Tanzania in the 1980s

Give and Take ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 83-107
Author(s):  
Nitsan Chorev
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Technical Skills ◽  
Socialist Economy ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sector ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Local Component ◽  
Pharmaceutical Production ◽  
Privately Owned

This chapter examines the limited growth of the local pharmaceutical sector in Tanzania, compared to Kenya. Tanzania, too, relied on a ration kits program funded by donors, but development agencies rejected suggestions for a local component for ration kits, and donors offered only limited support—in the form of raw materials—to state-owned pharmaceutical enterprises. Without a domestic component, the ration kits turned from a potential facilitator of local pharmaceutical production, as was the case in Kenya, into a factor undermining it. Limiting domestic opportunities in the context of a socialist economy further inhibited the emergence of privately owned pharmaceutical factories. Nevertheless, a number of private companies did open, and their trajectories again illustrate the role education and ties abroad could play in the creation of a private sector in a context in which technical skills were not available locally.

scholarly journals ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS FROM PINEAPPLE LEAVES (Ananas comosus) AT TAC CAU REGION, KIEN GIANG PROVINCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (40) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Hau Thu Nguyen Thi ◽  
Dung Nhan Tran ◽  
Ba Van Huynh ◽  
Quyen Ngoc Thi ◽  
An Tran Hoang Bui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Resistance To Oxidation ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Pharmaceutical Production ◽  
Pineapple Leaves

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a kind of fruit with high nutritional value. This study investigated the resistance to oxidation DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (free radical) and deionized Fe3+ of ethanol extracts from theleaves (leaves grow on stems) and crown (crown of scale leaves) of pineapples. Study of high extraction efficiency in 99,5% ethanol solvent, mixing ratio between samples with the solvent is 1 : 4, combined ultrasonic wave with a capacity of 120 Walt within 72 hours. The total polyphenol content in all treatments was high: leave sample (140,9 ± 2,86 mg GAE/g) and crown sample (204,6 ± 0,29 mg GAE/g). The results showed thatDPPH oxidation resistance and deionized Fe3+ were: crown (IC50 = 254,74 ± 1,55 mg/mL và 908,12 ± 9,35 mg/mL) higher than leaves (IC50 = 977,78 ± 30,27m mg/mL and 2156,62 ± 23,03 mg/mL). Theresearch has found that the use of waste products from pineapple peels with antioxidant capacity could be added to potential raw materials in the field of pharmaceutical production.

Exercising Leadership

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Verdini Trejo
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Incentive Mechanism ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Joint Management ◽  
The World

Focuses on the leadership of key negotiators on both sides of the maritime border who thought outside of the box to enable a successful international agreement. Building in Incentives Rather than Requirements describes the crucial involvement of the private U.S. oil industry in the binational negotiations. With private-sector input, the parties were able to devise an incentive mechanism, unlike any other in the world, to manage potential conflicts between state-owned and private companies, and encourage the infrastructure development and joint management of the hydrocarbons reservoirs. Creating Better Outcomes through Relationships of Trust concludes the case by illustrating the ways in which the working group meetings and continued formal and informal interactions between the stakeholders led to the ultimate success of the Gulf of Mexico negotiations.

COVID-19 strengthens EU drive for economic sovereignty

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
European Politics ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consensus View ◽  
Pharmaceutical Production ◽  
The Eu

Subject EU economic sovereignty. Significance COVID-19 is increasing momentum within the EU to enhance the bloc’s economic and strategic sovereignty by substantially reducing dependence on non-EU powers, particularly China. While the immediate concern is to become more self-sufficient in medical and pharmaceutical production, leaders are also set on strengthening European sovereignty in critical sectors including technology and automobiles. Impacts A strong economic recovery will be important in determining an EU consensus view concerning the bloc’s main economic competitors. Public investment in the private sector will provide greater economic stability, but more state influence on supply chains and investments. Scepticism of China will become a growing feature in European politics.

Public Access to Environmental Information Held by Private Companies

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzuazo Etemire
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Environmental Information ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Public ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Water Companies

The pervading thought in England and Wales has been that private utility companies such as water-only companies (WOCs) and water and sewage companies (WASCs) were public authorities under the 2004 Environmental Information Regulations (EIR) and so were subject to the regime. However, on 23 November 2010, on appeal, the Upper Tribunal delivered a judgment in the case of Smartsource Drainage & Water Report Ltd v The Information Commissioner and 19 Water Companies to the effect that WOCs and WASCs were not public authorities under the EIR. This decision potentially puts certain important environmental information out of public reach in England and Wales. This paper briefly addresses the contextual issues of the advancement of the public's right to access environmental information into the domain of the private sector and why the public needs to be able to access environmental information directly from private companies and not just from government regulators. Primarily, however, this paper reinforces the case for wide public access to environmental information held by private companies mainly through counter-arguments raised to demonstrate the lack of purposive and contextual interpretation by the Upper Tribunal, in the Smartsource case, of the relevant provisions of the EIR (i.e., Regulation 2(2)(c) and (d)). It concludes with a possible legislative solution to help clarify the import of the relevant EIR provision.

scholarly journals Actions that Combat the Disruption of the Moral and Social Code with the Purpose of Favoritism

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (29) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Sergio Armando Prado De Toledo
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Code ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Reduction Of Costs

Abstract Currently, corruption has been so generalized and sophisticated that threatens to undermine the own society structure. Corruption is a problem identified in all the countries. What changes is how we deal with it. Nevertheless, why is there so much corruption? Within the group of factors, it is possible to highlight the high bureaucracy that reduces the efficiency of the public administration; the presence of a slow Judiciary Branch which is very low is terms of efficiency, when reprimanding illicit practices that incite everything ending up in pizza (this sentence was literally translated from Portuguese, it does not exist in English, but it means that impunity prevails in Brazil.); the existence of a corporatist sense among the Administration industries in the public sector in relation to the private sector and so facilitating corruption. The penalty for corruption should be constrained to mechanisms that allow the system of criminal justice to carry out actions of arrest, prosecution, penalty and repair to the country. Combating corruption complies with the republican ideal for the reduction of costs in Brazil. Moralizing the public-private relations offers juridical security to the market. The fact that some countries, especially Brazil, are seriously combating against corruption brings hope, with an eye on a more rigid legislation and less bureaucratic as well, with the end of the corporatist sense and the equivalence of salaries between the public and private sector. We shall provide effective criminal, administrative and civil penalties of inhibiting nature for future action; we shall provide cooperation between the law applicator and the private companies; we shall prevent the conflict of interests; we shall forbid the existence of “black fund” at the companies and we shall encouraged the relief or reduction of taxes to expenses considered as bribery or other conducts related

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Corporate Governance in Uganda: The Case of Private Companies

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lwanga ◽  
Doreen Basemera
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
Corporate Governance System ◽  
Ethnographic Observation ◽  
Key Issues

This paper examines the effectiveness of rules, procedures and Acts as instruments of corporate governance in Uganda, with interest in the performance of private companies. An extensive review of literature and ethnographic observation of the dynamic of corporate governance in private companies indicate that much as the private companies have adopted a hybrid regulatory framework of corporate governance, loopholes do still exist that have hindered the effectiveness  of these instrument in the performance of private companies. Therefore there is need for strengthening corporate governance systems; however some of the weakness are attributed to the unsolved debate on key issues of corporate governance globally that trickles down to Uganda’s young corporate governance system in the private sector.

A corrupção no setor privado: análise dos atos corruptivos na cadeia de valor

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Marcio Bonini Notari
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Initiative ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Internal Operations

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo abordar a temática da corrupção no ambito na cadeia de valor, notadamente, envolvendo o setor privado. Desse modo, será abordada, num primeiro momento, a necessidade de resgaste da ética pública e privada, a partir de algumas premissas filosóficas. Num segundo momento, será feita uma abordagem acerca da Teoria da Modernização, Funcionalista e institucionalista. Ao final, será analisado de que modo à corrupção atinge o mundo dos negócios, que vão desde as operações internas de criação de valor, até a venda final e a distribuição ao consumidor, etapas da chamada cadeia de valor, envolvendo as pessoas que trabalham de forma direta e indireta, para empresas privadas, a partir do Relatório da Transparência Internacional (2009), sobre a corrupção na iniciativa privada. .   Palavras chaves: ética pública e privada, teoria da modernização, cadeia de valor, setor privado.   SUMMARY The present work aims to address the issue of corruption in the field of value chain, notably, involving the private sector. In this way, the need to safeguard public and private ethics, based on certain philosophical premises, will be addressed initially. In a second moment, an approach will be made about the Theory of Modernization, Functionalist and Institutionalist. In the end, it will analyze how corruption reaches the world of business, ranging from internal operations of value creation, to the final sale and distribution to the consumer, stages of the so-called value chain, involving the people who work of work direct and indirect way, for private companies, from the International Transparency Report (2009), on corruption in private initiative. .   Key words: public and private ethics, theory of modernization, value chain, private sector.

Uganda in the 1980s and 1990s

Give and Take ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 108-129
Author(s):  
Nitsan Chorev
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sector ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Local Component ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
The One ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter explains why a local pharmaceutical sector did not emerge in Uganda in the 1980s, and why it was fragile when it ultimately did emerge in the 1990s. Uganda’s political-economic situation during Idi Amin’s military dictatorship between 1971 and 1979, and until the end of the civil war in 1986, was inhospitable for both state-owned and private pharmaceutical manufacturing. Moreover, when Amin expelled Indians in 1972, Ugandan entrepreneurs’ ties abroad were severed, delaying the emergence of a private pharmaceutical sector in the country. A ration kits program was launched in Uganda only in 1986, and it did not have a local component. A pharmaceutical sector cautiously emerged only in the 1990s. The vacuum created during the Amin regime now enabled broader access to the pharmaceutical field, including indigenous Africans on the one hand and non-Ugandans on the other. However, without ties abroad, in addition to lack of state support or foreign assistance, many pharmaceutical firms that opened at the time were quite fragile.

Kenya in the 1980s

Give and Take ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 55-82
Author(s):  
Nitsan Chorev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firm ◽  
Pharmaceutical Sector ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
Privately Owned

This chapter describes the interplay between foreign aid and state policies in Kenya that together contributed to the emergence of a small yet robust locally owned pharmaceutical sector. Most important was a “ration kits” program that helped rationalize the procurement and distribution of drugs in rural areas. As part of that program, a government-funded component was used to specifically purchase locally produced drugs. This proved critical for the emergence and growth of the Kenyan pharmaceutical sector. Other policies in support of the state-owned pharmaceutical firm also indirectly pushed for and later assisted privately owned pharmaceutical firms. With the support of foreign aid, then, the Kenyan government was able to create a market for local producers. Foreign assistance did not come with technology transfer (mentoring), and access to technical know-how was predominantly available to Kenyans of Indian origin, whose social position during colonialism and after independence granted them educational, commercial, and cultural ties abroad. Moreover, there was little attention to quality standards (monitoring).

Water Supply Services in Spanish Cities and the Debate on Private Participation in Their Management: Which Model is Most Efficient?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Sevilla-Jimenez ◽  
Teresa Torregrosa ◽  
Julian López-Milla ◽  
Jose Perles-Ribes
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Municipal Services ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Private Participation ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Concession Contract ◽  
Water Supply Services

Abstract Supplying water to the population is one of the fundamental services of any Spanish city given the importance of the good itself, regardless of how it is managed. However, it is sometimes seen more as a source of extra finance for the municipality, and, in recent years, as an issue of political debate in terms of the adequacy of one form of management or another: public or private. Currently, 35% of Spain's population is supplied by public specialised entities, 33% by private companies under a concession contract, 22% by mixed companies and 10% by undifferentiated municipal services. In simple terms, 45% corresponds to public management and 55% is fully or partially managed by the private sector. By analysing the annual accounts of the companies that operate in the Spain's principal municipalities, this study seeks to determine the role played by the private sector in the management of the mixed companies. Due to the diversity of services provided by these companies and the lack of differentiated statistics for each of them, we have used the Annual Accounts presented to the Central Mercantile Register or the data submitted to the Ministry of Finance in order to assess the influence of private participation on the results of the companies.

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