The Birth of Soviet Biopolitics

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Neoliberal Reform ◽  
The City ◽  
Soviet Planning

This chapter outlines the developments against which one can understand the emergence of Soviet city-building—painting a picture of successive formations of government from Petrine absolutism to Soviet total planning. In the Soviet period, the city emerges precisely as that space in which large-scale readjustments of the population's distribution and way of life can be governmentally managed. The chapter then traces the articulation and subsequent redeployment of two critical instruments of government—budgets and infrastructures. Initially developed in the state-building and modernizing projects of the Russian absolutist state, these instruments were turned—first in the late tsarist period, then in the Soviet period—to various subsequent tasks of development and social welfare, and embedded in the mechanisms of Soviet planning. Their present significance lies, in part, in the fact that they were identified as critical targets of neoliberal reform after Soviet breakup, and will thus be crucial for assessing the postsocialist fate of Soviet social modernity.

scholarly journals Without Leaders, Mottos or Billboards: Fight for the City and Routine Resistance in the Private Sector of Cities in East Russia (Case of Khabarovsk)

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-105
Author(s):  
L.E. Bliakher ◽  
A.V. Kovalevsky
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
East Russia ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The City

The article examines the forms of routine resistance of the community that was established within the space of the Soviet private sector in the cities located in the eastern part of Russia. Despite active regular construction, these spaces still make up a significant part of cities. However, in contrast to the Soviet period, when living there was perceived as forced and temporary, today this form of residence is a conscious choice. The former private sector witnesses the emergence of the community, whose existence is based on values, social and communicative practices, and forms of economic activity that are noticeably different from the official ones. This community “produces space” that is appropriate to its lifestyle. For the official authorities (at the state and city levels), this space turns out to be “empty”, representing “promising areas of development”. Its population remains invisible to these authorities. This creates a latent conflict that gives rise to the forms of re sistance described in the article. With all the variety of such forms, there is one main thing that unites them — people’s desire to distance from the state and the city it regulates. The authors find out that another group of city dwellers with a much higher socio-economic status — residents of urban mansion districts — share the same aspiration. According to the authors, this desire can be explained by the fact that a resident of a Russian city has few opportunities to find soli da rity community within the existing urban structures and therefore builds his/her life “outside the city wall”, creating analogs of the pre-modern Euro pean municipalities. The remaining “urban” part of the city is increasingly turning into a feudal lord’s castle that from time to time sends troops to punish the “rebels”. As long as a feudal lord has an understanding that he really needs townspeople, and they have the opportunity to “escape” from the raid, the situation seems stable. When the raids become too frequent, and it is impossible to escape from them, the population will attack. At the moment, judging by the attitude of the group studied in the article to the rallies in defense of S.Furgal, ex-governor of Khabarovsk region, the authorities still have room for maneuver. However, for how long this situation will last remains to be seen.

scholarly journals The Role of Libraries in the Urban Development

2015 ◽  
pp. 112-120
Author(s):  
Oleg M. Zhadyonov
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Active Element ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Library Services ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Urban And Regional Development ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the issues that are only beginning to be widely discussed among the professionals - what is the role of modern libraries in the urban development, whether the library can and should be the active element affecting the life of local communities, the development of the tourism industry, whether the investments are feasible in the development of the library system.Currently libraries start to be perceived everywhere not only as socially significant cultural and educational institution, but also as a significant agent of urban and regional development. In some cases, the appearance of the library, which is becoming «an icon of the city», is dramatically changing the way of life and the vector of economic development in the region. That’s why the attention of politicians and businessmen in the planning of large-scale urban facilities has increasingly switched to libraries. Numerous studies also confirm the growing popularity and interest to the library services and opportunities among various strata and social groups of population around the world. The libraries themselves and moreover the activities that occur around them, have a significant impact on the urban development - today it is the reality already proved by the analysis.

Prozesse des State Building in Bosnien-Herzegowina

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Vetters
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
State Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Transdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The City ◽  
Policy Prescription

Combining theoretical debates in sociocultural anthropology and public administration scholarship, this study advances a novel heuristic framework for understanding state-building processes in fragmented, post-conflict societies and proposes a new, ethnographically informed methodology. Focusing on interactions between citizens, civil servants and members of international organisations in the city of Mostar, the study reveals how notions of community, the articulation of interests, as well as ideas and practices of statehood emerge, which neither correspond to consociational democratic statehood, as envisioned by the international community, nor to ideas of exclusive ethno-national communities, as propagated by political leaders. Using this ethnography, the author argues for abandoning the state-building paradigm of academic description or policy prescription and identifies new avenues for a reflexive, transdisciplinary approach to studying public administration in contemporary glocal contexts.

scholarly journals HISTÓRIA E MEMÓRIA DE UM MUNICÍPIO DA AMAZÔNIA a chegada do “progresso” em Moju/ PA (Década de 1980)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Fabiano De Oliveira Bringel ◽  
Elias Diniz Sacramento
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
The State ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Japanese Immigration ◽  
The City

Este artigo tem por finalidade mostrar algumas transformações ocorridas em Moju, um município da Amazônia no inicio da década de 1980, quando a região foi ‘tomada’ pela chegada de diversos projetos agroindustriais pautados nos ideais desenvolvimentistas dos militares. Tais mudanças foram de grandes impactos para os moradores do município, onde ainda hoje tem em suas memórias esse difícil período da história. As diversas conectividades que o município começa a ter com expansão capitalista são destacadas como: a imigração japonesa, a opção rodoviarista, a instalação dos grandes projetos e a presença seletiva do Estado. Isso tudo discutido a partir da fala de lideranças camponesas na região. Palavras chaves: Moju, Amazônia, Projetos agroindustriais, desenvolvimento, conflitos. Abstract:This article aims to show some of the changes that occurred in Moju, a municipality in the Brazilian Amazon, during the early 1980s, when the region was 'taken over' by the arrival of several agroindustrial projects guided by the ideals of the developmentalist military. Such changes were of great impact for the residents of the city, who still remember this difficult period of history.  Among the most prominent changes the municipality began to experience with the capitalist expansion were Japanese immigration, the option of overland travel, the initiation of large-scale development projects, and the selective presence of the state.  This article discusses these changes from the perspective of the region’s rural peasant leadership. Keywords: Moju, Amazon, agroindustrial projects, development, conflict  ResumenEste artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar algunos cambios que ocurrieron en Moju, un pueblo de la Amazonía en la década de 1980, cuando la región fue 'tomada' por la llegada de varios proyectos agroindustriales guiadas por los ideales de los militares desarrollista. Estos cambios fueron de gran impacto para los residentes de la ciudad, que todavía tiene en sus memorias este difícil período de la historia . Las diversas conectividades que la ciudad comienza a tener con la expansión capitalista se destacan como la inmigración japonesa, la opción rodoviarista, la instalación de grandes proyectos y la presencia selectiva del estado. Todo esto se discute desde el discurso de los líderes campesinos de la región. Palabras clave: Moju, Amazon, proyectos agroindustriales, desarrollo, conflictos.

scholarly journals Mobilidade territorial e política no discurso de lideranças indígenas do/no estado do Acre (Amazônia, Brasil)

Terr Plural ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Alessandra Severino da Silva Manchinery ◽  
Suzanna Dourado Silva ◽  
Adnilson de Almeida Silva
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
The State ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
The Political ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Political Role ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

It is proposed to discuss territorial mobility, the policies of indigenous leaders in the state of Acre, especially the Manchineri, their survival strategies in the world of non-indigenous people so that we can reflect on two changes that we testify in recent decades: mobility for the urban centers that include the indigenous people who were born in the city and those who arrived in the city, as well as its growing support in the country’s indigenous and non-indigenous political discussions in Brazil. The methodological path had as its own perspective of the leaders, for this will be reported their way of life and their involvement in the policies of different spheres of decision. The paper consists of three discussion sections that go from mobility to the political role played by leaders.

Status of Women in the Lower Don Farms in the 1960-Mid-1980s

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
Natalia N. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Of Women

The article examines the status of women in the farm and villages of the Lower Don during the blossoming of the Soviet Union in the 1960-mid-1980s. This region is the historical place of inhabitancy of the Don Cossacks. This study considers the part of the adult female working-age population. The role and status of the Cos-sack woman in retrospect, as well as the specifics of her position due to the historical development of the Cossacks are shown. It is noted that the Cossack family was the patriarchal type. The article analyzes the change in the position and attitude to the female population in the Soviet period. Henceforth, the way of life of women was a new set of roles and functions prescribed by the state and society in accordance with the Communist ideology. The importance of women's involvement in the production sector and their participation in public and state activities is identified. Nevertheless, after examining the daily life of the farm female population of the Lower Don, it was found that the prescribed expectations were not supported by the state and party authorities of the district and the region. Attention is drawn to women's commitment to traditional forms of activity and their non-participation in socialist construction and social activities. It describes everyday practices in the daily routine and household, in which a large share was occupied by manual work. The article shows the role of women in the family, their functions for raising children and participation in providing the family budget, due to fishery. Women also take on an important role in preserving and transfer of traditional culture. All this, in many ways, contributed to the preservation of the traditional way of life, at least until the mid-1980s, despite the rooting in this period of time, a different way of life that corresponded to the system of social ideas of the Soviet state.

Homeland as Social Construct: Territorialization among Kazakhstan's Germans and Koreans

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Diener
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Cultural Paradigms ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Future

Among the most pressing tasks confronting leaders of the Central Asian states is the reconciliation of their desire to expedite legitimation of rule by reifying titular cultural paradigms with the need to construct inclusive civic modes of national self-conception. Kazakhstan is perhaps the best example from the region wherein the construction of a multicultural, inclusive homeland concept is essential to the future of the state. The poignancy of Kazakhstan's situation relates to the fact that its population consists of nearly equal numbers of titular and non-titular peoples, often living compactly in different regions of the state. Large-scale migration of predominately European ethnic minorities from Kazakhstan's territory since the late Soviet period has coupled with high birth rates among ethnic Kazakhs and the “return migration” of diasporic Kazakhs to elevate the titular community to a 53.4% majority (from 40.1 in 1989).

scholarly journals The State of Crime in Bratsk in 1955–1991 According to the Prosecutors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Lyakh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
The City

This article presents and analyzes data on the dynamics of crime, presents the General directions of criminal activity in the city of Bratsk in 1955–1991. Also, the causes of the growth of crimes are considered. The study of regional indicators of crime dynamics in the Irkutsk region at the present stage is a significant step in the formation of ideas about the spread of social anomalies in the Soviet period. The archival materials of the Prosecutor’s office not previously used in publications have been introduced into scientific circulation.

scholarly journals Influence of German Siedlungen and Bauhaus on Helsinki’s Prewar Housing Companies

Tahiti ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhana Heikonen
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The City

The greatest achievement of the Bauhaus movement in terms of volume was the new approach to affordable housing, even though the movement itself contributed little in the way of building. Many of the Bauhaus teachers and students were involved during the 1920s and 1930s in new large-scale housing projects in Frankfurt, Berlin, and elsewhere in Germany, as originally required by the new Weimar constitution of 1919, which attempted to tackle the housing crisis via laws and new financing models. These new Siedlungen (subsidized housing estates) were made possible with earlier models of Baugenossenschaftenand Bauaktiengesellschaften, which acted as the main contractors and owners of the property and were partially subsidized by the city or the state. This form of cooperative building was naturally in line with Walter Gropius' manifest of 1919 and based also on cooperation between different parties. City of Helsinki did not have the resources to subsidize any kind of private building, though the housing crisis was certainly dire. However, the Finnish Asunto-osakeyhtiölaki (Liability Housing Companies Act, 1926) was partially developed for this purpose, to help build and maintain jointly owned real-estate properties. In short, a housing company is a normal joint-stock company that enables the stockowner to own a flat. This new system enabled both the stockowner and the company to borrow money, which in turn enabled the capital-poor lending banks to borrow from abroad. The law proved to be a success. The founders of these companies varied. The majority were normal developers who built to sell. Those in the minority included the state, cities, Finnish co-ops, and various ad hoc groups (usually according to profession, family, and so forth), such as railroad workers, bankers, professors, or officers. They hired their own supervisors, builders, and other experts, and, as can be expected, oversaw the work of the architect as well. In all cases, the city of Helsinki provided the master plan and sold or rented the land. This article sheds light on the influence of the Bauhaus movement and German architecture on housing in Helsinki using period’s professional press as data. The consensus has been that German influence came through Sweden. This paper is an inquiry into the role of direct German influence on Helsinki’s housing companies.

scholarly journals Scientific Publishing Activities in the State Archive of the Irkutsk Region: Pages of History

2018 ◽  
pp. 731-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Ivanov ◽  
◽  
Elena V. Ilyina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Scientific Publishing ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

The article follows history of formation and development of scientific publishing in the State Archive of the Irkutsk Region over almost a century. Having analyzed the available documentary and historiographic sources, the authors conclude that publishing in the archive began in mid-1920s, initiated by its first directors, most of whom were professional historians directly connected with the Irkutsk State University. The 1920s–1930s publications of the archive were devoted to study and promotion of the history of the Bolshevik party and revolutions of 1905 and 1917. In late 1930s the archives were subordinated to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, becoming a part of state machinery that served interests of the ruling party. In early 1960s the situation changed, as the archives were transferred under the government agencies’ management; their research and publishing activities grew more scientific. At that period the archive published anthologies, which contained materials not only of the Bolshevik party, but also of the Social Revolutionaries, anarchist, and monarchist organizations that flourish in early 20th century Siberia. The archive’s publishing was on the increase, the number and quality of its publication grew, interactions between archival workers and professional historians of the region strengthened. In late 1980s scientific work of the archive rose to new level; several anthologies were published that comprehensively encapsulated the history of government and public institutions in the region throughout Soviet and post-Soviet period. Publication of documents collections series ‘Siberian Archive’ became a milestone in the work of the archive. Over the last 10 years the archive has published more actively than ever: materials from personal fonds, documents on participation of the Irkutsk region inhabitants in the World Wars I and II, memoirs on contemporary history. The article concludes that scientific and publishing work of the archive has always met the demands of the time; the archive has accumulated a huge experience which allows to continue its large-scale scientific projects.

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