scholarly journals The greenhouse effect and its impacts on environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
A. V. Scherban’ ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Favorable Case ◽  
The Third World

The buildup of so-called «greenhouse gases» in the atmosphere - CO2 in particular-appears to be having an adverse impact on the global climate. This article briefly reviews current expectations with regard to physical and biological effects, their potential costs to society, and likely costs of abatement. For a «worst case» scenario it is impossible to assess, in economic terms, the full range of possible non-linear synergistic effects. In the «most favorable» case, however, it seems likely that the impacts are within the «affordable» range, at least in the industrialized countries of the world. In the «third world» the notion of affordability is of doubtful relevance, making the problem of quantitative evaluation almost impossible.

Global urbanization and urban water: can sustainability be afforded?

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olli Varis ◽  
László Somlyódy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
World Population ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World

Urbanization is definitely one of the most characteristic global changes of today and of the coming few decades. Whereas the world population grows with almost one billion per decade, around four fifths of this growth is in urban areas. The challenges due to the development of urban centers, especially great urban agglomerations in developing countries in a sustainable way are huge. Water is one of the key figures in this equation. It has many roles; this paper discusses sustainable urban water infrastructure. First, solutions and experiences from the industrialized countries are summarized, and possibilities and difficulties to adapt them to large urban areas of the Third World are discussed. A particular focus in the affordability issue is taken. Various development indicators and their applicability are discussed. A summary and discussion on technical, economical, financial, and institutional alternatives follows.

Does Licensing of Drugs in Industrialized Countries Guarantee Drug Quality and Safety for Third World Countries? The Case of Norplant Licensing in Finland

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eeva Ollila ◽  
Elina Hemminki
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Data ◽  
Third World ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Clinical Documentation ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Swedish Data

Norplant® implantable contraceptives were developed mainly for use in Third World countries, but first were approved for marketing in Finland in 1983 and in Sweden in 1985. Since then Norplant has been approved in more than 40 countries, most of them in the Third World. The authors analyzed the clinical documentation submitted to the Finnish and Swedish drug control authorities, and the assessments made of the data. The Finnish review process lasted for three years, and the number of data increased substantially during that time. The authors have not been allowed to publish the clinical data submitted in Finland, but a reconstruction from the Swedish data showed that the clinical data were of poor quality and were mainly focused on assessing efficacy. Side effects, acceptability, and requirements of the health care system for proper use of Norplant were poorly studied. This example of Norplant licensing in Finland shows that licensing of drugs in industrialized countries is insufficient for guaranteeing their safety in Third World countries.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrology of the Forested Watershed That Drains to Lake Erken in Sweden: An Analysis Using SWAT+ and CMIP6 Scenarios

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1803
Author(s):  
Inmaculada C. Jiménez-Navarro ◽  
Patricia Jimeno-Sáez ◽  
Adrián López-Ballesteros ◽  
Julio Pérez-Sánchez ◽  
Javier Senent-Aparicio
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case

Precipitation and temperature around the world are expected to be altered by climate change. This will cause regional alterations to the hydrological cycle. For proper water management, anticipating these changes is necessary. In this study, the basin of Lake Erken (Sweden) was simulated with the recently released software SWAT+ to study such alterations in a short (2026–2050), medium (2051–2075) and long (2076–2100) period, under two different climate change scenarios (SSP2-45 and SSP5-85). Seven global climate models from the latest projections of future climates that are available (CIMP 6) were compared and ensembled. A bias-correction of the models’ data was performed with five different methods to select the most appropriate one. Results showed that the temperature is expected to increase in the future from 2 to 4 °C, and precipitation from 6% to 20%, depending on the scenario. As a result, water discharge would also increase by about 18% in the best-case scenario and by 50% in the worst-case scenario, and the surface runoff would increase between 5% and 30%. The floods and torrential precipitations would also increase in the basin. This trend could lead to soil impoverishment and reduced water availability in the basin, which could damage the watershed’s forests. In addition, rising temperatures would result in a 65% reduction in the snow water equivalent at best and 92% at worst.

Have Agricultural Economists Neglected Poverty Issues? (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4I) ◽  
pp. 551-578
Author(s):  
William C. Thlesenhusen
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Industrial Country ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
Black Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Third World

In the short term one can be pessimistic about the collective progress of the Third World and its interactions with industrial countries. There is plenty of bad news. With one-quarter of the world's population, industrialized countries consume about 80 percent of the world's goods. With three-quarters of the world's population, developing countries command less than one-quarter of the world's resources. And the imbalance is growing worse.! Of the 2.7 billion people in the tropical and subtropical regions outside of China, 40 percent live in poverty; more than 14 million of their children under 5 years of age starve to death or die of disease each year? Furthermore, at the same time as an increasing proportion of the population of Africa is composed of young people (65 percent of its population is now under age 25), education budgets are being cut - from $ 10.8 billion in 1980 to $ 5.8 billion in 1986.3 In an article assessing the globalization of economies, Richard J. Barnet writes: "Poverty, population pressures, civil war, and repression are turning Sub-Saharan Africa - black Africa minus South Africa and Namibia - into a giant disaster zone, and in countries in South America, such as Colombia and Peru, the civil society is dissolving. In the Philippines more than seventy percent of the population is poor by any human standard. With the end of the Cold War, the increasing marginalization of the Third World appears likely."4 The predictions are ominous. Barnet concludes his article, written before the crisis in Iraq, by speaking to an industrial-country audience: "There is no real north-south dialogue, and politicians in the industrial world feel little pressure to begin one.

Refugees and the Asylum Dilemma in the West

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gil Loescher
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Third World ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The West ◽  
To Come ◽  
Refugee Problem ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe

In recent years, political asylum and refugees have become acute issues in public debate in Western Europe and North America. The debate has become especially heated since 1989 and the breaching of barriers between Eastern and Western Europe, with East Germans, Albanians, Romanians, and Yugoslavs all trying to move west. Most asylum-seekers continue to come from the Third World. Those who manage to enter the West face growing hostility, poverty, and even violent attacks. In France immigration has already shifted political discourse sharply to the right, testing the nation's tolerance toward foreigners and shaking its liberal foundations. Xenophobia and brutal physical attacks on foreigners by skinheads and extreme right-wingers throughout Germany have caused politicians in Bonn to reconsider their country's asylum provisions. Governments everywhere appear reluctant to open their doors when they are not sure how many will benefit from their hospitality and for how long. To many industrialized countries, asylum-seekers are perceived mostly as economic migrants in search of a better life. Actual migratory pressures from the South and perceived threats of exodus from the East have only served to reinforce this restrictive attitude to asylum. The refugee problem has reached such a critical point that the very institution of asylum is being threatened.

scholarly journals Another Development in Health

1970 ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Lebanese American University
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Care ◽  
General Health ◽  
Third World ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Dag Hammarskjold

A seminar on "Another Development in Health," organized in June 1977 at the Dag Hammarskjold Center at Uppsala, Sweden, declared that the crisis in health care "is not limited to the Third World but is becoming increasingly evident in the industrialized countries as well." It was made clear that development based on economic growth is not a guarantee of general health and welfare unless it is man-centered and works to improve the quality of life that man is leading.

scholarly journals Critical sustainability and energy consumption in urban transport

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Miomir Jovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Third World ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
World Energy ◽  
The Third World ◽  
American Cities

Industrialized countries are exploiting the world energy resources very quickly (although they do not have enough of their own energy reserves). On the other hand, population of the Third world simply exploded during the last few decades. Hence, the real problem may occur if the Third world metropolises follow the example of the auto-dependent, low density suburban development of American cities. The effects will be disastrous: 14 times more energy consumption and 9 times higher emissions of CO2 (in the sphere of urban transportation).

Agricultural Pesticide Use in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Research Needs

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina Wesseling ◽  
Rob McConnell ◽  
Timo Partanen ◽  
Christer Hogstedt
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Research Collaborations ◽  
Large Worker ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Global Health Problem

Large worker populations in the Third World are exposed to increasing amounts of pesticides, including pesticides severely restricted and banned in industrialized countries. Studies on knowledge, attitudes, and practices indicate that unsafe use of pesticides is the rule in Third World countries. Surveys of acute poisonings show high rates in these countries, despite underregistration. The scarce studies on chronic health outcomes demonstrate neurotoxic, reproductive, and dermatologic effects. Exposure assessment consists mainly of Cholinesterase testing, and few studies have quantified dermal and respiratory exposure. The few intervention studies demonstrate the need for evaluation of the impact of preventive measures and policies. There is no evidence that widespread “safe-use” programs have greatly affected exposure and morbidity. It was concluded that research should focus on simple methods for surveillance of exposure and on surveillance of acute illness and its causes in order to develop and evaluate rapid local interventions. Studies on chronic effects should be carried out in selected countries, aiming at long-term and broader interventions. Policies that promote the use of pesticides should be critically evaluated. North–South and South–South research collaborations must be encouraged to address this global health problem.

scholarly journals The Third World War: A Look at the Implications of Climate Change on Global, National Security

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Lauren Schlusser
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
National Security ◽  
Third World ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Third World War

President Donald Trump ran to be president of the United States on a platform rife with statements denouncing the credibility of anthropogenic — man-made — climate change. In a separate, but equally important, vein, President Trump also expressed a commitment to ensure the security of US citizens both domestically and abroad. Today, however, it’s difficult to address national security effectively without simultaneously addressing global climate change. The two issues are intimately interwoven, and ignoring one issue will compromise the success of solving the other.

scholarly journals Training in Third World Countries: The International Civil Defense Organization (ICDO)

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Milan Bodi
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Technological Disaster ◽  
State Service ◽  
After Effects ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World

The International Civil Defense Organization (ICDO) is helping a large proportion of the Third World Countries where Civil Protection is considered, promoted and organized as a State Service, an obligation of the Authorities toward the population to save it from the devastating effects of a natural or technological disaster or the after-effects of a serious accident. The absence of the industrialized countries within the ICDO has not prevented the poor countries from developing a protection and safety system within the Technical Cooperation Program of ICDO, by their own efforts and with their own resources. The system is based on intervention units, which although sometimes in their embryonic stages, are already capable, however, of administering emergency first aid. Hence the keen interest of those countries in resuscitation techniques.

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