scholarly journals A Comparison of Hand-wrist Bone and Cervical Vertebral Analyses in Measuring Skeletal Maturation

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 984-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Gandini ◽  
Marta Mancini ◽  
Federico Andreani
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Concordance Index ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Cervical Vertebral Maturation

Abstract Objective: To compare skeletal maturation as measured by hand-wrist bone analysis and by cervical vertebral analysis. Materials and Methods: A radiographic hand-wrist bone analysis and cephalometric cervical vertebral analysis of 30 patients (14 males and 16 females; 7–18 years of age) were examined. The hand-wrist bone analysis was evaluated by the Bjork index, whereas the cervical vertebral analysis was assessed by the cervical vertebral maturation stage (CVMS) method. To define vertebral stages, the analysis consisted of both cephalometric (13 points) and morphologic evaluation of three cervical vertebrae (concavity of second, third, and fourth vertebrae and shape of third and fourth vertebrae). These measurements were then compared with the hand-wrist bone analysis, and the results were statistically analyzed by the Cohen κ concordance index. The same procedure was repeated after 6 months and showed identical results. Results: The Cohen κ index obtained (mean ± SD) was 0.783 ± 0.098, which is in the significant range. The results show a concordance of 83.3%, considering that the estimated percentage for each case is 23.3%. The results also show a correlation of CVMS I with Bjork stages 1–3 (interval A), CVMS II with Bjork stage 4 (interval B), CVMS III with Bjork stage 5 (interval C), CVMS IV with Bjork stages 6 and 7 (interval D), and CVMS V with Bjork stages 8 and 9 (interval E). Conclusions: Vertebral analysis on a lateral cephalogram is as valid as the hand-wrist bone analysis with the advantage of reducing the radiation exposure of growing subjects.

scholarly journals Physiological maturation stage of cervical vertebrate index in cleft lip/palate and non-cleft lip/palate patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Wenti Komala ◽  
Endah Mardiati ◽  
Eky Soeria Soemantri ◽  
Isnaniah Malik
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cleft Lip Palate ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
Maturation Index ◽  
Cervical Vertebral Maturation

Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common congenital anomalies. Cleft lip and palate patients encounter growth problems in lip and palate area, although their overall growth and development remains unknown. Cervical vertebral maturation are indicators of physiological maturation used in interceptive treatment and orthognathic surgery. The present study aims to determine physiological maturation stage of cervical vertebrae maturation index in cleft andnon-cleft patients. Lateral cephalogram of 26 cleft patients and 27 non-cleft patients with a range of chronological age from 8-16 years old were involved. The cervical vertebrae maturation were analyzed in six stages of cervical vertebrae maturation method of Hassel and Farman. Data were analyzed using t-test (p≤ 0.05). The result shows that physiologicalmaturation stage of cervical vertebrae maturation index in cleft and non-cleft patients has no significant difference in stage acceleration (p= 0.38), stage transition (p= 0.41) and deceleration (p= 0.39). Likewise, there is no significant difference in physiological maturation stage of cervical vertebrae maturation index between cleft and non-cleft patients. 

scholarly journals Comparison of Deep Learning Models for Cervical Vertebral Maturation Stage Classification on Lateral Cephalometric Radiographs

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 3591
Author(s):  
Hyejun Seo ◽  
JaeJoon Hwang ◽  
Taesung Jeong ◽  
Jonghyun Shin
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
National University ◽  
Multi Class Classification ◽  
Cervical Vertebral Maturation

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the performance of six state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNN)-based deep learning models for cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) on lateral cephalometric radiographs, and implement visualization of CVM classification for each model using gradient-weighted class activation map (Grad-CAM) technology. A total of 600 lateral cephalometric radiographs obtained from patients aged 6–19 years between 2013 and 2020 in Pusan National University Dental Hospital were used in this study. ResNet-18, MobileNet-v2, ResNet-50, ResNet-101, Inception-v3, and Inception-ResNet-v2 were tested to determine the optimal pre-trained network architecture. Multi-class classification metrics, accuracy, recall, precision, F1-score, and area under the curve (AUC) values from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate the performance of the models. All deep learning models demonstrated more than 90% accuracy, with Inception-ResNet-v2 performing the best, relatively. In addition, visualizing each deep learning model using Grad-CAM led to a primary focus on the cervical vertebrae and surrounding structures. The use of these deep learning models in clinical practice will facilitate dental practitioners in making accurate diagnoses and treatment plans.

scholarly journals Determining skeletal maturation stage using cervical vertebrae: evaluation of three diagnostic methods

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luci Mara Fachardo Jaqueira ◽  
Monica Costa Armond ◽  
Luciano José Pereira ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Pinto de Alcântara ◽  
Leandro Silva Marques
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Maturation Stage

scholarly journals Perbedaan maturasi skeletal ditinjau dari berat badan dan jenis kelamin pada anak usia 8-12 tahunThe difference in skeletal maturation of children aged 8-12 years between underweight and normal

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Jeffri Vermilion ◽  
Mimi Marina Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Normal Body Weight

Pendahuluan: Periode tumbuh kembang pada perawatan pasien ortodonti merupakan hal penting untuk menentukan waktu perawatan maloklusi yang dapat dilihat dari maturasi skeletal. Perawatan kelas II skeletal paling baik dimulai pada masa pubertas atau cervical vertebrae maturation stage (CVMS) 3 atau 4 yaitu sekitar umur 10-12 tahun pada perempuan dan 12-14 pada laki-laki, dan pada kelas III pada masa prepubertal atau CVMS 1 yaitu sekitar 8-9 tahun untuk perempuan dan 8-11 tahun untuk laki-laki. Maturasi skeletal dapat dipengaruhi oleh status gizi seseorang. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis perbedaan maturasi skeletal pada anak usia 8-12 tahun ditinjau berat badan dan jenis kelamin. Metode: Jenis penelitian observasional analitik yang dilakukan pada 100 pasien ortodonti RSGM USU usia 8-12 tahun terdiri dari 50 pasien berat badan kurang dan 50 pasien berat badan normal. Pasien berat badan kurang dan normal diperoleh melalui pengukuran berdasarkan indeks massa tubuh, kemudian dilakukan pengukuran maturasi skeletal menggunakan metode Bacetti yang terdiri dari CVMS 1-CVMS 6 dengan uji chi-square sebagai data analisis. Hasil: Maturasi skeletal berat badan kurang sebanyak 40% CVMS 1, 30% CVMS 2, 16% CVMS 3, 12% CVMS 4, dan 2% CVMS 5, sedangkan pada berat badan normal 12% CVMS 1, 34% CVMS 2, 26% CVMS 3, 18% CVMS 4, dan 10% CVMS 5. Hasil uji chi square menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan maturasi skeletal dengan berat badan kurang dan normal diperoleh nilai p=0,015; p<0,05 dan menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara maturasi skeletal dengan jenis kelamin dimana p<0,05. Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan maturasi skeletal antara berat badan kurang dan normal namun tidak terdapat perbedaan maturasi skeletal pada laki-laki dan perempuan pada anak usia 8-12 tahun.Kata kunci: Maturasi skeletal, indeks massa tubuh, metode Bacetti. ABSTRACTIntroduction: The growth and development period in orthodontic treatment is important in determining the malocclusion treatment timing, which can be seen from skeletal maturation. Class II skeletal treatment is best started at puberty or cervical vertebrae maturation stage (CVMS) 3 or 4, around the age of 10-12 years in women and 12-14 in men. In class III skeletal treatment is best started at the prepubertal period or CVMS 1, namely about 8-9 years for women and 8-11 years for men. Skeletal maturation can be affected by a person's nutritional status. This study was aimed to analyse the differences in skeletal maturation in children aged 8-12 years in terms of body weight and sex. Methods: This type of analytical observational study was conducted on 100 orthodontic patients at Universitas Sumatera Utara Dental Hospital aged 8-12 years consisting of 50 underweight patients and 50 normal-weight patients. The patients' weight was obtained through measurements based on body mass index; then, the skeletal maturation was measured using the Bacetti method consisting of CVMS 1-CVMS 6 with the chi-square test as data analysis. Results: Underweight skeletal maturation was 40% CVMS 1, 30% CVMS 2, 16% CVMS 3, 12% CVMS 4, and 2% CVMS 5, while at normal weight 12% CVMS 1, 34% CVMS 2, 26 % CVMS 3, 18% CVMS 4, and 10% CVMS 5. The chi square test results showed differences in skeletal maturation with underweight and normal body weight, the value of p=0.015; p<0.05 and no significant difference between skeletal maturation and sex where p<0.05. Conclusion: There is a difference in skeletal maturation between underweight and normal body weight, but there is no difference in skeletal maturation between sex in children aged 8-12 years.Keywords: Skeletal maturation, body mass index, Bacetti method.

scholarly journals The cervical vertebral maturation method: A user's guide

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. McNamara ◽  
Lorenzo Franchi
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Everyday Clinical Practice ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Typical Sequence ◽  
Specific Time Point ◽  
Maturational Stage ◽  
Vertebral Bodies ◽  
Inferior Border ◽  
Cervical Vertebral Maturation

ABSTRACT The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method is used to determine the craniofacial skeletal maturational stage of an individual at a specific time point during the growth process. This diagnostic approach uses data derived from the second (C2), third (C3), and fourth (C4) cervical vertebrae, as visualized in a two-dimensional lateral cephalogram. Six maturational stages of those three cervical vertebrae can be determined, based on the morphology of their bodies. The first step is to evaluate the inferior border of these vertebral bodies, determining whether they are flat or concave (ie, presence of a visible notch). The second step in the analysis is to evaluate the shape of C3 and C4. These vertebral bodies change in shape in a typical sequence, progressing from trapezoidal to rectangular horizontal, to square, and to rectangular vertical. Typically, cervical stages (CSs) 1 and CS 2 are considered prepubertal, CS 3 and CS 4 circumpubertal, and CS 5 and CS 6 postpubertal. Criticism has been rendered as to the reproducibility of the CVM method. Diminished reliability may be observed at least in part due to the lack of a definitive description of the staging procedure in the literature. Based on the now nearly 20 years of experience in staging cervical vertebrae, this article was prepared as a “user's guide” that describes the CVM stages in detail in attempt to help the reader use this approach in everyday clinical practice.

Effects of Orthodontic Functional Appliances in Relation to Skeletal Maturation of Cervical Vertebrae in Class II Malocclusion

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 352-358
Author(s):  
Francisco Guinot ◽  
Marina Ferrer ◽  
Lara Díaz-González ◽  
Cristina García ◽  
Isabel Maura
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Skeletal Class Ii ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Functional Appliances ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Mandibular Incisors

Aim: To evaluate the effects produced by functional orthodontic appliances at dental and skeletal level in relation to the level of skeletal maturation in class II patients. Study design: Longitudinal and observational study. Patients selected for the study had been wearing Sander Bite Jumping Appliance (SBJA) for at least 12 months; they were first diagnosed (T1) with skeletal class II according to Ricketts’ cephalometric analysis, and had had lateral cephalograms taken before and after orthopaedic treatment (T2). Variables studied at T1 and T2 were: facial convexity, inclination of the upper and lower incisors, and facial depth. Results were compared between T1 and T2 for each variable and in relation to cervical maturation stage (CVS) according to the Lamparski analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro–Wilk, t-student, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparison tests, taking as statistically significant a p-value &lt;0.05. Results: A final sample of 235 patients was obtained. Statistically significant differences were found in the inclination of the mandibular incisors between T1 and T2 and among the different cervical stages when the functional appliances were placed in CVS1 (p = 0.000), CVS2 (p = 0.04) or CVS5 (p = 0.048). For the remaining variables, significant differences were also found between T1 and T2, but these differences were similar in all cervical stages. Conclusions: A significant proclination of the mandibular incisors was found when the functional appliance was placed during CVS1, CVS2, or CVS5. Time of placement of the functional appliances was not statistically significant for the remaining variables studied.

scholarly journals Hubungan tingkat maturitas vertebra servikalis dengan panjang mandibulaRelationship between cervical vertebrae maturity and mandibular length

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Tessa Rebecca Sihombing ◽  
Mimi Marina Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Maturity Level ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mandibular Growth ◽  
Strong Conclusion ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Cervical Vertebral Maturation ◽  
The Relationship

Pendahuluan: Beberapa tahun terakhir, hubungan antara cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) dengan pertumbuhan mandibula yang dinilai melalui panjang mandibula mendapat perhatian. Pemahaman mengenai pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kraniofasial pasien sangat penting dalam membantu menegakkan diagnosis, merencanakan perawatan, dan keberhasilan perawatan ortodonti. Waktu perawatan ortodonti berhubungan dengan keparahan dan tipe maloklusi yang dikaitkan dengan tingkat maturitas pasien. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan tingkat maturitas vertebra servikalis dengan panjang mandibula. Metode: Jenis penelitian analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Sampel penelitian menggunakan 100 foto sefalogram lateral pasien usia 8-18 tahun dengan Klas I skeletal. Kualitas foto sefalogram lateral baik dan berasal dari laboratorium yang sama. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menganalisis tingkat maturitas vertebra servikalis dan mengukur panjang mandibula pada sefalogram lateral. Uji statistik yang digunakan ANOVA dan Kruskal-Wallis, analisis korelasi menggunakan Pearson. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada panjang mandibula laki-laki dan perempuan, dengan nilai p=0,009. Panjang mandibula pada laki-laki lebih besar dibandingkan perempuan. Peningkatan panjang mandibula tertinggi pada laki-laki terjadi dari cervical vertebrae maturation stages (CVMS) 3 ke CVMS 4 sebesar 8,19±5,79 mm dan pada perempuan terjadi dari CVMS 3 ke CVMS 4 sebesar 6,38±4,51 mm. Hubungan yang paling erat adalah pada tahap CVMS 3 ke CVMS 4 sebesar 0,858 yang bersifat kuat. Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara tingkat maturitas vertebra servikalis dengan panjang mandibula, pada setiap tingkat maturitas vertebra servikalis terjadi peningkatan panjang mandibula. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan mandibula sejalan dengan maturitas vertebra servikalis.Kata kunci: Maturitas, vertebra servikalis, panjang mandibula. ABSTRACTIntroduction: In recent years, the relationship between cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) and mandibular growth assessed by mandibular length has received attention. Understanding the patient’s craniofacial growth and development is very important in helping make the diagnosis, planning treatment, and the success of orthodontic treatment. The orthodontic treatment timing was related to the severity and type of malocclusion associated with the patient’s maturity level. This study was aimed to analyse the relationship between cervical vertebrae maturity level and mandibular length. Methods: This was an analytic study with a cross-sectional design. The study sample used 100 lateral cephalogram photos of patients aged 8-18 years with skeletal Class I. The quality of the lateral cephalogram images was good and came from the same laboratory. Data collection was carried out by analysing the cervical vertebrae’s maturity level and measuring the mandibular length on the lateral cephalogram. The statistical test used was ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis, and the correlation analysis used was Pearson. Results: There were significant differences in the male and female mandibular length, with the p-value = 0.009. The mandibular length in male was higher than in the female. The highest increase in the male mandibular length occurred from cervical vertebrae maturation stages (CVMS) 3 to CVMS 4 by 8.19 ± 5.79 mm, and in women occurred from CVMS 3 to CVMS 4 by 6.38 ± 4.51 mm. The closest relationship was at the CVMS 3 to CVMS 4 stage of 0.858, which was categorised as strong. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the maturity level of the cervical vertebrae and the mandibular length. At each maturity level of the cervical vertebrae, there is an increase in the mandibular length. These results suggest that the mandibular growth is in line with the maturity of the cervical vertebrae.Keywords: Maturity, cervical vertebrae, mandibular length.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Skeletal Age Based on Computer-Supported Methods in Comparison to the Atlas Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-141
Author(s):  
Anna Predko-Maliszewska ◽  
Agnieszka Predko-Engel ◽  
Maciej Goliński
Keyword(s):  
Computer Analysis ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Skeletal Age ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Atlas Method ◽  
Cervical Vertebral Maturation

Abstract This article describes methods used in estimating skeletal age based both on the evaluation of skeletal maturation of the palm and the wrist (Greulich and Pyle’s atlas method) and the Cervical Vertebral Maturation method (CVM). The method of evaluating the skeletal age based on the measurement of cervical vertebrae with equations introduced by A. Machorowska-Pieniążek is also mentioned. The article shows results obtained by computer analysis of the age of cervical vertebrae compared to the results gained from the implemented equations provided by A. Machorowska-Pieniążek and the results obtained from the atlas method.

scholarly journals SKELETAL MATURATION EVALUATION USING MANDIBULAR SECOND MOLAR CALCIFICATION STAGES

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 980-83
Author(s):  
Fakhira Nizam ◽  
Nasrullah Mengal ◽  
Mirza Tareen ◽  
Sumbal Hayat
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Maturity ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Second Molar ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mandibular Second Molar ◽  
Maturation Index

Objective: To examine the relationship between skeletal maturity and mandibular second molar calcification stages and assessing mandibular second molar as a diagnostic tool for skeletal maturity evaluation. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Orthodontic department, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, from Jan to Jun 2019. Methodology: The sample size of the study 240 comprised of equal number of males and females. Inclusion criteria was defined to include the patients (male and female) with the age from 9-16 years; on the same time, patients without facial asymmetry and without prior history of facial or neck trauma/injury or surgery were considered for the present study. Exclusion criteria was defined to exclude those patients from the study hoe had the history of bone disease and major illness in past; known cases of muscular dystrophy; any congenital malformation of cervical vertebrae and tooth caries; Low quality x-ray with poor contrast. Results: The study revealed association between Demirjian Index and Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Index stages (0.875) with the statistical significance. Demirjian Index Stage H indicated the greater percentage distribution at stage 4 and 6 of Cervical Vertebrae Maturation for males. Similarly, in females, demirjian index stages G and H showed the greater percentage at stage 4 and 6 of cervical vertebrae maturation index respectively. Conclusion: Analysis indicated that cervical vertebrae maturation index and Demirjian Index (DI) occurred earlier in femalesthan males.

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