Building the Body Armor:

1996 ◽  
pp. 126-144
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Armor

scholarly journals KONSEP MUHAMMAD SHAHRU TENTANG AURAT PEREMPUAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 216-239
Author(s):  
Laila Nurul hidayah
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Face ◽  
Maximum Limit

In Islam, clothing does not only function as jewelry and body armor from heat and cold, but more importantly is to cover the nakedness. Al-Qur'an al-Karim shows the obligation of women to cover their bodies in His words, "And let them not show their jewels, except those which (normally) appear from them,". Parts of female limbs that are not allowed to be seen by others are aurat. Islamic scholars agree that all women's bodies are aurat, in addition to the face and two palms. What is meant by the jewelry that appears is the face and two palms. While what is meant by khimar is a headgear, not a face covering like a veil, and what is meant by jaib is chest. The women have been ordered to put a cloth over his head and spread it to cover her chest. By doing library research, that is, research whose main object is books or other sources of literature, meaning that data is sought and found through literature review of books relevant to the discussion, a minimum limit of aurat according to Muhammad Shahrur is that dress cover the juyub, while the maximum limit is dressing which covers all parts of the body besides the face and palms.

Redescription of Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown 1908 (Ankylosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 961-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Hell Creek Formation ◽  
South Central

The armor-plated dinosaur Ankylosaurus magniventris is redescribed based on specimens from the Hell Creek Formation of northeastern Montana, USA., Lance Formation of Wyoming, USA., and from the Scollard Formation of south-central Alberta, Canada. Except for brief descriptions, most of these specimens have not been described in detail. Ankylosaurus is one of the largest known ankylosaurids, having an estimated length of up to 6.25 m (20.5 ft). It is characterized by a long, low skull having very prominent cranial “horns” that project laterally or dorsolaterally. The body armor includes a large half-ring that sat across the base of the neck and shoulders and a large, low tail club.

Linking Theory to Practice: Predicting Ballistic Performance from Mechanical Properties of Aged Body Armor

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Forster ◽  
Dennis D. Leber ◽  
Amy Engelbrecht-Wiggans ◽  
Virginie Landais ◽  
Allen Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Ballistic Limit ◽  
Ballistic Performance ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ballistic Resistance

It has long been a goal of the body armor testing community to establish an individualized, scientific-based protocol for predicting the ballistic performance end of life for fielded body armor. A major obstacle in achieving this goal is the test methods used to ascertain ballistic performance, which are destructive in nature and require large sample sizes. In this work, using both the Cunniff and Phoenix-Porwal models, we derived two separate but similar theoretical relationships between the observed degradation in mechanical properties of aged body armor and its decreased ballistic performance. We present two studies used to validate the derived functions. The first correlates the degradation in mechanical properties of fielded body armor to the degradation produced by a laboratory accelerated-aging protocol. The second examines the ballistic resistance and the extracted-yarn mechanical properties of new and laboratory-aged body armor made from poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole), or PBO, and poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide), or PPTA. We present correlations found between the tensile strengths of yarns extracted from armor and the ballistic limit (V50) when significant degradation of the mechanical properties of the extracted yarns was observed. These studies provided the basis for a validation data set in which we compared the experimentally measured V50 ballistic limit results to the theoretically predicted V50 results. The theoretical estimates were generally shown to provide a conservative prediction of the ballistic performance of the armor. This approach is promising for the development of a tool for fielded armor performance surveillance relying upon mechanical testing of armor coupon samples.

Ballistic Impact Analysis of the Human Thorax With a Protective Body Armor

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. W. Kwon ◽  
J. E. Jolly ◽  
T. A. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Element Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Human Thorax ◽  
Armor System

Abstract The biomechanical response of a finite element model of the human thorax and a protective body armor system was studied under impact loading from a projectile. The objective of the study was to create a viable finite element model of the human thorax. The model was validated by comparing the results of tests of body armor systems conducted on cadavers to results obtained from finite element analysis. A parametric study was undertaken to determine the essential components of the model. The results from this investigation determined that the path of force propagation from a body armor system to the thorax upon bullet impact is directly through the vest to the sternum and then through the skeleton to the rest of the body. Thus, any parameters that affect the components in this pathway were essential to the model. This included the muscles, their geometries, material properties, and viscosity, as well as the Young’s modulus of the sternochondral cartilage and the bones themselves.

Ballistic Resistant Body Armor: Contemporary and Prospective Materials and Related Protection Mechanisms

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. David ◽  
X.-L. Gao ◽  
J. Q. Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Ballistic Performance ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Energy Absorbing

Modern military operations, technology-driven war tactics, and current on-street weapons and ammunition necessitate the development of advanced ballistic protection body armor systems that are damage-resistant, flexible, lightweight, and of great energy absorbing capacity. A number of studies related to new concepts and designs of body armor materials (including those derived from or inspired by nature) have been conducted in the past two decades to meet the new demands. Ballistic fabrics, ceramics, and laminated composites are among the leading materials used in modern body armor designs, and nano-particle and natural fiber filled composites are candidate materials for new-generation body armor systems. Properties and ballistic resistance mechanisms of such materials have been extensively investigated. Based on a comprehensive and critical review of the advances and findings resulting from these investigations, a comparative study on design, protection mechanisms, and performance evaluation of various types of anti-ballistic body armor is presented in this paper. Body armor systems made from different materials and exhibiting distinct ballistic energy absorption mechanisms are discussed, and key factors that influence the ballistic performance and energy absorbing mechanisms of the body armor systems are identified.

Multi-layer pattern creation for seamless front female body armor panel using angle-interlock woven fabrics

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Yang ◽  
X Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Front Panel ◽  
Ballistic Performance ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Relationship

Angle-interlock woven fabric offers an option for making female body armor as it can form integrally the required dome shapes because of its extraordinary moldability and satisfactory ballistic performance. A mathematical model is created to determine the pattern geometry for the front panel of female body armor, and the front panel can be quickly created using this mathematical model. However, the body armor is multi-layer, which indicates that the relationship between the thickness of the fabric and the pattern block projection for different layers of fabric needs to be investigated, in order to create the whole panel, to improve this novel approach for making seamless female body armor with satisfactory ballistic performance.

Feasibility Study of Selecting Soft Components of Body Armor

2018 ◽  
Vol 775 ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Thawatchai Yaiphuak ◽  
Sujin Wanchat ◽  
Nattapon Chantarapanich
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Human Hair ◽  
Spider Silk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Soft Component ◽  
Assessment Technique ◽  
Feasibility Assessment ◽  
Assessment Matrix ◽  
Optimal Material

A body armor is vital for users in combat filed. Normally, the body armor have two components: soft and hard ones. This paper proposes feasibility assessment technique to evaluate contemporary materials: Kevlar, natural spider silk, and human hair, for making soft component of the body armor. There are four criteria: technical, economic, legal, and operational feasibilities to generate the feasibility assessment matrix. The optimal material in question is human hair which has highest rank at 82%.

Characterizing the Interaction Among Bullet, Body Armor, and Human and Surrogate Targets

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weixin Shen ◽  
Yuqing Niu ◽  
Lucy Bykanova ◽  
Peter Laurence ◽  
Norman Link
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Target Material ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Ballistic Resistance ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Protective Effectiveness

This study used a combined experimental and modeling approach to characterize and quantify the interaction among bullet, body armor, and human surrogate targets during the 10–1000 μs range that is crucial to evaluating the protective effectiveness of body armor against blunt injuries. Ballistic tests incorporating high-speed flash X-ray measurements were performed to acquire the deformations of bullets and body armor samples placed against ballistic clay and gelatin targets with images taken between 10 μs and 1 ms of the initial impact. Finite element models (FEMs) of bullet, armor, and gelatin and clay targets were developed with material parameters selected to best fit model calculations to the test measurements. FEMs of bullet and armor interactions were then assembled with a FEM of a human torso and FEMs of clay and gelatin blocks in the shape of a human torso to examine the effects of target material and geometry on the interaction. Test and simulation results revealed three distinct loading phases during the interaction. In the first phase, the bullet was significantly slowed in about 60 μs as it transferred a major portion of its energy into the body armor. In the second phase, fibers inside the armor were pulled toward the point of impact and kept on absorbing energy until about 100 μs after the initial impact when energy absorption reached its peak. In the third phase, the deformation on the armor’s back face continued to grow and energies inside both armor and targets redistributed through wave propagation. The results indicated that armor deformation and energy absorption in the second and third phases were significantly affected by the material properties (density and stiffness) and geometrical characteristics (curvature and gap at the armor-target interface) of the targets. Valid surrogate targets for testing the ballistic resistance of the armor need to account for these factors and produce the same armor deformation and energy absorption as on a human torso until at least about 100 μs (maximum armor energy absorption) or more preferably 300 μs (maximum armor deformation).

scholarly journals Comparing the Comfort and Potential Military Performance Restriction of Neck Collars From the Body Armor of Six Different Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 176 (11) ◽  
pp. 1274-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Major John Breeze ◽  
Celia H. Watson ◽  
Ian Horsfall ◽  
Colonel Jon Clasper
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Military Performance

scholarly journals Gunshot wounds to the chest and abdomen when using modern body armor

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
A. V. Denisov ◽  
P. E. Krainyukov ◽  
S. M. Logatkin ◽  
A. B. Yudin ◽  
V. V. Kokorin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Gunshot Wounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Abdominal Bleeding ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Bulletproof Vest

Based on the analysis of literary sources and the data of our own experimental studies, we examined the features of gunshot wounds of military personnel protected by body armor. The classification of body armor by design is given. In addition, the gradation of body armor according to the protection class according to GOST 34286-2017 is given. It is shown that the widespread use of body armor in modern armed conflicts has led to a noticeable decrease in the frequency of gunshot wounds to the chest. According to the mechanism of the formation of a gunshot injury through a bulletproof vest, three main types of injuries were identified: closed local contusion injury when the bulletproof vest was not broken; a gunshot wound when piercing a bulletproof vest; gunshot wounds due to ricocheting of striking elements from the surface of the body armor (external or internal ricochet). It has been established that closed trauma in case of bulletproof vest penetration can occur both in the form of damage to the skin and subcutaneous tissue with the formation of hemorrhages, and in the form of bruises of internal organs, accompanied in severe cases by ruptures of internal organs (liver, spleen, lungs, etc.), with development life- threatening complications - intense pneumothorax, intra-abdominal bleeding, etc. It is shown that when piercing a bulletproof vest through the wound, in addition to a deformed bullet and clothing elements, fragments of armor can be introduced lei with additional damage. When bullets approach a bulletproof vest at angles of 20 degrees or more, rebound elements of dismantled bullets can occur, which can cause severe damage to both the owner of the bulletproof vest and others.

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