scholarly journals Micrometric research results of vacuum dough divider components

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-241
Author(s):  
E. G. Martynova ◽  
S. A. Velichko ◽  
A. V. Martynov
Keyword(s):  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Electrospark Machining ◽  
Size Distortions ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Side Gap ◽  
Vertical Gap ◽  
Range Of Values

Introduction. Nowadays, vacuum-type dough dividers are used in industries with a production volume of up to 4,000 loaves per day. In the dough divider operation, due to wear of the working surfaces of the piston, chamber, and drum, the gap between them goes beyond the value equal to 50 microns, which provides vacuum in the suction chamber. As a result, the suction process becomes unstable; the dough divider disturbs the weight accuracy of bakery goods. Repair of such equipment is carried out mainly through a full or partial replacement of worn parts and assemblies with new ones. To increase their durability, there is a need to develop a new highly efficient technology with the restoration of worn part surfaces using the welding and surfacing methods.Materials and Methods. A new technique of determining the number of objects for research using the “STATISTICA” program is presented. Wear surfaces of the vacuum dough divider parts are determined.Research Results. Micrometric studies of the dough divider components were carried out. They showed the presence of appreciable size distortions due to the local wear of the working surfaces. In this case, a side gap between the suction chamber and the main piston and between the drum and the suction chamber is 6 times higher than the permissible one, and a vertical gap between the division box and the piston exceeds the permissible gap by more than 10 times. Wear of the working surfaces of the dough divider parts is local in nature, while the range of values is as follows: for the main piston, it is 10-200 microns; for the gaging piston, it is 250- 900 microns; for the suction chamber and division box, it is 300-400 microns; for the drum surfaces, it is 280-300 microns.Discussion and Conclusions. The conducted micrometric studies showed the presence of appreciable size distortions due to the local wear of the working surfaces. Based on the results obtained, it can be argued that the most productive and economically viable technique for the restoration of worn surfaces of dough divider parts is, for example, the electrospark machining.

scholarly journals A new technique for firn grain-size measurement using SEM image analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (195) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.E. Spaulding ◽  
D.A. Meese ◽  
I. Baker ◽  
P.A. Mayewski ◽  
G.S. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Boundary Diffusion ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Sem Image Analysis

AbstractFirn microstructure is accurately characterized using images obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Visibly etched grain boundaries within images are used to create a skeleton outline of the microstructure. A pixel-counting utility is applied to the outline to determine grain area. Firn grain sizes calculated using the technique described here are compared to those calculated using the techniques of Gow (1969) and Gay and Weiss (1999) on samples of the same material, and are found to be substantially smaller. The differences in grain size between the techniques are attributed to sampling deficiencies (e.g. the inclusion of pore filler in the grain area) in earlier methods. The new technique offers the advantages of greater accuracy and the ability to determine individual components of the microstructure (grain and pore), which have important applications in ice-core analyses. The new method is validated by calculating activation energies of grain boundary diffusion using predicted values based on the ratio of grain-size measurements between the new and existing techniques. The resulting activation energy falls within the range of values previously reported for firn/ice.

scholarly journals Rheological characteristics of steel in continuous roll casting-rolling

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
O.V. Kholiavik ◽  
Alexey Nogovitsyn ◽  
Alexey Kravchuk ◽  
Alexey Samoylenko ◽  
Ruslan Boris
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Continuous Casting ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Roll Casting ◽  
Liquid States ◽  
Solid Liquid

Problems. In the process of obtaining a strip in a casting and rolling device, the question arises of combining the process of hot rolling of the solidified material and the process of crystallization of the liquid melt. This makes it possible to implement an efficient technology for producing thin-sheet products. Purpose of the study. Determination of rational parameters for performing mathematical modeling of material behavior during roll casting requires clearly defined recommendations. The material for the rolling process is steel. The starting material was used in solid, solid-liquid and liquid states. Implementation technique. The analysis of the properties of steel was carried out on the basis of the results of experiments obtained at the Physico-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. To analyze the rheological properties of steel, the dependences of the yield stress for alloyed and carbon steels were used in a certain temperature range. The selected temperature range includes solidus and solid-liquid state of steel, located above 0.8 melting point. Research results. Based on the research results, the analysis of the rheological properties of steel in solid, solid-liquid and liquid states during continuous casting-rolling on rolls was carried out. The use of the obtained dependencies makes it possible to perform mathematical modeling of the deformation and hydrodynamics of the material during continuous casting-rolling of steel strips using roll casting-rolling devices. Conclusions. The constructed dependences, together with studies of the viscosity of steel in the liquid state and the resistance of steel to deformation in the solid state, most fully describe the rheological properties of steels during casting-deformation processes. The obtained dependences will make it possible to implement an ultra-efficient technology for producing thin-sheet rolled products.

scholarly journals The Effect of Surface Drag Strength on Mesocyclone Intensification and Tornadogenesis in Idealized Supercell Simulations

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 1699-1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Roberts ◽  
Ming Xue ◽  
Daniel T. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Surface Drag ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Frictional Forces ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Land Surfaces ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Effect Of Surface

Abstract A suite of six idealized supercell simulations is performed in which the surface drag coefficient Cd is varied over a range of values from 0 to 0.05 to represent a variety of water and land surfaces. The experiments employ a new technique for enforcing a three-force balance among the pressure gradient, Coriolis, and frictional forces so that the environmental wind profile can remain unchanged throughout the simulation. The initial low-level mesocyclone lowers toward the ground, intensifies, and produces a tornado in all experiments with Cd ≥ 0.002, with the intensification occurring earlier for larger Cd. In the experiment with Cd = 0, the low-level mesocyclone remains comparatively weak throughout the simulation and does not produce a tornado. Vertical cross sections through the simulated tornadoes reveal an axial downdraft that reaches the ground only in experiments with smaller Cd, as well as stronger corner flow in experiments with larger Cd. Material circuits are initialized enclosing the low-level mesocyclone in each experiment and traced backward in time. Circulation budgets for these circuits implicate surface drag acting in the inflow sector of the supercell as having generated important positive circulation, and its relative contribution increases with Cd. However, the circulation generation is similar in magnitude for the experiments with Cd = 0.02 and 0.05, and the tornado in the latter experiment is weaker. This suggests the possible existence of an optimal range of Cd values for promoting intense tornadoes within our experimental configuration.

scholarly journals Highly Efficient Technology for Manufacturing of Spunlace Non-Woven Fabric in the Company Novita S.A. Poland – Description and Characteristic of the R&D Actions

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Sąsiadek ◽  
Waldemar Woźniak ◽  
Bartłomiej Jankowski ◽  
Urszula Błaszczyk ◽  
Roman Stryjski
Keyword(s):  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Technological Line ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
Efficient Manufacturing

Abstract This paper presents the process of designing Research and Development actions for innovative technology of highly efficient manufacturing of Spunlace non-woven fabric with the use of the designed demonstrative technological line. Both the designing of the technological line and the research are response to the market needs of the personal care products manufacturers in Poland and in the world. Clients’ expectations concerning this matter deal with increasing the production volume as well as providing better quality of the products. Due to limited (and fully exploited) production capacities and already-known technical problems in the enterprise where the research has been carried out, the authors designed a concept of innovative controlling of the technological line gradually increasing its efficiency. In order to do so, the authors proposed research based on designing the technological line mathematical model, creating its prototype and testing its operational capacities, saving the data in the database and then the use of this empirical data to the technological line parametrisation depending on the properties and destination of the manufactured products.

scholarly journals Nutritional Profile and Organoleptic Qualities of Milk Chocolate Incorporated with Different Spices

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
S. O. Aroyeun ◽  
A. F. Okunade ◽  
A. O. Obatoye ◽  
M. A. Olalekna
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Milk Chocolate ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Control Milk ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Percentage Protein

An innovative spicy chocolate was developed in this study by partial replacement of cocoa nibs with different selected spice powders of: Ginger (G11), Garlic (G12), Clove (C13), Cinnamon, (C14), Turmeric (T15), Aframomum danielli (A16), Aframomum melegueta (A17), Thyme (T18), Black Pepper (B19) and Clappertonia (C20). Milk chocolate without spices (C10) served as Control. The proximate compositions were carried out using standard methods. The Total Calorific values (TCV) was determined using the Atwater factors (physiological fuel values) of 4kcal, 4kcal and 9kcal per gram of carbohydrate, protein and fat respectively. The sensory evaluation was carried out by panel of tasters consisting of 13 males and 18 female staff of the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria who were used to consuming chocolates. The result showed significant differences in the proximate chemical compositions of the chocolates (p<0.05). Apart from black pepper with a An significantly lower protein and ash contents when compared to the control chocolate, all the other spices significantly caused an increase in percentage protein and ash  in  the control milk chocolate. The trend of protein increase is T18 > G11 > T15 > C20 =A17 > A16 > C14 > C13 > G12 > C10 > B19 > respectively. The range of values obtained for the proximate compositions were (%)The Total Calorific Value (TCV) also showed significant differences among all the samples at p<0.05 with the TCV of the control chocolate being the highest. The addition of spices contributed to acceptable tastes, aroma, flavor and general acceptability of milk chocolates. In Conclusion, this study showed that the incorporation of Spices in chocolate increased the protein and ash content of milk chocolate, the organoleptic acceptance while reducing the TCV values This is a desirable findings in view of the fear of high calorific values of Milk Chocolate which may predispose consumers to Obesity when consumed.in large quantities.

scholarly journals VIBRATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE RESTORATION OF THE WORKING BODIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Anatoly Dudnikov ◽  
Volodymyr Dudnyk ◽  
Oleksandr Gorbenko ◽  
Anton Kelemesh
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Linear Wear ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Soil Cultivation ◽  
Hardening Treatment ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
Working Bodies

The paper deals with the use of vibration vibrations in the restoration of the working bodies of agricultural tillage machines operating under conditions of increased abrasive wear. The analysis of the existing methods of their restoration is carried out, the substantiation of the use of vibration hardening treatment in repair production is given. The research carried out on the choice of the optimal parameters of vibration strengthening of the cutting working bodies contributes to an increase in the wear resistance and reliability of soil cultivation equipment. According to the research results, the change in hardness along the depth of the surface layer of cutting elements of the following agricultural tillage machines: plow shares, opener discs of grain seeders and cultivator paws was established. Optimal values of the main parameters of vibration processing of cutting elements of the specified working bodies are experimentally determined and substantiated, which reduce the amount of their wear: amplitude A and vibration frequency of the processing tool n, hardening time t. The change in the magnitude of linear wear along the width of the cutting elements of these parts is shown, as well as data on the intensity of their wear. Experimentally obtained data on the absolute and relative wear of the diameter and thickness of the blade of the opener discs, which made it possible to choose a more efficient technology for their restoration. According to the research results, it was found that the specified parts of soil cultivation equipment had the least wear value; they were restored by welding tires, plates or segments from steel 45, followed by surfacing with sormite and strengthened by vibration deformation. The results of the work will be used to develop technological processes for the restoration of other working bodies of tillage machines by the method of vibration deformation. Annotation The paper deals with the use of vibration vibrations in the restoration of the working bodies of agricultural tillage machines operating under conditions of increased abrasive wear. The analysis of the existing methods of their restoration is carried out, the substantiation of the use of vibration hardening treatment in repair production is given. The research carried out on the choice of the optimal parameters of vibration strengthening of the cutting working bodies contributes to an increase in the wear resistance and reliability of soil cultivation equipment. According to the research results, the change in hardness along the depth of the surface layer of cutting elements of the following agricultural tillage machines: plow shares, opener discs of grain seeders and cultivator paws was established. Optimal values of the main parameters of vibration processing of cutting elements of the specified working bodies are experimentally determined and substantiated, which reduce the amount of their wear: amplitude A and vibration frequency of the processing tool n, hardening time t. The change in the magnitude of linear wear along the width of the cutting elements of these parts is shown, as well as data on the intensity of their wear. Experimentally obtained data on the absolute and relative wear of the diameter and thickness of the blade of the opener discs, which made it possible to choose a more efficient technology for their restoration. According to the research results, it was found that the specified parts of soil cultivation equipment had the least wear value; they were restored by welding tires, plates or segments from steel 45, followed by surfacing with sormite and strengthened by vibration deformation. The results of the work will be used to develop technological processes for the restoration of other working bodies of tillage machines by the method of vibration deformation.

Contributions to the mechanisms of mitosis and roles of cytoplasmic microtubules from ultrastructural analyses of fungi

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-267
Author(s):  
I. Brent Heath
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Ultrastructural Analysis ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Organelle Motility ◽  
Cytoplasmic Microtubules

Detailed ultrastructural analysis of fungal mitotic systems and cytoplasmic microtubules might be expected to contribute to a number of areas of general interest in addition to the direct application to the organisms of study. These areas include possibly fundamental general mechanisms of mitosis; evolution of mitosis; phylogeny of organisms; mechanisms of organelle motility and positioning; characterization of cellular aspects of microtubule properties and polymerization control features. This communication is intended to outline our current research results relating to selected parts of the above questions.Mitosis in the oomycetes Saprolegnia and Thraustotheca has been described previously. These papers described simple kinetochores and showed that the kineto- chores could probably be used as markers for the poorly defined chromosomes. Kineto- chore counts from serially sectioned prophase mitotic nuclei show that kinetochore replication precedes centriole replication to yield a single hemispherical array containing approximately the 4 n number of kinetochore microtubules diverging from the centriole associated "pocket" region of the nuclear envelope (Fig. 1).

Novel magneto-optical recording materials: Bi-substituted garnet films

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 776-777
Author(s):  
Takao Suzuki ◽  
Hossein Nuri
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Amorphous Film ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Optical Recording ◽  
Garnet Film ◽  
Media Noise ◽  
Garnet Films ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
A Current

For future high density magneto-optical recording materials, a Bi-substituted garnet film ((BiDy)3(FeGa)5O12) is an attractive candidate since it has strong magneto-optic effect at short wavelengths less than 600 nm. The signal in read back performance at 500 nm using a garnet film can be an order of magnitude higher than a current rare earth-transition metal amorphous film. However, the granularity and surface roughness of such crystalline garnet films are the key to control for minimizing media noise.We have demonstrated a new technique to fabricate a garnet film which has much smaller grain size and smoother surfaces than those annealed in a conventional oven. This method employs a high ramp-up rate annealing (Γ = 50 ~ 100 C/s) in nitrogen atmosphere. Fig.1 shows a typical microstruture of a Bi-susbtituted garnet film deposited by r.f. sputtering and then subsequently crystallized by a rapid thermal annealing technique at Γ = 50 C/s at 650 °C for 2 min. The structure is a single phase of garnet, and a grain size is about 300A.

A New Technique for the Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Individual Cerebro-Spinal Fluid Cells in a Mona Plane Layer

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 362-363
Author(s):  
L.A. Dell
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Plane Layer ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Electron Microscopic Level ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Cell Pellet ◽  
A New Technique

A new method has been developed which readily offers the microscopist a possibility for both light and electron microscopic study of selected cells from the cerebrospinal fluid. Previous attempts to examine these cells in the spinal fluid at the ultrastructural level were based on modifications of cell pellet techniques developed for peripheral blood. These earlier methods were limited in application by the number of cells in spinal fluid required to obtain a sufficient size pellet and by the lack of an easy method of cellular identification between the light and electron microscopic level. The newly developed method routinely employs microscope slides coated with Siliclad and tungsten oxide for duplicate cytocentrifuge preparations of diagnostic spinal fluid specimens. Work done by Kushida and Suzuki provided a basis for our use of the metal oxide.

Techniques for cryoultramicrotomy of propane jet frozen biological samples

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
B. Craig ◽  
L. Hawkey ◽  
A. LeFurgey
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Chick Heart ◽  
Embryonic Chick Heart ◽  
A New Technique

Ultra-rapid freezing followed by cryoultramicrotomy is essential for the preservation of diffusible elements in situ within cells prior to scanning transmission electron microscopy and quantitative energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. For cells or tissue fragments in suspension and for monolayer cell cultures, propane jet freezing provides cooling rates greater than 30,000°C/sec with regions up to 40μm in thickness free of significant ice crystal formation. While this method of freezing has frequently been applied prior to freeze fracture or freeze substitution, it has not been widely utilized prior to cryoultramicrotomy and subsequent x-ray microanalytical studies. This report describes methods devised in our laboratory for cryosectioning of propane jet frozen kidney proximal tubule suspensions and cultured embryonic chick heart cells, in particular a new technique for mounting frozen suspension specimens for sectioning. The techniques utilize the same specimen supports and sample holders as those used for freeze fracture and freeze substitution and should be generally applicable to any cell suspension or culture preparation.

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