The People of the Book, 200 BCE–200 CE

Author(s):  
Maristella Botticini ◽  
Zvi Eckstein

This chapter discusses the well-documented shift of the religious norm that transformed the Jews into the People of the Book. During the first century BCE, some Jewish scholars and religious leaders promoted the establishment of free secondary schools. A century later, they issued a religious ordinance requiring all Jewish fathers to send their sons from the age of six or seven to primary school to learn to read and study the Torah in Hebrew. With the destruction of the Second Temple, the Jewish religion permanently lost one of its two pillars (the Temple) and set out on a unique trajectory. Scholars and rabbis, the new religious leaders in the aftermath of the first Jewish–Roman war, replaced temple service and ritual sacrifices with the study of the Torah in the synagogue—the new focal institution of Judaism.

Author(s):  
Maristella Botticini ◽  
Zvi Eckstein

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Jews' transition into urban and skilled occupations. This transition was the outcome of a profound transformation of the Jewish religion after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, which shifted the religious leadership within the Jewish community and transformed Judaism from a cult based on ritual sacrifices in the temple to a religion whose main norm required every Jewish man to read and to study the Torah in Hebrew and to send his sons from the age of six or seven to primary school or synagogue to learn to do so. The implementation of this new religious norm during the Talmud era determined three major patterns in Jewish history: the growth and spread of literacy among the predominantly rural Jewish population, a comparative advantage in urban skilled occupations, and the voluntary diaspora of the Jews in search of worldwide opportunities in crafts, trade, commerce, moneylending, banking, finance, and medicine.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
I Kadek Arista Jaya ◽  
Heny Perbowosari ◽  
I Gede Sedana Suci

The development of global currents has an impact on various aspects of life, including community culture. One of them is in terms of clothing which is influenced by foreign cultures. This of course degrades ethical values ​​in the use of clothing, especially clothing used at social events or places of worship such as traditional clothing to temples. The influence of outside culture that is abused certainly causes deviations in ethical values ​​in the use of traditional clothing to the temple, one of the villages affected by the deviation is Penarungan Village. As a tourism destination, the people of Penarungan Village cannot turn a blind eye to outside culture, this causes deviations in ethical values ​​of traditional dress to the temple in Penarungan village. This research uses value theory, behaviorism, and social interaction. The approach used is ethnography. Informants were determined by purposive sampling. The research location chosen was Penarungan Village. Data collection techniques are by observation, interviews, and library techniques. The results of the study show that the forms of deviation from ethical values ​​in traditional attire to the temple in Penarungan Village include: (1) Deviations using kamen, (2) loose hair, (3) transparent and vulgar clothes, (4) T-shirts. the causes of deviations in values. Ethical factors in traditional kepura dress in Penarungan Village include (1) social media, (2) development of the times, (3) economic factors. The strategies of Hindu religious leaders in strengthening ethical values ​​in traditional attire to temples in Penungan Village (1) bring order to the people who violate them, (2) use uniform clothing.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Annie Calderbank

Abstract This article offers a hermeneutic approach attentive to the tangled idiomatic and literary interconnections among biblical texts and other Second Temple literature. It focuses on the expressions of divine presence in the Temple Scroll and their prepositions; the divine presence is ‘upon’ the temple and ‘in the midst’ of the people. This prepositional rhetoric engages recurrences and interconnections within and beyond the Hebrew Bible. It thus evokes multiple interlocking resonances and offers a window onto concepts of temple presence across biblical texts and traditions.


Author(s):  
J. Harold Ellens

Christmas gives us that ’sweet little Jesus Boy’ and Lent follows that with the ‘gentle Jesus, meek and mild.’ He was neither of those. In point of fact, he was the ‘tough guy from Nazareth.’ He was consistently abrasive, if not abusive, to his mother (Lk 2:49; Jn 2:4; Mt 12:48) and aggressively hard on males, particularly those in authority. In Mark 8 he cursed and damned Peter for failing to get Jesus’ esoteric definition of Messiah correct. Nobody else understood it either. Jesus had made it up himself and not adequately explained it to anybody until then. He called the religious authorities snakes, corrupt tombs, filthy chinaware, fakes, and Mosaic legalists who had forgotten God’s real revelation of universal grace and salvation in the Abraham Covenant. He tore up the temple in the middle of a worship service and cursed those present for turning God’s house of prayer into a den of thieves, when actually they were kind, helping out-of-town tourists obtain the proper sacrifices for the liturgical rituals. Jesus was persistently aggressive, often angry and not infrequently irrational, killing an innocent fig tree with his curse, for example. He constantly attacked the Pharisees and their proposals for renewing the spiritual vitality of the Jewish Community. He abused numerous people by healing them on the Sabbath just to make his political point against the religious leaders. He could just as well have healed them on Tuesday, if he really wanted to heal them. By healing the blind man in John 9 on the Sabbath, for example, he caused the man to be driven out of his synagogue, his family, and his community of faith; isolated and abandoned as if he were a leper. Even when he said surprising things about children, his focus was not on the children but on his disciples, using the children as tools for making an assertive teaching point. Jesus’ life was one of perpetually aggressive claims for his vision of God’s reign. He constantly and intentionally provoked conflict and disruption of the status quo, spiritually and politically. He refused to negotiate, compromise, palliate, or mollify his insistence upon keeping his elbow perpetually in the eye of the people in power. In all this he would not back down. The principle by which Jesus operated was absolute and that is why he did not back down, even though they killed him for this very reason. His principle was simply that the renewal of Jewish spirituality could only come from a return to the Abrahamic Covenant, which declared (Gn 12; Rm 8) that God is gracious and universally forgiving towards all humankind, unconditional to our conduct and behaviour, and radically in that it removes all fear, guilt, and shame from the equation of our relationship with God (Mi 7:18–20). He saw that the Pharisees and Scribes were absolutely wrong in assuming that the Mosaic legal system would renew the Jewish relationship with God. He was not the gentle Jesus, meek and mild. He was that tough guy from Nazareth! He had good reason and he was willing to go the distance for what he stood for, even to death on the cross.


1952 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48
Author(s):  
R.McL. Wilson

In the days of Jesus and of Paul the Jewish religion had become to all intents and purposes a religion of the Law, a religion of which the central feature was the observance of the statutes, the commandments, and the judgments once delivered to the people by the agency of Moses. The Law had indeed so far replaced the Temple at the heart of the Jewish faith that that faith was able to continue and endure, as a religion centred in the Law, even when the Temple had been destroyed. It was the Law that differentiated the Jew from his Gentile neighbours, and the Law was his pride and his glory. Yet it is against the Law that Paul delivers one of the most emphatic and sustained attacks in the entire corpus of his letters.


Author(s):  
David Fisher

Until nearly the end of the Nineteenth century, nobody was particularly interested in the age of the earth except a few theologians. In the second century A.D., the rabbi Yose ben Halafta wrote a tract known today as the Seder Olam (meaning Order of the World) in which he divided the history of the world into four parts: first, from the creation until the death of Moses; second, up to the murder of Zachariah; third, up to the destruction of the temple by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, in 586 B.C.; and finally, from then to his present day. The Bible gives the ages of the patriarchs at the time of the birth of their offspring: “This is the roll of Adam’s descendants … When Adam was a hundred and thirty years old he became the father of Seth … When Seth was a hundred and five years old he became the father of Enosh …” So by adding the ages of the people listed in the Bible, ben Halafta calculated the passage of years in each period, concluding that the world was created 3,828 years before the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in 68 B.C. (an event now assigned to the year 70 B.C.); that is, creation took place in the year 3896 B.C. (3898 if we include the new date for the Second Temple). There was little mention of his calculation until the Jews moved from Babylonia to Europe, and it then gradually came into use, replacing the then usual method of assigning dates as so many years after the beginning of the Seleucid era in 312 B.C. By the eleventh century it had been slightly revised so that the world was created in 3761 B.C., a date which became the basis of the Jewish calendar; as I write this (2009) we are in the year 5770 A.M., or Anno Mundi.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-74
Author(s):  
Yonatan S. Miller

Despite repeated biblical mentions of the sanctity of the Sabbath and numerous imperatives to keep the day holy, there is little in rabbinic writings on the Sabbath reflecting these facets of the day’s observance. In contrast, Jewish writers from the Second Temple period and members of the Samaritan-Israelites actively sanctified the Sabbath by maintaining the day in a state of ritual purity. In this article, I reassess the exegetical and theological origins of this latter practice. I illustrate how non-rabbinic writers were attuned to the web of biblical connections between Sabbath, Tabernacle/Temple, and Eden, which they understood as bringing the Sabbath into the realm of cultic law. Just as access to the Temple demanded the ritual purity of the entrant, so too entering the Sabbath day. This “spatialization” of ritual time coheres with other known extensions of the domain of Temple laws. With these findings as a backdrop, I present the previously unexplained ritual purity tangents attested in Mishnah Shabbat as both responding to, and dismissing, the sectarian practice. This move coheres with an additional phenomenon, whereby the rabbis systematically disengaged the imperative to sanctify the Sabbath from the people. Whereas Jewish theologians see in the rabbinic Sabbath a temporal Temple, such an understanding is foreign to rabbinic literature and instead finds its best articulation in sectarian sources.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. p8
Author(s):  
José David Padilla

Biblical texts were part of a broader literary context. Indeed, the Greco-Roman literature influenced of the first century the intertestamental literature and other Jewish Apocryphal books. One of these influences was the lists of virtues and vices from the popular philosophical schools of the time. These lists presented a group of attitudes and behaviors that should be applied or rejected for the proper functioning of society. Different Jewish groups of the Second Temple Period adapted such lists to their teachings, presenting, in a concise manner, those attitudes that did not correspond to their vocation, as well as confirming the morality proper of the “people of the covenant.”


Liquidity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Iwan Subandi ◽  
Fathurrahman Djamil

Health is the basic right for everybody, therefore every citizen is entitled to get the health care. In enforcing the regulation for Jaringan Kesehatan Nasional (National Health Supports), it is heavily influenced by the foreign interests. Economically, this program does not reduce the people’s burdens, on the contrary, it will increase them. This means the health supports in which should place the government as the guarantor of the public health, but the people themselves that should pay for the health care. In the realization of the health support the are elements against the Syariah principles. Indonesian Muslim Religious Leaders (MUI) only say that the BPJS Kesehatan (Sosial Support Institution for Health) does not conform with the syariah. The society is asked to register and continue the participation in the program of Social Supports Institution for Health. The best solution is to enforce the mechanism which is in accordance with the syariah principles. The establishment of BPJS based on syariah has to be carried out in cooperation from the elements of Social Supports Institution (BPJS), Indonesian Muslim Religious (MUI), Financial Institution Authorities, National Social Supports Council, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Finance. Accordingly, the Social Supports Institution for Helath (BPJS Kesehatan) based on syariah principles could be obtained and could became the solution of the polemics in the society.


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