aquifers and soil systems is a key determinant of the fate of these materials in environmental systems. A growing number of experimental studies are being conducted worldwide to address transport and deposition of ENPs in porous media (PM). Here we comprehensively review the main mechanisms and factors affecting the mobility of the environmentally important ENPs in natural PM. A variety of different processes including those that promote mobility and result in elution from the PM and those that hinder their mobility and promote ENP retention can influence ENP’s mobility through soil and aquifer media. The most important contributing factors regarding ENP transport in PM include: the physicochemical properties of the ENP, the media, the hydrodynamics of the system, and the background solution characteristics. Results from several studies conducted on the most common and environmentally important ENPs have shown that under natural environmental conditions, different types of ENPs show different transport behaviour in soil and aquifer systems. Additionally, the importance of media matrix and mobile solution factors in governing mobility of ENPs varies from one type of ENP to another.

scholarly journals A review of multiphase flow and deposition effects in film-cooled gas turbines

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1905-1921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Wang ◽  
Milan Vujanovic ◽  
Bengt Sunden
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Turbulence Models ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Film Cooling Effectiveness ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Multi Phase Flow

This paper presents a review of particle deposition research in film-cooled gas turbines based on the recent open literature. Factors affecting deposition capture efficiency and film cooling effectiveness are analyzed. Experimental studies are summarized into two discussions in actual and virtual deposition environments. For investigation in virtual deposition environments, available and reasonable results are obtained by comparison of the Stokes numbers. Recent advances in particle deposition modeling for computational fluid dynamics are also reviewed. Various turbulence models for numerical simulations are investigated, and solutions for treatment of the particle sticking probability are described. In addition, analysis of injecting mist into the coolant flow is conducted to investigate gas-liquid two-phase flow in gas turbines. The conclusion remains that considerable re-search is yet necessary to fully understand the roles of both deposition and multi-phase flow in gas turbines.

Abandonment and Post-Abandonment Behavior at a Rural Central American House-Site

1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Lange ◽  
Charles R. Rydberg
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Central American ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Archaeological Investigation ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
House Site ◽  
American House

AbstractExamination of a recently abandoned modern rural house-site in northern Costa Rica was undertaken in an attempt to gain insights into the absence of comparable sites from the Precolumbian archaeological record. The site was thoroughly described, a number of hypotheses based on artifactual evidence were advanced, and the former occupants were then interviewed. Abandonment and post-abandonment behavior by the occupants and others stongly influenced the material culture remains and potential archaeological data. The site had been subjected to a number of alterations and artifacts found were of the lowest retentive priority. A number of problems relevant to archaeological investigation at such sites were elucidated.

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