Winter Tires: Operating Conditions, Tire Characteristics and Vehicle Driving Behavior

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Dörrie ◽  
Carsten Schröder ◽  
Burkhard Wies
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Driving Behavior ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Track Surface

Abstract The modern development process of winter tires not only requires intense subjective and objective evaluation of the tire properties on the vehicle, but also requires knowledge about the influence of relevant tire characteristics on vehicle driving behavior. It is important to understand the influences of ambient conditions, such as temperature, track surface (asphalt vs corundum) and tire inflation pressure on tire behavior. Tire characteristic results of a parametric study, using a fully climate-controlled interior drum test stand will be presented. The effect on tire characteristics and the resulting vehicle behavior will be discussed using vehicle dynamics simulation. Furthermore the consequences for an optimal design of modern high performance winter tires will be presented.

Validation of a non-linear vehicle dynamics simulation for limit handling

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Wade-Allen ◽  
J P Chrstos ◽  
G Howe ◽  
D H Klyde ◽  
T J Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Operating Regime ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Power Train ◽  
Ground Vehicle ◽  
Dynamic Operating

This paper discusses the validation of a ground vehicle dynamics computer simulation that includes complete models for sprung and unsprung masses, tyres, suspension, steering and brake systems, and power train including engine, transmission and differentials. The models have been developed over the last decade and have been applied to single-unit passenger cars, trucks and buses, and articulated tractor/trailer vehicles up to limit performance operating conditions. The tyre and vehicle models use composite parameters that are relatively easy to measure. However, the measurements must cover the key operating regime where the simulation is expected to be applied. For example, limit performance manoeuvring conditions require tyre data over large slip conditions and high normal load (beyond the design load) to cover the full range of dynamic operating conditions. Spring and damper response should also take into account large deflections and high velocities respectively to cover relevant non-linearities.

scholarly journals Crystal Engineering Approach for Fabrication of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell in Ambient Conditions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1751
Author(s):  
Inga Ermanova ◽  
Narges Yaghoobi Nia ◽  
Enrico Lamanna ◽  
Elisabetta Di Bartolomeo ◽  
Evgeny Kolesnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Crystal Engineering ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cell ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Sequential Method ◽  
Engineering Approach ◽  
Hole Transporting

In this paper, we demonstrate the high potentialities of pristine single-cation and mixed cation/anion perovskite solar cells (PSC) fabricated by sequential method deposition in p-i-n planar architecture (ITO/NiOX/Perovskite/PCBM/BCP/Ag) in ambient conditions. We applied the crystal engineering approach for perovskite deposition to control the quality and crystallinity of the light-harvesting film. The formation of a full converted and uniform perovskite absorber layer from poriferous pre-film on a planar hole transporting layer (HTL) is one of the crucial factors for the fabrication of high-performance PSCs. We show that the in-air sequential deposited MAPbI3-based PSCs on planar nickel oxide (NiOX) permitted to obtain a Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) exceeding 14% while the (FA,MA,Cs)Pb(I,Br)3-based PSC achieved 15.6%. In this paper we also compared the influence of transporting layers on the cell performance by testing material depositions quantity and thickness (for hole transporting layer), and conditions of deposition processes (for electron transporting layer). Moreover, we optimized second step of perovskite deposition by varying the dipping time of substrates into the MA(I,Br) solution. We have shown that the layer by layer deposition of the NiOx is the key point to improve the efficiency for inverted perovskite solar cell out of glove-box using sequential deposition method, increasing the relative efficiency of +26% with respect to reference cells.

scholarly journals Lane Departure Warning Estimation Using Yaw Acceleration

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-111
Author(s):  
Em Poh Ping ◽  
J. Hossen ◽  
Wong Eng Kiong
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Lane Departure Warning ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Lane Departure ◽  
Proposed Model

AbstractLane departure collisions have contributed to the traffic accidents that cause millions of injuries and tens of thousands of casualties per year worldwide. Due to vision-based lane departure warning limitation from environmental conditions that affecting system performance, a model-based vehicle dynamics framework is proposed for estimating the lane departure event by using vehicle dynamics responses. The model-based vehicle dynamics framework mainly consists of a mathematical representation of 9-degree of freedom system, which permitted to pitch, roll, and yaw as well as to move in lateral and longitudinal directions with each tire allowed to rotate on its axle axis. The proposed model-based vehicle dynamics framework is created with a ride model, Calspan tire model, handling model, slip angle, and longitudinal slip subsystems. The vehicle speed and steering wheel angle datasets are used as the input in vehicle dynamics simulation for predicting lane departure event. Among the simulated vehicle dynamic responses, the yaw acceleration response is observed to provide earlier insight in predicting the future lane departure event compared to other vehicle dynamics responses. The proposed model-based vehicle dynamics framework had shown the effectiveness in estimating lane departure using steering wheel angle and vehicle speed inputs.

scholarly journals Toward a Comfortable Driving Experience for a Self-Driving Shuttle Bus

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Il Bae ◽  
Jaeyoung Moon ◽  
Jeongseok Seo
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Planning Method ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Optimal Velocity ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
Velocity Planning ◽  
Time Optimal

The convergence of mechanical, electrical, and advanced ICT technologies, driven by artificial intelligence and 5G vehicle-to-everything (5G-V2X) connectivity, will help to develop high-performance autonomous driving vehicles and services that are usable and convenient for self-driving passengers. Despite widespread research on self-driving, user acceptance remains an essential part of successful market penetration; this forms the motivation behind studies on human factors associated with autonomous shuttle services. We address this by providing a comfortable driving experience while not compromising safety. We focus on the accelerations and jerks of vehicles to reduce the risk of motion sickness and to improve the driving experience for passengers. Furthermore, this study proposes a time-optimal velocity planning method for guaranteeing comfort criteria when an explicit reference path is given. The overall controller and planning method were verified using real-time, software-in-the-loop (SIL) environments for a real-time vehicle dynamics simulation; the performance was then compared with a typical planning approach. The proposed optimized planning shows a relatively better performance and enables a comfortable passenger experience in a self-driving shuttle bus according to the recommended criteria.

Polyimide-Silica Hybrid Aerogels with High Mechanical Strength for Thermal Insulation Applications

2011 ◽  
Vol 1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenting Dong ◽  
Wendell Rhine ◽  
Shannon White
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Separation Membranes ◽  
Low Dielectric ◽  
Aging Conditions ◽  
Hybrid Aerogels ◽  
Mechanical Strengths ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Silica Hybrid

ABSTRACTHigh performance polyimides have been widely investigated as materials with excellent thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties due to their highly rigid structures. Aspen has developed an approach to prepare polyimide aerogels which have applications as low dielectric constant materials, separation membranes, catalyst supports and insulation materials. In this paper, we will discuss the preparation of polyimide-silica hybrid aerogel materials with good mechanical strengths and low thermal conductivities. The polyimide-silica hybrid aerogels were made by a two-step process and the materials were characterized to determine thermal conductivity and compressive strength. Results show that compressive moduli of the polyimide-silica hybrid aerogels increase dramatically with density (power law relationship). Thermal conductivity of the aerogels is dependent on the aging conditions and density, with the lowest value achieved so far being ~12 mW/m-K at ambient conditions. The relationship between aerogel density and surface area, thermal stability, porosity and morphology of the nanostructure of the polyimide-silica hybrid aerogels are also described in this paper.

High-performance inverted planar perovskite solar cells without a hole transport layer via a solution process under ambient conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (38) ◽  
pp. 19294-19298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xichang Bao ◽  
Qianqian Zhu ◽  
Meng Qiu ◽  
Ailing Yang ◽  
Yujin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Solution Process ◽  
Hole Transport ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Hole Transport Layer ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Ito Glass

High-quality CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films were directly prepared on simple treated ITO glass in air under a relative humidity of lower than 30%.

scholarly journals Improved Morphology of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) Thin Films for All-Electrospray-Coated Organic Photovoltaic Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingjie Liao ◽  
Takeshi Fukuda ◽  
Norihiko Kamata
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Photovoltaic Cells ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Organic Photovoltaic ◽  
Organic Photovoltaic Cells ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Deposition Parameters ◽  
Coating Methods ◽  
Organic Devices

Spray coating technique has been established as a promising substitute for the traditional coating methods in the fabrication of organic devices in many reports recently. Control of film morphology at the microscopic scale is critical if spray-coated devices are to achieve high performance. Here we investigate electrospray deposition protocols for the fabrication of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films with a single additive system under ambient conditions at room temperature. Critical deposition parameters including solution composition, applied voltage, and relative humidity are discussed systematically. Optimized process for preparing homogenous PEDOT:PSS thin films is applied to all-electrospray-coated organic photovoltaic cells and contributes to a power conversion efficiency comparable to that of the corresponding all-spin-coated device.

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