scholarly journals The Genesis of Double Entry Bookkeeping

2015 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Sangster
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
External Impetus ◽  
New Form ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACT The emergence of double entry bookkeeping marked the shift in bookkeeping from a mechanical task to a skilled craft, and represented the beginnings of the accounting profession. This study seeks to identify what caused this significant change in bookkeeping practice. I do so by adopting a new accounting history perspective to investigate the circumstances surrounding the emergence of double entry in early 13th century Italy. Contrary to previous findings, this paper concludes that the most likely form of enterprise where bookkeeping of this form emerged is a bank, most likely in Florence. Accountability of the local bankers in Florence to the Bankers Guild provided a unique external impetus to generate a new form of bookkeeping. This new bookkeeping format provided a clear and unambiguous picture of the accounts of all debtors and creditors, along with the means to check that the entries between them were complete and accurate.

Enriching AIS Courses With SOX Compliance Activities

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joann Segovia ◽  
Carol M. Jessup ◽  
Marsha Weber ◽  
Sheri Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Investor Confidence ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
Sarbanes Oxley ◽  
Audit Firms ◽  
Significant Change

A very significant change to the accounting profession occurred in 2002 when the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted. This legislation had a significant impact on corporations and their audit firms. The objective was to improve corporate governance and its quality of financial reporting to improve investor confidence. This paper provides instructors with a background on SOX and suggests readings and activities that reflect the requirements of SOX as it relates to the AIS environment and the analysis of internal controls. These activities can strengthen students' understandings of how corporations respond to the various reporting requirements of this Act.

The hidden history of Benjamin Montgomery: Slave, manager, and accountant

2021 ◽  
pp. 103237322110581
Author(s):  
Sandra Gates ◽  
Megan Burke ◽  
John Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Accounting Practice ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Narrative Process ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Little is known about the contributions of African-American slaves in the histories of various business domains, including accounting. Some authors attribute this scholarly silence to ideological motives due to race-ethnicity and bigotry. Others note that this paucity reflects not only a lack of data but also an inability to adequately approach the contributions of minorities to the accounting profession. Consequently, there are hidden voices in accounting history that should be explored. One of those voices belongs to Benjamin Thornton Montgomery, a Southern slave who became a plantation manager and owner. Observing Montgomery’s practices through the unique historical lens of the ante-bellum period of the United States, we argue that he should also be acknowledged for his responsibilities as an accountant. Accordingly, we use an analytically structured narrative process to examine the compelling case of Ben Montgomery to inform a more accurate and balanced historical foundation of accounting practice in America.

scholarly journals Chinese Maritime Politics in the 13th Century, Malay States and Javanese Imperium

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Saiful Hakam
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Native People ◽  
The Political ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Internal Process ◽  
Native Culture ◽  
Mobile Capital ◽  
New Form

This study aims to explain about the rise of the Chinese trading culture, which is considered original at first then change progressively based on the internal process, and become damaged after making contacts with the native civilizations, is completely dissatisfying, though part of the truth is explained. Based on the critical analysis approach from the historical facts written by some scholars, the result of this study shows that the political and cultural changes were absolutely a sign of remarkable shock. Mongol conquests were contributed to these changes, though indirectly. Indian civilization was accepted by the native people, which then also influenced by the native culture. While the Islamic Nuance in Indian Ocean had been colored by Islamic nuance for approximately two centuries, wherein the trades in the middle and Chinese oceans were united naturally. Meanwhile Southeast Asia had grown rapidly after being involved in the hectic trading traffic. There were new social groups with the wealth of mobile capital, with a new spirit as the trades, in which in its development, there was a new form of state which was called as sultanate. One of the most important facts of that period is the rise of Java as a great sea power. Keywords:Chinese politic, Trading, Civilization

scholarly journals Enlisting accounting history in the contest between competing visions of accounting systems: Tommaso Zerbi and the origin of double-entry bookkeeping

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-579
Author(s):  
Valerio Antonelli ◽  
Michele Bigoni ◽  
Raffaele D’Alessio ◽  
Raffaele Marcello
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Systems ◽  
International Debate ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
Academic Communities ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
A Value ◽  
National Debate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Double Entry

Biographical research has attracted a significant level of interest from the accounting history community. Nevertheless, most of these studies are focused on documenting the life and work of renowned accounting scholars and practitioners. This study seeks to investigate the work of an author who is yet to attract the attention of the international community, Tommaso Zerbi, in close connection with the social and academic context in which this work was developed. The study emphasises the political and militant role that accounting history may play in academic communities by showing how accounting history research is not necessarily a value-free endeavour in the generation of new knowledge but can be enlisted in ensuring the success of a specific understanding of accounting systems in the context of academic struggles. Although mainly aiming at contributing to a national debate, the originality and value of Zerbi’s work ended up offering a significant contribution to the international debate on the origin of double-entry bookkeeping.

Putting Continuous Auditing Theory into Practice: Lessons from Two Pilot Implementations

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Alles ◽  
Alexander Kogan ◽  
Miklos A. Vasarhelyi
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Continuous Auditing ◽  
The Future ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACT: In the almost twenty years since Vasarhelyi and Halper (1991) reported on their pioneering implementation of what has come to be known as Continuous Auditing (CA), the concept has increasingly moved from theory into practice. A 2006 survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers shows that half of all responding firms use some sort of CA techniques, and the majority of the rest plan to do so in the near future. CA not only has an increasing impact on auditing practice, but is also one of the rare instances in which such a significant change was led by the researchers. In this paper we survey the state of CA after two decades of research into continuous auditing theory and practice, and draw out the lessons learned by us in recent pilot CA projects at two major firms, to examine where this unique partnership between academics and auditors will take CA in the future.

scholarly journals A pioneering era of accounting history: The contributions of nineteenth-century Italian literature and its enduring dissemination around the globe

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Coronella ◽  
Valerio Antonelli ◽  
Alessandro Lombrano
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Italian Literature ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Accounting ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
The World ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Widespread Dissemination ◽  
Great Development

The aim of this article is to show the contributions to the accounting history literature made by Italian scholars working in the second half of the nineteenth century. These scholars comprised the world’s first community of academics, practitioners, office bearers and historians dealing in a systematic way with accounting’s past. They invented the narrative of accounting history and their historical re-enactments on relevant topics have been the basis for further historical research for many years. The last decades of the nineteenth century saw great development in historical studies of accounting, both in and outside of the academies. These studies were mainly of three types: (a) general histories, which examined the evolution of accounting practices from antiquity to the late nineteenth century; (b) investigations of the origins of double-entry and Pacioli; and (c) research on the evolution of accounting practices. Some of the most prominent books and papers published in this period have become widely known abroad. This article contributes to knowledge of early international accounting historians and can be linked to the field of accounting history today. It also demonstrates the widespread dissemination of this early Italian literature around the world, thereby forming the first example of international accounting history.

‘Brand-Centred Control’: A Study of Internal Branding and Normative Control

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 895-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Müller
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Internal Branding ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
New Form ◽  
Do So

In this article I present brand-centred control as a new form of normative control and examine the ways in which it affects employees. To do so, I draw on the results of a qualitative case study of a consumer products company with a strong corporate culture and brand, and examine internal branding as an extension of culture management. The key insights of the case study show that brand-centred control – unlike traditional normative control that typically works inside the company – also engages an external audience (customers, fans, and the wider public) as an additional source of normative control. As employees internalise the brand image of this external audience, they turn into brand representatives even in absence of face-to-face interactions with others and in their private lives. Brand-centred control thus blurs the boundaries between work and employees’ private lives in unprecedented ways. I discuss the ways in which employees respond to and resist brand-centred control and point to further research on brand-centred control as a significant new form of normative control.

scholarly journals The earlier synthetic balance sheet of Datini's Company in Avignon (1410): The combined accounting system

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Mikhail Kuter ◽  
Marina Gurskaya ◽  
Dmitriy Aleinikov
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Accounting Practice ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Financial Result ◽  
Operating Result

When studying accounting history, the use of archival sources is very important. Unfortunately, when scholars explore the genesis of accounting practice, archival sources are not often used. This paper does so, presenting a detailed explanation of features of the accounting system used by Francesco di Marco Datini’s’ company in Avignon 14091410. This accounting system used stocktaking and double entry in order to determination of the operating result and produce an analytical balance sheet. This study analyzed the Quaderno di Ragionamento (the book for drawing-up final accounts, including the financial result) with the aim of clarifying the features of this process. It also investigated the procedure used in preparing the synthetic balance sheet, a process not known previously elsewhere. This research was based on the archival material comprising of account books of the medieval merchant company of Datini, preserved in the State Archive in Prato.

EDWARD WILD: ADVOCATE OF SIMPLIFICATION AND AN ORGANISED PROFESSION IN COLONIAL AUSTRALIA

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry D. Carnegie ◽  
Scott A. Varker
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Double Entry

As far as can be established, Edward Wild's book, Bookkeeping by Double Entry Made Easy, was the second book on accounting to be published in Australia. Apart from the presentation of his simplified system of double entry bookkeeping, Wild advocated the establishment of an organised Australian accounting profession in his book. This paper examines the life and career of Wild and describes and analyses the content of his book. The book is placed within the local Victorian context. Possible influences on Wild's writing are examined and the possible influence of Wild on later developments in Australian accounting is addressed.

scholarly journals Teocentrismo, Antropocentrismo y Contabilidad: de la Edad Media al Renacimiento

2022 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Susana Villaluenga de Gracia ◽  
Inmaculada Llibrer-Escrig ◽  
Fernando-Gabriel Gutiérrez-Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Know How ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Single Entry ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Middle Ages

The change in the accounting method from single entry to double entry in the 15th century has been tried to explain by the influence of some different issues such as the appearance of capitalism or by the contact of Italy with other peoples. However, none of them has been able to do so satisfactorily. That is why this work, tries to show how this accounting change could be pushed by a paradigm shift: the philosophical and religious perception of the world and its passed from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. It will be seen using a qualitative methodology which helps to know how the methods of charge and discharge and double entry respond to the prevailing ways of thinking in which they developed. The first one, can be associated with a Theocentric thought, typical of the Middle Ages, and the second one, double entry bookkeeping, philosophical viewpoint that are the are the most important entity in the world, which is characteristic of the Renaissance. El cambio del método contable de la partida simple a la doble en el siglo XV se ha intentado explicar por la influencia de diferentes factores como la aparición del capitalismo o por el contacto de Italia con otros pueblos. Sin embargo, ninguno de ellos aisladamente, lo ha podido hacer de forma satisfactoria. Por lo tanto, utilizando una metodología cualitativa, este trabajo intenta arrojar luz indagando cómo este cambio contable se pudo deber a un cambio en la percepción filosófica y religiosa del mundo, al pasarse de la Edad Media al Renacimiento. Se verá cómo los métodos del cargo y descargo y de la partida doble responden a las formas de pensamiento imperantes en el que se desarrollaron. En consecuencia, que partida simple se puede asociar a un pensamiento Teocéntrico, propio de la Edad Media, y que la partida doble se puede relacionar con el Antropocéntrico característico del Renacimiento.

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