The Effects of Surface Roughness of Composite Resin on Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans in the Presence of Saliva

SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of surface roughness of resin composite on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of saliva. To provide uniform surface roughness on composites, disks were prepared by curing composite against 400-grit silicon carbide paper (SR400), 800-grit silicon carbide paper (SR800), or a glass slide (SRGlass). The surface roughness was examined using confocal laser microscopy. For biofilm formation, S. mutans was grown for 24 hours with each disk in a biofilm medium with either glucose or sucrose in the presence of fluid-phase or surface-adsorbed saliva. The adherent bacteria were quantified via enumeration of the total viable counts of bacteria. Biofilms were examined using scanning electron microscopy. This study showed that SR400 had deeper and larger, but fewer depressions than SR800. Compared to SRGlass and SR800, biofilm formation was significantly increased on SR400. In addition, the differences in the effect of surface roughness on the amount of biofilm formation were not significantly influenced by either the presence of saliva or the carbohydrate source. Considering that similar differences in surface roughness were observed between SR400 and SR800 and between SR800 and SRGlass, this study suggests that surface topography (size and depth of depressions) may play a more important role than surface roughness in biofilm formation of S. mutans.

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Effect of Surface Sealants and Polishing Time on Composite Surface Roughness and Microhardness

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/17-048-l ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 408-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

VC Ruschel ◽

VS Bona ◽

LN Baratieri ◽

HP Maia

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Composite Resin ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Composite Surface ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Surface Sealants ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Surface Sealant ◽

Effect Of Surface

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface sealants and polishing delay time on a nanohybrid resin composite roughness and microhardness. Eighty disc specimens were made with a nanohybrid resin (Esthet-X HD, Dentsply). The specimens were divided into two groups (n=40) according to polishing time: immediate, after 10 minutes; delayed, after 48 hours. Each group was subdivided into four groups (n=10), according to the surface treatment: CG, control–rubber points (Jiffy Polishers, Ultradent); PP, rubber points + surface sealant (PermaSeal, Ultradent); PF, rubber points + surface sealant (Fortify, Bisco); PB, rubber points + surface sealant (BisCover, Bisco). Surface roughness (Ra) and microhardness (50 g/15 seconds) were measured. Surface morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance and the Games-Howell post hoc test (α=0.05). PermaSeal roughness (G2) in the delayed polishing group was significantly higher (p=0.00) than that of the other groups. No difference was observed among the groups between immediate and delayed polishing (p=1.00), except for PermaSeal (p=0.00). Moreover, PermaSeal showed the lowest microhardness values (p=0.00) for immediate polishing. Microhardness was higher at delayed polishing for all the surface treatments (p=0.00) except Fortify (p=0.73). Surface smoothness similar to polishing with rubber points was achieved when surface sealants were used, except for PermaSeal surface sealant, which resulted in a less smooth resin composite surface. However, surface sealant application did not significantly improve composite resin microhardness.

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Influence of BrpA on Critical Virulence Attributes of Streptococcus mutans

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.188.8.2983-2992.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 188 (8) ◽

pp. 2983-2992 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Zezhang T. Wen ◽

Henry V. Baker ◽

Robert A. Burne

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Carbohydrate Source ◽

Flow Cells ◽

Forming Characteristics

ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of human dental caries, has developed multiple mechanisms to colonize and form biofilms on the tooth surface. The brpA gene codes for a predicted surface-associated protein with apparent roles in biofilm formation, autolysis, and cell division. In this study, we used two models to further characterize the biofilm-forming characteristics of a BrpA-deficient mutant, strain TW14. Compared to those of the parent strain, UA159, TW14 formed long chains and sparse microcolonies on hydroxylapatite disks but failed to accumulate and form three-dimensional biofilms when grown on glucose as the carbohydrate source. The biofilm formation defect was also readily apparent by confocal laser scanning microscopy when flow cells were used to grow biofilms. When subjected to acid killing at pH 2.8 for 45 min, the survival rate of strain TW14 was more than 1 log lower than that of the wild-type strain. TW14 was at least 3 logs more susceptible to killing by 0.2% hydrogen peroxide than was UA159. The expression of more than 200 genes was found by microarray analysis to be altered in cells lacking BrpA (P < 0.01). These results suggest that the loss of BrpA can dramatically influence the transcriptome and significantly affects the regulation of acid and oxidative stress tolerance and biofilm formation in S. mutans, which are key virulence attributes of the organism.

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Effect of surface sealant on surface roughness and bacterial adhesion of bulk-fill composites

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/09673911211005586 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096739112110055

Author(s):

Gunce Ozan ◽

Meltem Mert Eren ◽

Cansu Vatansever ◽

Ugur Erdemir

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Bacterial Adhesion ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

High Caries Risk ◽

Two Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Restorative Materials ◽

Surface Sealants ◽

Surface Sealant ◽

Effect Of Surface

Surface sealants are reported to ensure surface smoothness and improve the surface quality of composite restorations. These sealants should also reduce the bacterial adhesion on composite surfaces however, there is not much information regarding their performance on bulk-fill composite materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface sealant application on surface roughness and bacterial adhesion of various restorative materials. Disc-shaped samples were prepared from a compomer, a conventional composite and three bulk-fill composites. Specimens of each group were divided into two groups (n = 9): with/without surface sealant (Biscover LV, [BLV]). Surface roughness values were examined by profilometry and two samples of each group were examined for bacterial adhesion on a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Bacterial counts were calculated by both broth cultivation and microscopic images. Results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni/Dunn tests. Following the BLV application, there was a decrease in the surface roughness values of all groups however, only Tetric N-Ceram Bulk and Beautifil-Bulk groups showed significantly smoother surfaces (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences among material groups without BLV application. Evaluating bacterial adhesion after BLV application, conventional composite had the lowest values among all followed by the compomer group. Beautifil-Bulk had significantly the highest bacterial adhesion (p < 0.05), followed by Tetric N-Ceram Bulk group. Without BLV application, there was no significant difference among bacterial adhesion values of groups (p > 0.05). CLSM images showed cell viability in groups. Bulk-fill composites showed higher bacterial adhesion than conventional composite and compomer materials. The surface sealant was found to be highly effective in lowering bacterial adhesion, but not so superior in smoothing the surfaces of restorative materials. So, surface sealants could be used on the restorations of patients with high caries risk.

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Suppressive Effects of Hainosan (Painongsan) against Biofilm Production by Streptococcus mutans

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj8030071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Masaaki Minami ◽

Hiroshi Takase ◽

Masayo Taira ◽

Toshiaki Makino

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Confocal Laser Microscopy ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽

Laser Microscopy ◽

Dental Plaques ◽

Scanning Electron

Streptococcus mutans, a bacterium that causes dental plaques, forms a biofilm on tooth surfaces. This biofilm can cause gingivitis by stimulating the gingival margin. However, there is no established treatment for biofilm removal. Hainosan (Painongsan), a traditional Japanese Kampo formula, has been used to treat gingivitis. Therefore, we investigated the biofilm suppressive effects of the hainosan extract (HNS) and its components on S. mutans. We conducted scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser microscopy analyses to clarify the anti-biofilm activities of HNS and its crude drugs. We also performed a quantitative RT-PCR assay to assess the biofilm-related gene expression. HNS showed a significant dose-dependent suppressive effect on biofilm formation. Both the scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser microscopy analyses also revealed the significant inhibitory effects of the extract on biofilm formation. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that HNS disrupted the surface of the bacterial wall. Furthermore, HNS reduced the hydrophobicity of the bacteria, and suppressed the mRNA expression of β-glucosyltransferase (gtfB), glucosyltransferase-SI (gtfC), and fructosyltransferase (ftf). Among the constituents of hainosan, the extract of the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) showed the strongest biofilm suppression effect. Platycodin D, one of the constituent natural compounds of PG, inhibited S. mutans-associated biofilm. These findings indicate that hainosan eliminates dental plaques by suppressing biofilm formation by S. mutans.

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Influence of Sealer and Light-Curing Units on Push-Out Bond Strength Of Composite Resin to Weakened Roots

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201601010 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 430-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Adriana Corrêa de Lima ◽

Fuad Jacob Rached-Junior ◽

Natália Spadini de Faria ◽

Danielle Cristine Messias ◽

Carolina de Andrade Lima Chaves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Composite Resin ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Cervical Region ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Filling Material ◽

Ah Plus ◽

Light Curing ◽

Push Out

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the influence of sealer and light-curing unit on regional bond strength of resin composite to the weakened roots. Ninety roots of incisors were experimentally weakened, subjected to biomechanical preparation and filled with either Endofill, AH Plus or MTA Fillapex The roots were desobturated e reinforced with resin composite and fiber post light-activated with one of the light sources: halogen at 600 mW/ cm2 (QTH-600), LED at 800 mW/ cm2 (LED-800) and LED at 1500 mW/ cm2 (LED-1500). The roots were sectioned in slices from cervical, middle and apical root-reinforcement regions and analyzed by push out test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Bond strength data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey´s test (α=0.05). Specimens filled with AH Plus had higher bond strength, followed by MTA Fillapex and Endofill (p<0.05). For light-curing unit, LED-1500 presented superior bond strength than LED-800, which was higher than QTH-600 (p<0.05). The cervical region had the greatest mean values (p<0.05) while apical part showed the lowest bond strength (p<0.05). CLMS revealed remaining filling material in the dentinal tubules for all groups. The eugenol-containing sealer (Endofill) compromised the push-out bond strength of composite resin to the root dentin. Bond strength was favored in the cervical region, and when LED-1500 was used.

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A Hypothetical Protein of Streptococcus mutans Is Critical for Biofilm Formation

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.73.5.3147-3151.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 73 (5) ◽

pp. 3147-3151 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Thomas A. Brown ◽

Sang-Joon Ahn ◽

Roslyn N. Frank ◽

Yi-Ywan M. Chen ◽

José A. Lemos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Signal Sequence ◽

Hypothetical Protein ◽

Repeated Sequences ◽

Carbohydrate Source ◽

Novel Therapeutics ◽

Potential Target ◽

Conserved Regions

ABSTRACT Inactivation of the Smu0630 gene of Streptococcus mutans resulted in dramatic decreases in biofilm formation, regardless of the carbohydrate source. The Smu0630 protein contained numerous interesting features, including a possible signal sequence and two conserved regions of repeated sequences. Smu0630 may represent a potential target for novel therapeutics.

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The Effect of Finishing and Polishing Procedures on the Surface Roughness of Composite Resin Materials

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-8-1-27 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 27-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Nuray Attar

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Composite Resin ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Composite Resins ◽

Control Group ◽

Surface Groups ◽

Average Roughness ◽

Strip Surface ◽

Polishing Procedures ◽

Surface Sealant

Abstract Aims The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of various finishing and polishing procedures on the surface roughness of six different composite resin materials (Artemis Enamel, TPH Spectrum, Filtek A–110, Filtek Supreme Enamel, Solitaire 2, and Filtek P–60) as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the surface sealant application (BisCover) on the surface roughness after finishing and polishing procedures of tested composites. Methods and Materials Specimens (n=168) measuring 5 mm in diameter x 2 mm in thickness were fabricated in a plexiglass well covered with a Mylar strip using six composite resins. A control group of seven specimens of each material received no polishing after being cured under the Mylar strip. Twenty-one specimens for each composite were randomly divided among three finishing and polishing groups (n=7). Each group was polished using a different system: Carbide bur/Sof-Lex disc, Carbide bur/Enhance disc with polishing paste, and Carbide bur/Edenta composite finishing kit. The average surface roughness (Ra, ìm) of the control and treated specimens were measured with the Mitutoyo Surftest–402 Surface Roughness tester. After a surface sealant (BisCover) was applied to all treated specimens, according to manufacturer's instructions, the average roughness (Ra) was measured again. Results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post-hoc Scheffe's test at a p<0.05 significance level. Results Significant differences were found for the surface roughness (p<0.05) with interaction among composite resins and the finishing systems used (p<0.05). Enhance/Biscover finishing and polishing procedure surface was not significantly different from the Mylar strip surface groups (p>0.05). The Mylar strip group was not significantly different from the Sof-Lex/BisCover and Edenta/BisCover groups. The ranking of mean Ra values by materials was as follows: Filtek Supreme Enamel < Filtek A110 < TPH Spectrum < Artemis <Filtek P–60 < Solitaire 2. The ranking of mean Ra values by polishing systems was as follows: Enhance/BisCover < Mylar Strip < Sof-Lex/BisCover < Edenta/BisCover < Sof-Lex < Enhance < Edenta. Conclusion Smoother surfaces were recorded for the Enhance/BisCover and the Mylar strip-formed surface groups. The composite finishing kit Edenta significantly increased the Ra for all tested composites (p<0.05). But after finishing with Edenta, the use of a surface sealant (BisCover) significantly improved the surface smoothness of all tested composites (p<0.05). Use of BisCover surface sealant on anterior and posterior resin composite restorations after finishing and polishing procedures is recommended. Citation Attar N. The Effect of Finishing and Polishing Procedures on the Surface Roughness of Composite Resin Materials. J Contemp Dent Pract 2007 January;(8)1:027-035.

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Characteristics of Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus mutans in the Presence of Saliva

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00422-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 76 (9) ◽

pp. 4259-4268 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

Sug-Joon Ahn ◽

Sang-Joon Ahn ◽

Zezhang T. Wen ◽

L. Jeannine Brady ◽

Robert A. Burne

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Parental Strain ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Fluid Phase ◽

Trigger Factor ◽

Bacterial Aggregation ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Tooth Surfaces ◽

Biofilm Development ◽

Induced Aggregation

ABSTRACT Interactions between salivary agglutinin and the adhesin P1 of Streptococcus mutans contribute to bacterial aggregation and mediate sucrose-independent adherence to tooth surfaces. We have examined biofilm formation by S. mutans UA159, and derivative strains carrying mutations affecting the localization or expression of P1, in the presence of fluid-phase or adsorbed saliva or salivary agglutinin preparations. Whole saliva- and salivary agglutinin-induced aggregation of S. mutans was adversely affected by the loss of P1 and sortase (SrtA) but not by the loss of trigger factor (RopA). Fluid-phase salivary agglutinin and, to a lesser extent, immobilized agglutinin inhibited biofilm development by S. mutans in the absence of sucrose, and whole saliva was more effective at decreasing biofilm formation than salivary agglutinin. Inhibition of biofilm development by salivary agglutinin was differently influenced by particular mutations, with the P1-deficient strain displaying a greater inhibition of biofilm development than the SrtA- or RopA-deficient strains. As expected, biofilm-forming capacities of all strains in the presence of salivary preparations were markedly enhanced in the presence of sucrose, although biofilm formation by the mutants was less efficient than that by the parental strain. Aeration strongly inhibited biofilm development, and the presence of salivary components did not restore biofilm formation in aerated conditions. The results disclose a potent ability of salivary constituents to moderate biofilm formation by S. mutans through P1-dependent and P1-independent pathways.

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Assessment of Genes Associated with Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Morphology

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00614-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (9) ◽

pp. 6277-6287 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Mizuho Motegi ◽

Yuzo Takagi ◽

Hideo Yonezawa ◽

Nobuhiro Hanada ◽

Jun Terajima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Protein Gene ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Live Cells ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Morphological Development ◽

Phosphotransferase System ◽

Whole Saliva

ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans, the major pathogen responsible for dental caries in humans, is a biofilm-forming bacterium. In the present study, 17 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of genomic DNA were identified in S. mutans organisms isolated clinically from whole saliva. The S. mutans isolates showed different abilities to form biofilms on polystyrene surfaces in semidefined minimal medium cultures. Following cultivation in a flow cell system in tryptic soy broth with 0.25% sucrose and staining using a BacLight LIVE/DEAD system, two strains, designated FSC-3 and FSC-4, showed the greatest and least, respectively, levels of biofilm formation when examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Further, image analyses of spatial distribution and architecture were performed to quantify the merged green (live cells) and red (dead cells) light. The light intensity of the FSC-3 biofilm was greater than that of the FSC-4 biofilm in the bottom area but not in the top area. S. mutans whole-genome array results showed that approximately 3.8% of the genes were differentially expressed in the two strains, of which approximately 2.2%, including bacitracin transport ATP-binding protein gene glrA and a BLpL-like putative immunity protein gene, were activated in FSC-3. In addition, about 1.6% of the genes, including those associated with phosphotransferase system genes, were repressed. Analyses of the glrA-deficient strains and reverse transcription-PCR confirmed the role of the gene in biofilm formation. Differential assessment of biofilm-associated genes in clinical strains may provide useful information for understanding the morphological development of streptococcal biofilm, as well as for colonization of S. mutans.

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Role of the luxS Gene in Initial Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus mutans

Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology ◽

10.1159/000371816 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 60-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Zhiyan He ◽

Jingping Liang ◽

Zisheng Tang ◽

Rui Ma ◽

Huasong Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Mutant Strain ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Type Strain ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Wild Type Strain ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Wild Type ◽

Initial Biofilm

Quorum sensing (QS) is a process by which bacteria communicate with each other by secreting chemical signals called autoinducers (AIs). Among Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, AI-2 synthesized by the LuxS enzyme is widespread. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of QS luxS gene on initial biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. The bacterial cell surface properties, including cell hydrophobicity (bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons) and aggregation, which are important for initial adherence during biofilm development, were investigated. The biofilm adhesion assay was evaluated by the MTT method. The structures of the 5-hour biofilms were observed by using confocal laser scanning microscopy, and QS-related gene expressions were investigated by real-time PCR. The luxS mutant strain exhibited higher biofilm adherence and aggregation, but lower hydrophobicity than the wild-type strain. The confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that the wild-type strain tended to form smaller aggregates with uniform distribution, whereas the luxS mutant strain aggregated into distinct clusters easily discernible in the generated biofilm. Most of the genes examined were downregulated in the biofilms formed by the luxS mutant strain, except the gtfB gene. QS luxS gene can affect the initial biofilm formation by S. mutans.

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