The Persistence of Unequal Voice

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay Lehman Schlozman ◽  
Sidney Verba ◽  
Henry E. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Persistent Activity ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Economic Stratification ◽  
The Future ◽  
Political Voice ◽  
Politically Active ◽  
Over Time

This chapter investigates the differential voice of the advantaged and the disadvantaged. It first considers whether the participatory advantage of those who are high in socio-economic status (SES) persists over time and, in particular, whether the widely noted increase in economic inequality since the late 1970s has been matched by increasing socio-economic stratification of political voice. Then the chapter uses three-wave panel surveys to ask whether ongoing inequalities of political voice reflect not just continuing activity by the same kinds of people but persistent activity by the same individuals. It shows not only that political voice is characterized on an ongoing basis by bias in the direction of the well-educated and affluent but also that, among those who are politically active at any particular time, high-SES political activists are more likely than activists who are lower on the socio-economic ladder to continue to take part politically in the future.

Trajectories of Sport Participation Among Children and Adolescents Across Different Socio-Economic Categories: Multilevel Findings From the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-268
Author(s):  
Tom Perks
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
National Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Over Time

Building upon prior theoretical and empirical work, this study explores the sport participation trajectories of children across different socio-economic status (SES) categories to assess the possibility of changes in the SES-sport participation relationship as children age. Using representative panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a multilevel analysis of 4,858 children aged 6 to 9 suggests that as children age the SES effect on sport participation persists over time. However, the SES effect on sport participation appears to have relatively small predictive import compared to other factors.

scholarly journals Time trends in adolescent mental well-being in Czechia between 2002 and 2018: Gender, age and socio-economic differences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Cosma ◽  
András Költő ◽  
Petr Badura ◽  
Petr Winkler ◽  
Michal Kalman
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Mental Well Being ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Recent literature points to a decline over time in adolescent mental well-being but results are inconsistent and rely mainly on data from Western societies. This study investigates time trends in adolescent mental well-being (psychological and somatic complaints, life satisfaction) among Czech adolescents and explores whether these time trends are moderated by gender, age and socio-economic status. Methods: Nationally representative data from 29,378 Czech adolescents (50.8% girls, M age = 13.43; SD age = 1.65) across five Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys (2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018) were included in the analyses. Hierarchical regression models estimated national trends in adolescent mental well-being. We also tested whether these trends vary between girls and boys, adolescents of different age and from different socio-economic backgrounds. Results: Across the quadrennial surveys from 2002 to 2018, an increase in the psychological complaints was observed. Life satisfaction decreased over time up to 2014 only, whereas somatic symptoms increased until 2010, followed by a decline in 2014 and 2018. Girls, older adolescents and those from low family affluence reported poorer mental well-being outcomes. Gender gap increased over time for psychological complaints and life satisfaction. Socio-economic inequalities gap in adolescent mental well-being remained stable over the investigated timeframe. Conclusions: Our findings do not provide evidence for substantial temporal changes in mental well-being among adolescents in Czechia. Yet, only the increase in psychological complaints has been consistent which is an indicator of a decline over time in adolescent mental well-being. Furthermore, the gender gap in reporting psychological complaints and life satisfaction increased over time, whereas the age and socio-economic differences remained relatively stable. This calls for the attention of public health professionals and policy makers from Czechia. Keywords: Adolescence; mental health; mental well-being; well-being; gender; trends; age; socio-economic status; HBSC

scholarly journals The Russian settlements on Spitsbergen – history, current socio-economic status and challenges for the future development

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Barbara Schennerlein
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The Political ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Future

Abstract. Spitsbergen is distinct compared with other Arctic archipelagos, especially regarding its the political and socio-economic status. Despite the Spitsbergen Treaty1, which was signed 100 years ago, the territory is commonly perceived as part of Norway. All the more, the Russian settlements have a particular position on Spitsbergen. The article is introduced by a short historical review, drawing attention also to the different opinions related to the discovery history. In the following, this paper strives to present a deeper dive into the current socio-economic status of today's Russian community on Spitsbergen. The analysis was created from questionnaires worked out by the inhabitants of the two Russian settlements Barentsburg and Pyramiden as well as from interviews with executives of different sectors. Derived from this, factors which could influence the upcoming development of the settlements were formulated.

scholarly journals Fantastic Educational Gaps and Where to Find Them: A Review of Research in Educational Equity and Equality

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anh-Duc Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Educational Equity ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Gap Detection ◽  
Stepping Stone ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Future ◽  
Structured Literature Review ◽  
Educational Gaps

In today’s world, education is not being considered as an outcome anymore but a journey. However, as the adventurers, our students are facing more and more complex challenges. Previously, the socio-economic status of a student's family seemed to be one of the biggest factors among inequality causes. However, the chaotic situation of today's VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity) world is generating more and more types of inequity and inequality. Thus, the purpose of the study is to develop LERB - a simple model to classify inequity and inequality, as a stepping-stone to build a gap detection framework in the future. Through a structured literature review, the study found the interconnection between equity and equality, as well as their transition toward student as an individual or as a group(s) and subgroup(s). The study can also be adapted to examine the correlation between different categories of equity, as well as to brainstorm and propose remedies to tackle those gaps.

FC24-04 - Authoritarian personality traits in Iranian medical students

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1949-1949
Author(s):  
A. Firoozabadi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
First Year ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Authoritarian Personality ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Over Time

IntroductionAdorno and his colleagues made an attempt to describe the behavior of people in the pre-war era in Germany. Their research led to the introduction of F-scale which is used as a measurement for conservative and authoritarian attitudes.ObjectiveBy the use of F-scale, we tried to evaluate authoritarian traits in a group of Iranian medical students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Socio-economic status of the present-day Iran is comparable to pre-war era in Germany.Method80 medical students (40 men and 40 women) in different years of education were randomly selected and evaluated by the questionnaire. By statistical analysis, authoritarian traits were compared between male and female students and also in different years of education (First year, 3rd year and internship).ResultsFemale students showed a higher score than the male students. Also, we found a trend for male students to become more authoritarian over time. For the female students an opposite trends was found.ConclusionThese results could be representative of different attitudes of male and female students toward authority related issues. Also, it could be in favor of different effects of education on authoritarian traits among the male and female.

scholarly journals The Lasting Impact of Grandfathers: Class, Occupational Status, and Earnings over Three Generations in Sweden 1815–2011

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dribe ◽  
Jonas Helgertz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Socioeconomic Mobility ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Fathers And Sons ◽  
Over Time

This article examines socioeconomic mobility across three generations in Sweden from 1815 and until 2011. Using longitudinal micro-level data from the Scanian Economic-Demographic Database (SEDD), we examine the transmission of socio-economic status along three different dimensions; social class (HISCLASS), occupational status (HISCAM), and earnings. We demonstrate an association between grandfathers' class or occupational status and the outcome of grandsons, when controlling for the association between fathers and sons. The associations remain stable over time and are stronger for paternal grandfathers than for maternal. For earnings, we find no grandparental association.

scholarly journals A paradoxical change in economic inequality in eyesight refractive correction between 2009 and 2014: a nonuseful decline

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asieh Mansouri ◽  
Mohammad H. Emamian ◽  
Hojjat Zeraati ◽  
Hassan Hashemi ◽  
Akbar Fotouhi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Status Group ◽  
Refractive Correction ◽  
Second Phases ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Concentration Indices ◽  
Over Time

Background: Despite the widespread literate on health inequalities and their determinants, changes in health inequalities over time have not received enough attention. Aims: To measure and decompose the over-time changes in economic inequality in presenting visual acuity measured using Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution. Methods: We analysed 4706 participants who had complete data on presenting visual acuity and economic status in 2009 and 2014 in the Shahroud Eye Cohort Study. We measured changes in presenting visual acuity concentration indices and decomposed them the using a longitudinal approach. Results: Both the presenting visual acuity and ES deteriorated between 2009 and 2014. The mean (standard deviation) for presenting visual acuity and economic status scores in 2009 versus 2014 were 0.090 (0.2) versus 0.103 (0.2) and 0.01 (1.0) versus 0.0005 (1.07), respectively. Presenting visual acuity concentration index (95% confidence interval) in the first versus second phases of the study were -0.245 (-0.212 to -0.278) versus -0.195 (-0.165 to -0.225), respectively. Longitudinal decomposition of this change in concentration indices during the 5-year period indicated that the most important contributor to reduction in economic inequality of presenting visual acuity was deterioration of presenting visual acuity among people with higher economic status due to their ageing. Conclusion: Unexpectedly, reduction in economic inequality in presenting visual acuity was due to presenting visual acuity deterioration among the higher economic status group rather than its amelioration among the lower economic status group. Therefore, the needs of all socioeconomic groups should be considered separately to modify presenting visual acuity in each group and, consequently, reduce the economic inequality in presenting visual acuity.

scholarly journals Explaining Economic Inequality Using the Film, The Queen of Versailles

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 87-89
Author(s):  
Teresa A. Booker
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Center Stage ◽  
Introductory Classes ◽  
Economics Majors

In introductory classes on race and ethnicity, terms like wealth, economic inequality, and SES (socio-economic status) often take center stage during one chapter or another.  There are numerous text books on this subject.  But, I've had more success explaining these terms by using different media.  To illustrate such important themes to non-economics majors, I often show and discuss The Queen of Versailles, a 2012 documentary that depicts the Siegel family’s 2-year meteoric decent from wealth (being worth billions of dollars) to rags (being worth “only” tens of millions of dollars).

scholarly journals Socio-Economic Status May Associate Different Risk(s) with Early Childhood Caries (ECC) That Can Cause the Development of Psychomotor Deficiency in Preschool Children Aged 3–6 Years Old: The Results of Preliminary Analysis from a Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9011
Author(s):  
Andy Yen-Tung Teng ◽  
Chen-Yi Liang ◽  
Yen Chun Grace Liu
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Child Development Inventory ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Childhood Caries

Background: We have recently shown that there is a positive correlation between severe caries and developing psychomotor deficiency in preschool children. To fully re-assess such a relationship, we embarked on a 3-year longitudinal follow-up study of kindergarteners, where we aimed to: (i) confirm whether early childhood caries is causally related to the development of psychomotor deficiency as proposed, and (ii) address any significant role or contribution of socio-economic status associated with caries–psychomotor interactions in the preschooler family cohorts studied, over time. Methods: A longitudinal study was designed where the total sum of 159 kindergarteners aged 3–6 from the central and southern regions of Taiwan were randomly selected and recruited for clinical examination of caries, together with questionnaires for personal, demographic and dietary information, socio-economic status, and the children’s psychomotor development scales which were collected and analyzed over time. Student’s t test, chi-squared test, correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression analysis with R2 determinants were employed to assess any attributable differences (of 0~1) between SES vs. psychomotor manifests and caries measured among all variables computed. Results: The results of our preliminary analyses show that: (i) there was likely a causal relationship between caries activities and aspects of general development scale via the Chinese Child Development Inventory over time (4.01 ± 3.47 vs. 5.88 ± 2.58, respectively) in the 3–6-year-old preschoolers, and (ii) there was significantly more attributable influence (via higher R-squared values) from SES and psychomotor manifests than that of caries and the Chinese Child Development Inventory counterparts, as detected over time. Conclusion: Collectively, the resulting analyses support our previous findings and confirm that there is likely a causal relationship between severe caries and psychomotor deficiency in growing preschoolers; the resulting analyses revealed that such causally related interactions may be attributably explainable by a content-reliant association via socio-economic status analyzed in the kindergartener family cohorts studied. Thus, the socio-economic status or its constituents/factors will have a much broader influence not only associated with developing early childhood caries (a biologic trait), but also for psychomotor deficiency (a social trait) in vulnerable children at risk.

Lo sviluppo dell'epidemiologia del life course

2009 ◽  
pp. 171-189
Author(s):  
David Blane ◽  
Juliet Stone ◽  
Gopal Netuveli
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Life Course Epidemiology ◽  
Accumulation Model ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Life Course Approach ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Life Course

- The present paper reviews the development of life course epidemiology since its origins during the 1990s from biological programming, birth cohort research and the study of health inequalities. Methods of studying the life course are examined, including birth cohort studies, linked register datasets and epidemiological archaeology. Three models of life course epidemiology are described: critical periods, accumulation, and pathways. Their conceptual and empirical differentiation can be difficult, but it is argued that accumulation is the underlying social process driving life course trajectories, while the critical period and pathway models are distinguished by their concern with specific types of aetiological process. Among the advantages of the accumulation model are predictive power, aetiological insights, contributions to health inequality debates and social policy implications. It is emphasised that the life course approach is not opposed to, or an alternative to, a concern with cross-sectional and current effects; major social disruption can have a large and immediate impact on health. Other limitations of the life course approach include a spectrum of impact (life course effects can be strong in relation to physiology, but often are weaker in relation to behaviour and psychological reactions to everyday life) and, more speculatively, the possibility that life course effects are diluted in the older age groups where morbidity and mortality are highest. Three issues for the future of life course epidemiology are identified. Many life course data are collected retrospectively. We need to know which items of information are recalled with what degree of accuracy over how many decades; and what methods of collecting these retrospective data maximise accuracy and duration. Second, the two partners in life course research need to take more seriously each other's disciplines. Social scientists need to be more critical of such measures as self-assessed health, which lacks an aetiology and hence biological plausibility. Natural scientists need to be more critical of such concepts as socio-economic status, which lacks social plausibility because it fails to distinguish between social location and social prestige. Finally, European comparative studies can play an important part in the future development of life course epidemiology if they build on the emerging infrastructure of European comparative research. Key words: life course epidemiology, life course trajectories, life course data, social inequalities, accumulation model, socio-economic status. Parole chiave: epidemiologia del corso di vita, traiettorie di vita, dati del corso di vita, disuguaglianze sociali, modello di accumulazione, status socio-economico

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