The Technology and Organization of Agricultural Production in the Tiwanaku State

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan L. Kolata
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Andean Archaeology ◽  
The Core ◽  
Kinship Relations ◽  
Hierarchical Interaction ◽  
Substantial Degree

Utilizing data from six seasons of field research, this article focuses on the question of the technology and social organization of intensive agricultural production in the Andean state of Tiwanaku. Recent literature in Andean archaeology and ethnohistory asserts the dominance of local kin groups in the organization of agricultural production rather than supracommunity state authority. The analysis presented here takes issue with this perspective as applied to the core territory of the Tiwanaku state during the period from ca. A. D. 400 to 1000 (Tiwanaku IV-V). I conclude that in this period: (1) the technology of Tiwanaku intensive agricultural production turned on the creation of an artificial regional hydrological regime of canals, aqueducts, and groundwater regulation articulated with massive raised-field systems, and (2) the organization of agricultural production in this core territory entailed structured, hierarchical interaction between urban and rural settlements characterized by a substantial degree of political centralization and the mobilization of labor by social principles that reached beyond simple kinship relations.

“Land fever” and “Bankruptcy”: Social Problems in Hanoi’s Urbanizing Peri-urban Communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 550-562
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

Drawn upon field research in two peri-urban villages of Hanoi in 2014 and short re-visits recently, the research examines the widespread of gambling and other social issues in Hanoi’s urbanizing peri-urban communities which happened concurrently with the phenomenon of “land fever,” and at the time local villagers received compensation from land appropriation. The article aims to understand the impact of urbanization on these communities and the interface between urbanization and the increase of social problems. It argues that gambling, drug use, and other social problems have been existing in Vietnamese rural communities long before; however, when urbanization came, some people have higher chances to engage in these activities. Those are villagers who want to transform quickly into entrepreneurs or bosses by joining the “black credit” market and gambling. Together with middle-aged and old farmers who greatly relied on agricultural production and face difficulties in transforming their occupation, they formed the group of losers in the urbanization process. Received 6th January 2019; Revised 26th April 2019; Accepted 15th May 2019

Metaphors and cultural narratives on adaptive responses to severe adversity: A field study among the Indigenous Pitaguary community in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iara Meili ◽  
Eva Heim ◽  
Ana C Pelosi ◽  
Andreas Maercker
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Growth ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Cultural Narratives ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Core ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Context Specific

The expressions resilience and posttraumatic growth represent metaphorical concepts that are typically found in Euro-American contexts. Metaphors of severe adversity or trauma and the expressions of overcoming it vary across cultures—a lacuna, which has not been given much attention in the literature so far. This study aimed to explore the metaphorical concepts that the Indigenous Pitaguary community in Brazil uses to talk about adaptive and positive responses to severe adversity and to relate them to their socio-cultural context. We carried out 14 semi-structured interviews during field research over a one-month period of fieldwork. The data were explored with systematic metaphor analysis. The core metaphors included images of battle, unity, spirituality, journeys, balance, time, sight, transformation, and development. These metaphors were related to context-specific cultural narratives that underlie the Pitaguary ontological perspective on collectivity, nature, and cosmology. The results suggest that metaphors and cultural narratives can reveal important aspects of a culture’s collective mindset. To have a contextualized understanding of expressive nuances is an essential asset to adapt interventions to specific cultures and promote culture-specific healing and recovery processes.

scholarly journals Mandevillian Virtues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandi Astola
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Virtue Theory ◽  
Collective Good ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cognitive Traits ◽  
Collaborative Activities ◽  
Do So

AbstractStudies in collective intelligence have shown that suboptimal cognitive traits of individuals can lead a group to succeed in a collective cognitive task, in recent literature this is called mandevillian intelligence. Analogically, as Mandeville has suggested, the moral vices of individuals can sometimes also lead to collective good. I suggest that this mandevillian morality can happen in many ways in collaborative activities. Mandevillian morality presents a challenge for normative virtue theories in ethics. The core of the problem is that mandevillian morality implies that individual vice is, in some cases, valuable. However, normative virtue theories generally see vice as disvaluable. A consequence of this is that virtue theories struggle to account for the good that can emerge in a collective. I argue that normative virtue theories can in fact accommodate for mandevillian emergent good. I put forward three distinctive features that allow a virtue theory to do so: a distinction between individual and group virtues, a distinction between motivational and teleological virtues, and an acknowledgement of the normativity of “vicious” roles in groups.

scholarly journals Pendidikan Karakter Berbasis Local Wisdom (studi kasus di TK Islam PAS Munqidzatun Nasyi’ah Desa Wilangan Kecamatan Sambit Kabupaten Ponorogo)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Tamrin Fatoni
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Free Communication ◽  
The Core ◽  
Data Collection Technique

Developing powerful communications technology has created unlimited free communication. The negative impact of this phenomenon is when a culture that is not good from the outside is swallowed out by children who are still young. As a result, it will easily experience cultural dislocation. One of the legacies of local wisdom that are not interested in the midst of the community is the Javanese dolanan song. Therefore all efforts must be sought from the very beginning. These efforts can be done through various ways, including habituation of children to play and sing songs (songs) dolanan Javanese, which actually contains a lot of character values. This study included a descriptive study, a case study at PAS Munqidzatun Nasyi'ah Wilangan Islamic Kindergarten. This study aims to describe; 1. Describe the form of character education in PAS Munqidzatun Nasyi'ah Wilangan Islamic Kindergarten. 2. Describe the strategy for implementing character education in PAS Munqidzatun Nasyi'ah Wilangan Islamic Kindergarten. 3. Describe the results of character education in PAS Munqidzatun Nasyi'ah Wilangan Islamic Kindergarten. This research includes field research using a qualitative approach. In collecting data, the author uses the method of interviews, observation, and documentation as a data collection technique. The technique chosen in data analysis is data reduction, data display and conclusions or verification. From this study it can be seen that: 1. the form of character education in PAS Islamic Kindergarten Munqidzatun Nasyi'ah Wilangan is a local widom-based character education (local wisdom) in the form of Javanese dolanan songs. There are three dolanan songs used for character planting, namely Sluku-sluku Bathok, gundul-gundul Pachol and Menthok-menthok. 2. The strategy for the implementation of character education in PAS Islamic Kindergarten Munqidzatun Nasyi'ah Wilangan is to use reflective methods. This can be proven by giving an explanation of moral values ​​to students, after the song is finished the song is sung both in class before the core lesson begins or while playing outside the classroom. 3. The results of character education at PAS Islam Munqidzatun Nasyi'ah Wilangan Kindergarten have fulfilled the values ​​of the basic characters, namely: a. Respectful and polite character through greeting each other and shaking hands. b. This character of independence and responsibility can be seen from throwing garbage in its place.

scholarly journals The Role of the Malay Customary Institution in Off-Court Divorce Mediation: a Case Study in Rantau Pandan, Jambi

Al-Risalah ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Zainal Azwar ◽  
Firdaus Firdaus ◽  
Muhammad Nafis
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Mediation Process ◽  
Divorce Mediation ◽  
Initial Request ◽  
Kinship Relations ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
And Task

In general, the concept of mediation in fiqh literature concerns merely with pre-divorce conflicts. In contrast, the Malay Customary Institution in Rantau Pandan, Jambi also concerns with restoring household integrity after divorce. This paper aims at describing and analyzing the role of the Malay Customary Institution in restoring post-divorce households in Rantau Pandan. The field research was conducted where the data taken from in-depth interviews and documentation. This paper concludes that there are two forms of mediation process practiced by the Malay Customary Institution in Rantau Pandan: the mediation that is prompted by the initial request of the involving parties and that is without the precondition of reconciliation. The success of the Customary Institution in mediating familial conflicts is supported by several factors, such as; the competence of the mediators, kinship relations, and the goodwill of the respective parties. The mediation practiced of the Customary Institution works in line with the guidance of the Qur’ān and the principle of mediation in Islam. Additionally, this institution has developed the concept of mediation outside the court, both in terms of form and task.  

scholarly journals Thin Vaulted Tile Structure as a Sustainable Slab

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 132-134
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
The Core ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Concrete Materials ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Materials

The concept of sustainability for roof structure becomes most effective because slab consumes the highest amount of cement and steel in the building. This increases carbon footprint, which is a measure of the impact caused by the utilization of natural resources, eventually affecting the earth, and it becomes a subject of higher cost also. The objective of the paper is to find a safe, economical and sustainable roofing structure suitable for suburban and rural settlements. The literature survey carried out deeply and the potential is observed in tile vaulted structures. The core reasons behind adopting a vaulted structure are, it avoids using steel and concrete materials in construction, utilizes local labour, and low-cost local materials for construction. This predominantly becomes the primary factor in deciding the construction of an economical roofing structure for multiple dwelling units in rural and suburban settlements to provide a safe, sustainable and maintenance-free roofing system using tile vaulted structure.

Study on the Steady State Thermal Circuit Model of 10kV Three-Core Cable Based on the Shape Factor Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 1008-1009 ◽  
pp. 593-597
Author(s):  
Wen Xiang Li ◽  
Rui Bo Su ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Yi Xuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Shape Factor ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Circuit Model ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Thermal Circuit ◽  
The Core ◽  
Conductor Temperature

The core of the 10kV three-core cable is in the shape of a trefoil. Not all the radial direction of the actual heat transfer characteristics are the same. The finite element method serve as the three core cable temperature field research method in this text, in order to analyze the internal temperature distribution of three core cable, establish a steady state thermal circuit model in accordance with the characteristics of heat transfer from the cable conductor to the surface in the three-core cable , give the calculation of conductor temperature algorithm, and calculate the various parameters in the model.

scholarly journals Theoretical and empirical links between trade unions and democracy

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19
Author(s):  
Lucio Baccaro ◽  
Chiara Benassi ◽  
Guglielmo Meardi
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Political Democracy ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Core ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Union Democracy ◽  
The University

This special issue wants to honour the memory of Giulio Regeni, a PhD student at the University of Cambridge who was assassinated while he was conducting field research on independent trade unions in Egypt. This introduction and the following articles focus on the theoretical, empirical and methodological questions at the core of Regeni’s research. Unions have traditionally been regarded as crucial for representing the interests of the working class as a whole and for building and sustaining industrial and political democracy; however, there is a debate about the conditions under which unions can be effective, and the role of unions’ internal democracy is particularly controversial. The article discusses the theoretical linkages between trade unions, democratization and union democracy and concludes with a reflection on the new concerns about the risk of conducting field research on these issues raised by Regeni’s death.

New Economy Careers Demand Adaptive Mental Models and Resources

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelies E. M. van Vianen ◽  
Ute-Christine Klehe
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
New Economy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Career Transitions ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The Core ◽  
Identity Threats ◽  
And Coping

Volatile economic and labor market circumstances have significant effects on the development of people’s work careers; thus recent literature on careers has started to take into account the reality of increasingly unpredictable, nonlinear, and inherently uncertain careers. In this chapter we argue that careers in the new economy require, first, that people learn to cope with identity threats; second, that they need to change their mental models of careers; and third, that they must develop the resources to adapt to more frequent and unpredictable career transitions. Specifically we address three themes that we consider at the core of adaptation to nonlinear careers: people’s work-related identities, their conceptualization of career success, and their adaptability resources. We build a model called “identity and coping during career transitions” (ICCT), which integrates theories on identity, careers, and adaptability and could serve as an agenda for future research. Finally, we provide some guidelines for practitioners and organizations.

Hostile hospitality and the criminalization of civil society actors aiding border crossers in Greece

2020 ◽  
pp. 026377582095870
Author(s):  
Laura Schack ◽  
Ashley Witcher
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Field Research ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
Constitutive Relationship ◽  
The Core ◽  
Police Harassment ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Border Crossers

Civil society actors aiding border crossers in Europe have been subject to systematic criminalization through prosecutions and attempted prosecutions, extensive police harassment, public scapegoating, and the imposition of bureaucratic barriers. We seek to explain why this is occurring through the analysis of field research data, collected in Greece between 2017 and 2019, through the lens of Derrida’s concept of “hostile hospitality”. We develop a theoretical framework with three key features: first, the demarcation between insider and outsider which lies at the core of notions of hospitality; second, the constitutive relationship between hostility and hospitality which is closely related to notions of sovereignty; and third, the primacy of state definitions of hospitality, which subordinate private and collective hospitality practices. This explanatory framework guides the analysis of two case studies from our fieldwork: the criminalization of solidarity initiatives providing accommodation in squats in Athens and Pikpa camp on Lesvos, and the criminalization of boat-spotting and search and rescue activities on Lesvos. We conclude that civil society actors aiding border crossers in Greece are criminalized because they challenge and interfere with state policies and practices of hostile hospitality.

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