The Legal Context of Turnout

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan E. Leighley ◽  
Jonathan Nagler
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
State Level ◽  
Electoral Rules ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Election Administration ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Electoral Impact ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Voting

This chapter considers the electoral impact the new, wider array of voter registration and election administration laws using a new data set collected on state electoral rules between 1972 and 2008. States vary tremendously as to how easy it is to register and to vote, and previous research suggests that these laws affect who votes because they change the cost of voting. However, most of these studies rely on cross-sectional data, and usually consider the influence of one reform at a time. The chapter provides aggregate (state-level) analyses of the effects of changes in these rules on voter turnout. These analyses help us address the question of whether overall voter turnout has increased as a result of these legal changes. It finds modest effects of election day registration, of absentee voting, and of moving the closing date for registration closer to the election on overall turnout. The effect of early voting is less clear.

The Performance of Rational Voter Models in Recent Presidential Elections

1983 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 678-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll B. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
State Level ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Dummy Variable ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Voter Models ◽  
Rational Voter ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cost Of Voting

In An Economic Theory of Democracy, Downs hypothesized that rational, utility-maximizing citizens would calculate the benefits from voting (as opposed to abstaining altogether) and then vote if this expected benefit exceeded voting cost. This hypothesis is logically derived from economic principles of rational behavior, but is counterintuitive: even if the utility increment is plausibly large, the probability of casting a pivotal, tie-breaking vote in any sizable polity is minute. Hence the expected benefit will be less than the time cost of voting, and no rational person will vote. Nevertheless, a number of statistical studies have found that voter turnout does respond to differences in the probability of casting a decisive vote, even though that probability may be small.This article uses data gathered at the state level from the 1968, 1972, 1976, and 1980 general elections to reestimate the relationship between voter turnout and the probable closeness of the election. Pooled data Least Squares Dummy Variable (LSDV) regressions are used whenever preliminary tests indicate that such pooling is permissible. The empirical results suggest that the relationship between closeness and turnout is weak, unstable, or nonexistent in all of the models tested.

scholarly journals Electoral Arrangements and Turnout Variance at the Sub-National Level: Comparative Insights from Three Constituencies in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Fortune Agbele
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
National Level ◽  
Individual Perceptions ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Voting ◽  
Different Levels

Using micro-level data from three constituencies in Ghana, which are cases of high, average and low turnout respectively, I assess whether voters’ perceptions of the cost of voting (resource and time) can explain such variation in voter turnout. Results suggest that in Ghana, such individual perceptions of the cost associated with voting do not help in explaining variance in voter turnout at the constituency level: Across the different levels of turnout, there is little to no variance in voters’ perceptions. I find that the high positive perceptions of the electoral processes across high, average, and low turnout constituencies are not only due to the activities of the electoral management body but among others, the adjustments by citizens to the process based on their experiences from past elections.

Voter Turnout and City Performance: Evidence from Italian Municipalities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lo Prete ◽  
Federico Revelli
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Mayoral Elections ◽  
Administrative Efficiency ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Voting

Abstract Using data on mayoral elections in large Italian cities during the 2000s, we investigate whether and how voter turnout affects city performance across a number of dimensions. To address the issue of voter turnout endogeneity and identify the transmission mechanism, we exploit exogenous variation in participation rates in mayoral elections due to anticipated shocks (concurrence of local and national elections) and unanticipated shocks (bad weather on the day of the election) to the cost of voting. The results consistently point to a negative impact of voter turnout rates on indicators of urban environmental performance, life quality, and administrative efficiency. Interestingly, though, we find that only anticipated shocks to turnout affect the quality of elected mayors measured on a number of competence dimensions, compatibly with the hypothesis of a selection mechanism whereby parties choose candidates to maximize their chances of winning the elections based on their expectations on voter turnout rates (JEL D72, H72, C26).

Bargain Shopping: How Candidate Sex Lowers the Cost of Voting

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Ondercin ◽  
Sarah A. Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
District Level ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Female Candidate ◽  
Individual Candidate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Voting ◽  
Political Decision Making ◽  
Woman Candidate

Previous research shows that candidate sex serves as a heuristic that lessens the informational burden of political decision making. Building upon this research, we investigate the heuristic effects of candidate sex on the decision to turnout to vote in an election. We posit that by providing ideological and nonideological information about the candidates, candidate sex serves as an informational shortcut that reduces the costs associated with voting and enhances the likelihood of voting in elections when a female candidate is present. Our expectations are supported, even after controlling for a variety of individual-, candidate- and district-level characteristics that are correlated with turnout. Individuals are more likely to turnout in elections featuring a woman candidate, and consistent with our expectations, these effects are especially strong for female Democrats, whose sex and party heuristics convey a consistent “liberal” cue. Our research offers theoretical and empirical contributions to the literature on gender, candidate heuristics, and voter turnout.

scholarly journals Charging of overseas visitors in England and universal health coverage: a cross-sectional analysis of NHS trusts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Dobbin ◽  
Adrienne Milner ◽  
Alexander Dobbin ◽  
Jessica Potter
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background In 2017, new regulations in England introduced upfront charging for non-urgent care within the National Health Service (NHS). Individuals from outside the European Economic Area who have not paid the immigration surcharge are chargeable for NHS care at 150% of cost. Methods A freedom of information (FOI) request was sent to 135 acute non-specialist NHS trusts in England to create a database of overseas visitors charges. This was analysed using multiple linear regression to explore the relationship between sex, age, nationality, ethnicity, urgency and the cost of healthcare. Results Of 135 acute non-specialist trusts in England 64 replied, providing a data set of 13 484 patients. Women were found to be invoiced higher amounts than men (P = 0.002). Patients were more likely to be women (63 versus 37% men), and within this group, almost half of patients were of reproductive age, with 47.9% (3165) aged 16–40 years old. Only seven trusts supplied data on urgency, and within these trusts the urgency of treatment was significantly related to cost, with the most urgent (immediately necessary) treatment costing the most (P < 0.001). Conclusion This research reflects that that migrant women, and particularly undocumented women, are disproportionately impacted by the NHS charging policies in England.

scholarly journals Voter Turnouts in Presidential Elections in Ghana: A Political Economy Analysis Using District-Level Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Kwabena Asomanin Anaman ◽  
Gbensuglo Alidu Bukari
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Price And Income Elasticities ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Political Economy Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Negative Factors ◽  
Cost Of Voting

During the Fourth Republican electioneering era in Ghana, starting in November 1992, presidential elections are conducted every four years. The 2000 and 2012 elections closely coincided with the national population censuses of 2000 and 2010, respectively. We constructed meso-level models, based on the concept of “average district voter”, to analyse factors influencing voter turnout rates. The results of the analysis indicated that voting was a normal good based on the estimated inelastic price and income elasticities of demand for this good. As expected, the cost of voting incurred by an individual negatively influenced turnout. The other significant negative factors influencing turnout rates included increasing male/female sex ratio (gender), increasing age-based dependency ratio (poverty burden), and disability.

The Effect of Social Conformity on Collective Voting Behavior

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
State Level ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Cross Sectional

This article investigates the effect of social conformity on voting behavior. Past research shows that many people vote to conform with the social norm that voting is a civic duty. The hypothesis here is that when conformity motivates people to vote, it also stimulates conformist behavior among some voters when they decide which party to vote for. This produces a distinctive relationship between voter turnout and the distribution of votes among parties—a relationship not anticipated by rational choice theory. I test a mathematical model of this behavior with linear and nonlinear regression analyses of state-level data for presidential elections in the United States from 1904 to 1996, longitudinal data on parliamentary elections in Western Europe over most of the twentieth century, and cross-sectional data for recent elections in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia. The results generally validate the model.

Reconstruction of Cross-Sectional Data Using Implicit Solid Modelling

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chek T. Lim ◽  
Mark T. Ensz
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Solid Modelling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Implicit Solid ◽  
The Cost ◽  
3D Solid ◽  
Spatial Locations

Abstract In this paper, we present a new technique for constructing mathematical representations of solids from cross-sectional data sets. A collection of 2D cross-sections is generated from the sliced data by merging circular primitives using Implicit Solid Modelling (ISM) techniques which approximate Boolean unions. The spatial locations and radii of the circles for each slice are determined through a nonlinear optimization process. The cost function employed in these optimizations is a measure of discrepancies in the distance from points to the boundary of the reconstructed cross-section. The starting configuration of the optimization, (i.e. initial size and location of the primitives) is determined from a 2D Delaunay triangulation of each slice of the data set. A morphing technique utilizing blending functions is applied to merge the implicit functions describing each slice into a 3D solid. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated through the reconstruction of several sample data sets, including a femur and a vertebra.

Suicide Ideation and Attempt in a Community Cohort of Urban Aboriginal Youth: A Cross-Sectional Study

Crisis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne N. Luke ◽  
Ian P. Anderson ◽  
Graham J. Gee ◽  
Reg Thorpe ◽  
Kevin G. Rowley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Aboriginal Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Indigenous Youth ◽  
Aboriginal Youth ◽  
Social Distress ◽  
Suicide Behavior

Background: There has been increasing attention over the last decade on the issue of indigenous youth suicide. A number of studies have documented the high prevalence of suicide behavior and mortality in Australia and internationally. However, no studies have focused on documenting the correlates of suicide behavior for indigenous youth in Australia. Aims: To examine the prevalence of suicide ideation and attempt and the associated factors for a community 1 The term ”community” refers specifically to Koori people affiliated with the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service. cohort of Koori 2 The term ”Koori” refers to indigenous people from the south-eastern region of Australia, including Melbourne. The term ”Aboriginal” has been used when referring to indigenous people from Australia. The term ”indigenous” has been used throughout this article when referring to the first people of a nation within an international context. (Aboriginal) youth. Method: Data were obtained from the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service (VAHS) Young People’s Project (YPP), a community initiated cross-sectional data set. In 1997/1998, self-reported data were collected for 172 Koori youth aged 12–26 years living in Melbourne, Australia. The data were analyzed to assess the prevalence of current suicide ideation and lifetime suicide attempt. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to identify closely associated social, emotional, behavioral, and cultural variables at baseline and Cox regression modeling was then used to identify associations between PCA components and suicide ideation and attempt. Results: Ideation and attempt were reported at 23.3% and 24.4%, respectively. PCA yielded five components: (1) emotional distress, (2) social distress A, (3) social distress B, (4) cultural connection, (5) behavioral. All were positively and independently associated with suicide ideation and attempt, while cultural connection showed a negative association. Conclusions: Suicide ideation and attempt were common in this cross-section of indigenous youth with an unfavorable profile for the emotional, social, cultural, and behavioral factors.

ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF BIOTECHNOLOGIES USING IN ANIMAL FARMING

1970 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
I. F. Gorlov ◽  
A. A. Mosolov ◽  
G. V. Komlatskiy ◽  
M. A. Nesterenko ◽  
K. D. Nimbona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
State Level ◽  
Modern Level ◽  
Economic Perspectives ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Short Time

The article presents materials on the study of the possibility of reproduction and increase in the herd of highly productive cows through the use of embryo transplantation technology. The classical (in vivo) and more modern, developing (in vitro) methods of embryotransfer, their positive and negative sides are considered in detail. The possibility of accelerating the breeding process by using the method of transplantation, in which from one cow can be obtained from 10 to 100 calves, which will allow for 4-5 years, almost any herd (of any size and breed) with the help of biotechnology to turn into a cattle-breeding enterprise of the most modern level. At the same time, heifers obtained from unproductive cows can be used as "surrogate" mothers who are transplanted with the best donor embryos, which allows to obtain a full-fledged offspring adapted to local environmental conditions. A detailed scheme of obtaining, evaluation, storage, as well as the cost and economic effect of embryo transplantation was calculated, the market was evaluated, the required annual volume of transplants and the number of donor cows for large livestock farms were determined. As a positive example of "Scientific-production enterprise "Centre of biotechnology and embryo transfer" in 2014, implemented a project for accelerated replacement and genetic improvement of the dairy herd, engraftment averaged 57-69%, and the economic effect of the enterprise from getting a single animal by the method of embryo transfer, compared with imports of similar close in quality, ranged from 60 to 100 thousand rubles on his head. It is shown that it is necessary to organize at the state level a developed service for embryo transplantation to reduce the cost of embryo transfer and the possibility of creating in a short time in the country's own highly productive breeding nucleus of dairy and beef cattle, which will reduce, and in the future completely eliminate, import dependence on cattle products.

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