First Report of a Newly Discovered Paleoindian Quarry Site on the Isthmus of Panama

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges A. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Technological Diffusion ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
Isthmus Of Panama ◽  
New Information ◽  
Production Strategies ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Core Reduction

AbstractAn archaeological survey on the Azuero Peninsula in Panama has recently discovered a Paleoindian quarry/workshop at the base of a quartz outcrop. The Nieto site contains seldom-seen preforms and flake blanks that provide new information on early-stage reduction strategies used by Clovis-like point makers in the Neotropics. Finished tools recovered at the site include gravers, side scrapers, and large scraper planes. The production of flake blanks followed a core reduction and rejuvenation strategy already observed at other Paleoindian sites in Costa Rica and Florida. Although the quartz outcrop is located only a few kilometers away from better-quality sources of jasper and chert, Paleoindians appear to have preferred this translucent stone for their weaponry. This new information, when combined with late-stage production strategies previously recorded from other Panamanian sites, brings us closer to tracing a complete manufacturing trajectory for Clovislike points on the Isthmus. It is hoped that data from the Nieto quarry/workshop will eventually help archaeologists determine if the presence of the fluting technique in Central and South America is attributable to a migration of Clovis-related people or a technological diffusion among pre-established southerly populations.

Texture Evolution during Recrystallization in Nonoriented Electrical Steels

2007 ◽  
Vol 550 ◽  
pp. 533-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Tae Park ◽  
Jae Young Choi ◽  
Jae Kwan Kim ◽  
Jerzy A. Szpunar
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Recrystallization Texture ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Texture Evolution ◽  
Area Fraction ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
New Information

In nonoriented electrical steels, the control of texture has received little attention, and hence there is an unexplored possibility to improve the magnetic properties of nonoriented steels through texture control. Furthermore, the formation of recrystallization texture in these steels has not yet been systematically studied. In this study, such systematic investigations are undertaken for nonoriented electrical steels with 2% Si. New information obtained from EBSD measurements on partially recrystallized specimens will allow us to know what is happening during the recrystallization stage. The formation of recrystallization texture is much better explained by oriented nucleation. This is supported by the fact that the area fraction of nuclei or recrystallized grains with specific orientations for all new grains remains almost constant during the progress of recrystallization. Most nuclei have a high misorientation relationship with the surrounding deformed matrix: 25~55. The main texture components of nuclei or recrystallized grains during the progress of recrystallization are Goss and {111}<112>. Deformed {111}<110> and {111}<112> grains generally disappear at the early stage of recrystallization whereas deformed {001}<110> and {112}<110> grains are mostly consumed at the late stage of recrystallization.

scholarly journals Geophysical and Archaeological Survey of the Hillfort of Zilgi and the Barrow Cemetery of Beslan (North Ossetia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-180
Author(s):  
Korobov D. S., D. ◽  
◽  
Malashev V. ◽  
Fassbinder J. W. E. ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
New Information ◽  
Central Caucasus ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
North Ossetia

The article is devoted to new methodological techniques in the study of widely known sites of the early stage of Alanic culture of the Central Ciscaucasia — Zilgi hillfort and Beslan kurgan catacomb burial ground (RNO — Alania). The use of satellite images, low-altitude aerial photography, photogrammetry and magnetometric survey made it possible to obtain fundamentally new information about these well-studied sites and to specify their topographic and planigraphic features in the shortest time with minimal destructions. The excavations carried out in two areas of the Beslan necropolis helped to considerably refine its chronological framework, trace the development of the necropolis from the Zilgi hillfort to the southeastern periphery and identify the area of the most recent graves dating from the middle of the 7th century AD, which were made near the eastern border of unfortified settlement of Zilgi. The non-destructive survey methodology tested by the team has wide prospects for the study of Alanic culture sites of the Central Caucasus, especially at its early stage. Keywords: North Caucasus, Alanic culture, “earthen hillforts”, barrow catacomb burials, photogrammetry, Remote Sensing data, magnetometric survey

New details of the male terminalia of Diathoneura longipennis (Malloch, 1926) (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Carlos R. Vilela ◽  
Gerhard Bächli
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
First Record ◽  
Type Locality

The male terminalia of a non-type Diathoneura longipennis (Malloch 1926) specimen,collected in Peru, were dissected and analyzed. The aedeagus and associated sclerites were found tohave been fixed at a late stage of protrusion, resulting in a different morphology, when compared to thetwo previous publications, which were fixed at earlier stages. Consequently, additional details of certainanatomical parts were observed and a better understanding of the aedeagus protruding process was attained.Diathoneura longipennis has been previously identified in San Mateo, Alajuela, Costa Rica (type locality)and Panama, and this specimen represents the first record of this species in South America.

scholarly journals Making the Grade during Pandemic: Early-stage and Late-stage Provisional Institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142110286
Author(s):  
Alexander B. Kinney ◽  
Nicholas J. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
State University ◽  
Institutional Work ◽  
Traditional Grading ◽  
Grading Policy ◽  
Temporary Solution ◽  
Rural State ◽  
Empirical Implications ◽  
Common Understanding

This is an article that draws on the institutional work literature about provisional institutions. To date, nearly every U.S. sector has been impacted by COVID-19. To sustain their core missions, highly institutionalized organizations such as universities have had to rethink foundational structures and policies. Using a historical ethnographic approach to investigate records from faculty senate deliberations at “Rural State University” (RSU), the authors examine the implementation of a temporary grading policy to supplement traditional, qualitative grades spring 2020 during the outbreak. The authors find that RSU implemented a temporary, supplemental grading policy as a provisional institution to momentarily supersede traditional grading as a means to—as soon as possible—return to it. This finding contrasts with the common understanding that provisional institutions operate primarily as a temporary solution to a social problem that leads to more stable and enduring, ostensibly nonprovisional institutions. The temporary grading policy, the authors argue, constitutes a “late-stage” provisional institution and, with this new lens, subsequently characterize the more commonplace understanding of provisional institutions as “early-stage.” This contribution has theoretical implications for studies of institutions and empirical implications for research on shared governance and disruption in higher education.

Health Insurance Status as a Predictor of Mode of Colon Cancer Detection but Not Stage at Diagnosis: Implications for Early Detection

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492199917
Author(s):  
Lindsey A. Jones ◽  
Katherine C. Brewer ◽  
Leslie R. Carnahan ◽  
Jennifer A. Parsons ◽  
Blase N. Polite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis ◽  
Health Insurance Status ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase

Objective For colon cancer patients, one goal of health insurance is to improve access to screening that leads to early detection, early-stage diagnosis, and polyp removal, all of which results in easier treatment and better outcomes. We examined associations among health insurance status, mode of detection (screen detection vs symptomatic presentation), and stage at diagnosis (early vs late) in a diverse sample of patients recently diagnosed with colon cancer from the Chicago metropolitan area. Methods Data came from the Colon Cancer Patterns of Care in Chicago study of racial and socioeconomic disparities in colon cancer screening, diagnosis, and care. We collected data from the medical records of non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients aged ≥50 and diagnosed with colon cancer from October 2010 through January 2014 (N = 348). We used logistic regression with marginal standardization to model associations between health insurance status and study outcomes. Results After adjusting for age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status, being continuously insured 5 years before diagnosis and through diagnosis was associated with a 20 (95% CI, 8-33) percentage-point increase in prevalence of screen detection. Screen detection in turn was associated with a 15 (95% CI, 3-27) percentage-point increase in early-stage diagnosis; however, nearly half (47%; n = 54) of the 114 screen-detected patients were still diagnosed at late stage (stage 3 or 4). Health insurance status was not associated with earlier stage at diagnosis. Conclusions For health insurance to effectively shift stage at diagnosis, stronger associations are needed between health insurance and screening-related detection; between screening-related detection and early stage at diagnosis; or both. Findings also highlight the need to better understand factors contributing to late-stage colon cancer diagnosis despite screen detection.

scholarly journals Amazonia as the Origin and Diversification Area of Didelphidae (Mammalia: Metatheria), and a Review of the Fossil Record of the Clade

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela C. Castro ◽  
Murilo J. Dahur ◽  
Gabriel S. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Isthmus Of Panama ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
Fossil Records

AbstractDidelphidae is the largest New World radiation of marsupials, and is mostly represented by arboreal, small- to medium-sized taxa that inhabit tropical and/or subtropical forests. The group originated and remained isolated in South America for millions of years, until the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. In this study, we present the first reconstruction of the biogeographic history of Didelphidae including all major clades, based on parametric models and stratified analyses over time. We also compiled all the pre-Quaternary fossil records of the group, and contrasted these data to our biogeographic inferences, as well as to major environmental events that occurred in the South American Cenozoic. Our results indicate the relevance of Amazonia in the early diversification of Didelphidae, including the divergence of the major clades traditionally ranked as subfamilies and tribes. Cladogeneses in other areas started in the late Miocene, an interval of intense shifts, especially in the northern portion of Andes and Amazon Basin. Occupation of other areas continued through the Pliocene, but few were only colonized in Quaternary times. The comparison between the biogeographic inference and the fossil records highlights some further steps towards better understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of the clade. Finally, our results stress that the early history of didelphids is obscured by the lack of Paleogene fossils, which are still to be unearthed from low-latitude deposits of South America.

scholarly journals EU FP7 research funding for an orphan drug (Orfadin®) and vaccine (Hep C) development: a success and a failure?

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Schmidt ◽  
O. Sehic ◽  
C. Wild
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Clinical Indication ◽  
Market Authorisation ◽  
Risk Capital

Abstract Background We considered the extent of the contribution of publicly funded research to the late-stage clinical development of pharmaceuticals and medicinal products, based on the European Commission (EC) FP7 research funding programme. Using two EC FP7-HEALTH case study examples—representing two types of outcomes—we then estimated wider public and charitable research funding contributions. Methods Using the publicly available database of FP7-HEALTH funded projects, we identified awards relating to late-stage clinical development according to the systematic application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, classified them according to product type and clinical indication, and calculated total EC funding amounts. We then identified two case studies representing extreme outcomes: failure to proceed with the product (hepatitis C vaccine) and successful market authorisation (Orfadin® for alkaptonuria). Total public and philanthropic research funding contributions to these products were then estimated using publicly available information on funding. Results 12.3% (120/977) of all EC FP7-HEALTH awards related to the funding of late-stage clinical research, totalling € 686,871,399. Pharmaceutical products and vaccines together accounted for 84% of these late-stage clinical development research awards and 70% of its funding. The hepatitis C vaccine received total European Community (FP7 and its predecessor, EC Framework VI) funding of €13,183,813; total public and charitable research funding for this product development was estimated at € 77,060,102. The industry sponsor does not consider further development of this product viable; this now represents public risk investment. FP7 funding for the late-stage development of Orfadin® for alkaptonuria was so important that the trials it funded formed the basis for market authorisation, but it is not clear whether the price of the treatment (over €20,000 per patient per year) adequately reflects the substantial public funding contribution. Conclusions Public and charitable research funding plays an essential role, not just in early stage basic research, but also in the late-stage clinical development of products prior to market authorisation. In addition, it provides risk capital for failed products. Within this context, we consider further discussions about a public return on investment and its reflection in pricing policies and decisions justified.

scholarly journals Context-Specific Efficacy of Apalutamide Therapy in Preclinical Models of Pten-Deficient Prostate Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3975
Author(s):  
Marco A. De Velasco ◽  
Yurie Kura ◽  
Naomi Ando ◽  
Noriko Sako ◽  
Eri Banno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Akt Inhibitor ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Context Specific

Significant improvements with apalutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen used to treat patients suffering from advanced prostate cancer (PCa), have prompted evaluation for additional indications and therapeutic development with other agents; however, persistent androgen receptor (AR) signaling remains problematic. We used autochthonous mouse models of Pten-deficient PCa to examine the context-specific antitumor activity of apalutamide and profile its molecular responses. Overall, apalutamide showed potent antitumor activity in both early-stage and late-stage models of castration-naïve prostate cancer (CNPC). Molecular profiling by Western blot and immunohistochemistry associated persistent surviving cancer cells with upregulated AKT signaling. While apalutamide was ineffective in an early-stage model of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), it tended to prolong survival in late-stage CRPC. Molecular features associated with surviving cancer cells in CRPC included upregulated aberrant-AR, and phosphorylated S6 and proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40). Strong synergy was observed with the pan-AKT inhibitor GSK690693 and apalutamide in vitro against the CNPC- and CRPC-derived cell lines and tended to improve the antitumor responses in CNPC but not CRPC in vivo. Upregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and proviral insertion in murine-1 (PIM-1) were associated with combined apalutamide/GSK690693. Our findings show that apalutamide can attenuate Pten-deficient PCa in a context-specific manner and provides data that can be used to further study and, possibly, develop additional combinations with apalutamide.

scholarly journals Lung Cancer Inequalities in Stage of Diagnosis in Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1946-1956
Author(s):  
Aisha K. Lofters ◽  
Evgenia Gatov ◽  
Hong Lu ◽  
Nancy N. Baxter ◽  
Sara J. T. Guilcher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Late Stage Diagnosis ◽  
Adjusted Model

Lung cancer is the most common cancer and cause of cancer death in Canada, with approximately 50% of cases diagnosed at stage IV. Sociodemographic inequalities in lung cancer diagnosis have been documented, but it is not known if inequalities exist with respect to immigration status. We used multiple linked health-administrative databases to create a cohort of Ontarians 40–105 years of age who were diagnosed with an incident lung cancer between 1 April 2012 and 31 March 2017. We used modified Poisson regression with robust standard errors to examine the risk of diagnosis at late vs. early stage among immigrants compared to long-term residents. The fully adjusted model included age, sex, neighborhood-area income quintile, number of Aggregated Diagnosis Group (ADG) comorbidities, cancer type, number of prior primary care visits, and continuity of care. Approximately 62% of 38,788 people with an incident lung cancer from 2012 to 2017 were diagnosed at a late stage. Immigrants to the province were no more likely to have a late-stage diagnosis than long-term residents (63.5% vs. 62.0%, relative risk (RR): 1.01 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99–1.04), adjusted relative risk (ARR): 1.02 (95% CI: 0.99–1.05)). However, in fully adjusted models, people with more comorbidities were less likely to have a late-stage diagnosis (adjusted relative risk (ARR): 0.82 (95% CI: 0.80–0.84) for those with 10+ vs. 0–5 ADGs). Compared to adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma was more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage (ARR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.27–1.31), and squamous cell (ARR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.87–0.91) and other lung cancers (ARR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.91–0.94) were more likely to be diagnosed at an early stage. Men were also slightly more likely to have late-stage diagnosis in the fully adjusted model (ARR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.05–1.08). Lung cancer in Ontario is a high-fatality cancer that is frequently diagnosed at a late stage. Having fewer comorbidities and being diagnosed with small cell carcinoma was associated with a late-stage diagnosis. The former group may have less health system contact, and the latter group has the lung cancer type most closely associated with smoking. As lung cancer screening programs start to be implemented across Canada, targeted outreach to men and to smokers, increasing awareness about screening, and connecting every Canadian with primary care should be system priorities.

Phase Separation: From the Initial Nucleation Stage to the Final Ostwald Ripening Regime

1997 ◽  
Vol 481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste Sagui ◽  
Dean Stinson O'Gorman ◽  
Martin Grant
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Ostwald Ripening ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Classical Problem ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
New Model ◽  
Nucleation Stage ◽  
Initial Nucleation

ABSTRACTIn this work we have re-examined the classical problem of nucleation and growth. A new model considers the correlations among droplets and naturally incorporates the crossover from the early-stage, nucleation dominated regime to the scaling, late-stage, coarsening regime within a single framework.

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