Public and Private

2018 ◽  
pp. 434-451
Author(s):  
William R. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Phlogiston Theory ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Earth

This chapter shows that Newton developed a theory of refraction based on the chymical principle sulfur, which he described in the first edition Opticks (1704). It also finds that the seeds of this theory extend back to Newton's 1675 Hypothesis of Light, where he explicitly abandons the Sendivogian theory of an aerial niter that he had affirmed in Of Natures obvious laws. Newton replaced the aerial niter, which had accounted for phenomena ranging from combustion and respiration to the fertilization of the earth, with a growing reliance on sulfur. Although he had reasons of his own for making this shift, Newton was also influenced by parallel developments in European chymistry, a field that was rapidly moving toward what would eventually be known as phlogiston theory.

An Account of the Plan, Objects and Progress of the International Association for obtaining a Uniform Decimal System of Measures, Weights and Coins (Concluded from p. 162)

1859 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 263-268
Author(s):  
Samuel Brown
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
International Association ◽  
International Congress ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Decimal System ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
Uniform System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Subject

The recommendations were—“That a work should be published, in which should be given the history, and an analytical and comparative table, of the different systems of weights, measures, and coins of the different nations of the earth, to be translated and published, under the supervision of the branch societies, in all the languages of the nations represented in the Association. 2. That, to ensure the accuracy of such a work, the branch societies should furnish information as to the monies, weights, and measures prevalent in each country, with their values in terms of the Metrical System. 3. That each branch society should use every means, especially by aid of the press, to enlighten public opinion on the subject, and to prepare for the meeting of an official International Congress for discussion thereon. 4. That, in the meantime, the branch societies should make every effort to procure that, in all statistical tables and documents, public and private, the different quantities and values should be accompanied by their reduction into the monies, weights, and measures of the Metrical System, so that all nations may have a common medium of comparison. And 5. That unity in the fineness of the coin, unity in the standard of value, and unity in weights and measures of all kinds, should be pursued, in order to facilitate the adoption of a uniform system.”

Rational Environmental Choice: Lessons for Economics from Law and Ethics

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-87
Author(s):  
Bruce Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Efficiency Criterion ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Law And Ethics

In an interesting and thoughtful book The Economy of the Earth: Philosophy, Law and the Environment, Mark Sagoff provides us with a sustained critique of the methods used by economists to inform environmental policy and regulation. He debunks the relevance of the efficiency criterion in particular, even when it is supplemented with a concern for equity, and argues that environmental problems are better analyzed in moral, aesthetic, cultural, and political terms. To make this argument, Sagoff relies on four key distinctions. These distinctions, which overlap to some extent, are drawn between: (1) the citizen and the consumer, (2) values and preferences, (3) public and private interests, and (4) virtues and methods.

scholarly journals BODY OF KNOWLEDGE FOR THE EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION SECTOR – A BASIS FOR INNOVATIVE SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B5-2020 ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
M. A. Stelmaszczuk-Górska ◽  
E. Aguilar-Moreno ◽  
S. Casteleyn ◽  
D. Vandenbroucke ◽  
M. Miguel-Lago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earth Observation ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Task Training ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
New Curricula

Abstract. With new Earth Observation (EO) and Geoinformation (GI) data sources increasingly becoming available, evermore new skills for data collection, processing, analysis and application are required. They are needed not only from scientists, but also from practitioners working in businesses, public and private EO*GI and related sectors. Aligning the continuously evolving skill sets demanded by the market and existing academic and vocational training programmes is not an easy task. Training programmes should be grounded in real needs of the sector and its labour market. To do this, it is necessary to identify the knowledge and skills needed, and map their interconnectivity in specific frameworks, which can later be used for the definition of new curricula or job-oriented learning paths. This paper presents a framework for the EO*GI sector, based on a Body of Knowledge (BoK), by creating a complete set of concepts with a semantic structure underneath that supports academia and industry. Creating and updating the BoK is supported by an editing tool, the Living Textbook and by experts in the EO*GI domain, who contributes to the BoK’s enrichment.

Management of geotourism stakeholders experiences from the Network History of the Earth

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christof Pforr ◽  
Andreas Megerle
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
The State ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Black Forest ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Earth ◽  
South West ◽  
History Of

A sharp increase in interest in geotourism worldwide in recent years has transformed many suitable regions into unique geotourism destinations opening up great opportunities for geoconservation and regional sustainable development. To fully capitalize on this potential, however, it is essential to bring together the fragmented stakeholders from the public and private sectors and establish appropriate structures and processes to facilitate their effective communication and collaboration. Only through such a partnership can an adequate knowledge base, built on diverse experiences and expertise, be established to provide certainty and guidance in the sustainable development of local geotourism products. Thus, effective communication networks and an open exchange of information are cornerstones of a successful implementation of geotourism in a region. The Network History of the Earth is a case in point for such a successful geotourism partnership. It was founded in 1997 as a framework for cooperation between a range of diverse stakeholders working together to develop a high quality sustainable tourism product based on the unique georesources of South-West Germany (Pforr and Megerle, 2006). South-West Germany mainly comprises the State of Baden-Württemberg and covers an area of 35,752 square kilometres with a population of around 10.7 million people (see Figure 8.3). A typical feature of the state is its wide variety of natural landscapes which can be subdivided into three main landforms, the Upper Rhine Graben (Oberrheingraben) in the west surrounded by the Black Forest (Schwarzwald) in the east and the Vosges Mountains (Vogesen) on the western French side, the southwestern cuesta landscape (Schichtstufenland) gently sloping towards the south-east as well as the Alpine piedmont (Alpenvorland). These diverse and distinct landscapes form the resource base of tourism, and, in some cases, like the jurassic geopark Swabian Alb and the mining areas of the Black Forest, also for geotourism (Geyer and Megerle, 2003). The service sector industries contribute almost 34 per cent to the state’s economic activities with tourism being an important industry for the state in general, but especially economically significant for regional areas.

scholarly journals Genetic Algorithm for Mobile Robot Route Planning with Obstacle Avoidance

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad K. Kwaśniewski ◽  
Zdzisław Gosiewski
Keyword(s):  
Obstacle Avoidance ◽  
Route Planning ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Intelligent Methods ◽  
Planet Exploration ◽  
Random Nature

Abstract Nowadays many public and private institutions begin space studies projects. Among many problems to solve there is a planet exploration. Now rovers are controlled directly from the Earth, e.g. Opportunity. Missions must be planned on the Earth using simulators. Much better will be when the mission planner could set the target area and work to do and the rover will perform it independently. The solution is to make it autonomous. Without need of external path planning the rover can cover a much longer distance. To make autonomous rovers real it is necessary to implement a target leaded obstacle avoidance algorithm. Solutions based on graph algorithms use a lot of computing power. The others use intelligent methods such as neural networks or fuzzy logic but their efficiency in a very complex environment is quite low. This work presents an obstacle avoidance algorithm which uses the genetic path finding algorithm. The actual version is based on the 2D map which is built by the robot and the 2nd degree B-spline is used for the path model. The performance in the most cases is high using only one processor thread. The GA can be also easily multithreaded. Another feature of the algorithm is that, due to the GA random nature, the chosen path can differ each time on the same map. The paper shows the results of the simulation tests. The maps have the various complexity levels. On every map one hundred tests were carried out. The algorithm brought the robot to the target successfully in the majority of runs.

Love and the world: marriage and McGahern’s late vision

John McGahern ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máire Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Hannah Arendt ◽  
World Order ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Short Story Collection ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Realm ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

McGahern’s final short story collection,Creatures of the Earth, was published posthumously. It includes two stories that had not previously appeared in his collections: the title story ‘Creatures of the Earth’ and ‘Love of the World’. This chapter explores the two stories through the prism of love and marriage and their role in the search for authenticity. The chapter asks whether these stories of contrasting mature and youthful alliances offer new insights into McGahern’s vision of community, society and the individual’s relationship to both. This exploration is informed by the ideas of the public and private realm, advanced by Hannah Arendt. The chapter also asks whether these stories, when examined alongside the final novel, That They May Face the Rising Sun, might be viewed as a kind of trilogy that anticipates a dystopian world order wrought through the supremacy of the individual.

scholarly journals Addressing Grand Challenges in Earth Observation Science: The Earth Observation Data Centre for Water Resources Monitoring

2014 ◽  
Vol II-7 ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Wagner ◽  
J. Fröhlich ◽  
G. Wotawa ◽  
R. Stowasser ◽  
M. Staudinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Data Centre ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Fully Automatic ◽  
Earth Observation Data

Earth observation is entering a new era where the increasing availability of free and open global satellite data sets combined with the computing power offered by modern information technologies opens up the possibility to process high-resolution data sets at global scale and short repeat intervals in a fully automatic fashion. This will not only boost the availability of higher level earth observation data in purely quantitative terms, but can also be expected to trigger a step change in the quality and usability of earth observation data. However, the technical, scientific, and organisational challenges that need to be overcome to arrive at this point are significant. First of all, Petabyte-scale data centres are needed for storing and processing complete satellite data records. Second, innovative processing chains that allow fully automatic processing of the satellite data from the raw sensor records to higher-level geophysical products need to be developed. Last but not least, new models of cooperation between public and private actors need to be found in order to live up to the first two challenges. This paper offers a discussion of how the Earth Observation Data Centre for Water Resources Monitoring (EODC) – a catalyser for an open and international cooperation of public and private organisations – will address these three grand challenges with the aim to foster the use of earth observation for monitoring of global water resources.

The motion of a lunar orbiter

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
Y. Kozai
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Artificial Satellite ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Triaxial Ellipsoid ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Secular Motion ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Close Satellite ◽  
The Mean

The motion of an artificial satellite around the Moon is much more complicated than that around the Earth, since the shape of the Moon is a triaxial ellipsoid and the effect of the Earth on the motion is very important even for a very close satellite.The differential equations of motion of the satellite are written in canonical form of three degrees of freedom with time depending Hamiltonian. By eliminating short-periodic terms depending on the mean longitude of the satellite and by assuming that the Earth is moving on the lunar equator, however, the equations are reduced to those of two degrees of freedom with an energy integral.Since the mean motion of the Earth around the Moon is more rapid than the secular motion of the argument of pericentre of the satellite by a factor of one order, the terms depending on the longitude of the Earth can be eliminated, and the degree of freedom is reduced to one.Then the motion can be discussed by drawing equi-energy curves in two-dimensional space. According to these figures satellites with high inclination have large possibilities of falling down to the lunar surface even if the initial eccentricities are very small.The principal properties of the motion are not changed even if plausible values ofJ3andJ4of the Moon are included.This paper has been published in Publ. astr. Soc.Japan15, 301, 1963.

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
K. P. Stanyukovich ◽  
V. A. Bronshten
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Charge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Meteorite Impacts ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

The Origin of the Moon

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Ruskol
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

The difference between average densities of the Moon and Earth was interpreted in the preceding report by Professor H. Urey as indicating a difference in their chemical composition. Therefore, Urey assumes the Moon's formation to have taken place far away from the Earth, under conditions differing substantially from the conditions of Earth's formation. In such a case, the Earth should have captured the Moon. As is admitted by Professor Urey himself, such a capture is a very improbable event. In addition, an assumption that the “lunar” dimensions were representative of protoplanetary bodies in the entire solar system encounters great difficulties.

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