Biomechanical Comparison of Arm swing Characteristics of Children and Adults during Vertical Countermovement Jump

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate differences in Reactive Strength Index Modified (RSIMod) and Flight Time to Contraction Time Ratio (FT:CT) during the countermovement jump (CMJ) performed without the arm swing (CMJNAS) compared to the CMJ with the arm swing (CMJAS), while exploring the relationship within each variable between jump protocols. A secondary purpose sought to explore the relationship between RSIMod and FT:CT during both jump protocols. Twenty-two collegiate basketball players performed both three CMJNAS and three CMJAS on a force plate, during two separate testing sessions. RSIMod was calculated by the flight-time (RSIModFT) and impulse-momentum methods (RSIModIMP). CMJ variables were significantly greater during the CMJAS compared to CMJNAS (p < 0.001). There were large to very large correlations within each variable between the CMJAS and CMJNAS. There were significant positive correlations among RSIModFT, RSIModIMP, and FT:CT during both the CMJAS (r ≥ 0.864, p < 0.001) and CMJNAS (r ≥ 0.960, p < 0.001). These findings identify an increase in RSIMod or FT:CT during the CMJAS, that may provide independent information from the CMJNAS. In addition, either RSIMod or FT:CT may be utilized to monitor changes in performance, but simultaneous inclusion may be unnecessary.

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Countermovement Jump Reliability Performed With and Without an Arm Swing in NCAA Division 1 Intercollegiate Basketball Players

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0000000000002812 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 546-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Aaron D. Heishman ◽

Bryce D. Daub ◽

Ryan M. Miller ◽

Eduardo D.S. Freitas ◽

Brett A. Frantz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Countermovement Jump ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Arm Swing ◽

Division 1

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Countermovement Jump Reliability when Performed With and Without an Arm Swing in NCAA Division 1 Basketball Players

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000538208.39002.8d ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 50 (5S) ◽

pp. 669

Author(s):

Aaron D. Heishman ◽

Ryan M. Miller ◽

Eduardo D.S. Freitas ◽

Japneet Kaur ◽

Bianca A.R. Galletti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Countermovement Jump ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Arm Swing ◽

Division 1

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Countermovement Jump Inter-Limb Asymmetries in Collegiate Basketball Players

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7050103 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 103 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aaron Heishman ◽

Bryce Daub ◽

Ryan Miller ◽

Brady Brown ◽

Eduardo Freitas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Injury Risk ◽

Force Plate ◽

Return To Play ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Arm Swing ◽

Force Development ◽

Collegiate Basketball ◽

Limb Asymmetry ◽

Absolute Reliability

The purpose of the present study was to establish the intrasession and intersession reliability of variables obtained from a force plate that was used to quantitate lower extremity inter-limb asymmetry during the bilateral countermovement jump (CMJ). Secondarily, a comparison was performed to determine the influence of the jump protocol CMJ with or without an arm swing (CMJ AS and CMJ NAS, respectively) on inter-limb asymmetries. Twenty-two collegiate basketball players performed three CMJ AS and three CMJ NAS on dual force platforms during two separate testing sessions. A majority of variables met the acceptable criterion of intersession and intrasession relative reliability (ICC > 0.700), while fewer than half met standards established for absolute reliability (CV < 10%). CMJ protocol appeared to influence asymmetries; Concentric Impulse-100 ms, Eccentric Braking Rate of Force Development, Eccentric Deceleration, and Force at Zero velocity were significantly different between jumping conditions (CMJAS versus CMJ NAS; p < 0.05). The present data establish the reliability and smallest worthwhile change of inter-limb asymmetries during the CMJ, while also identifying the influence of CMJ protocol on inter-limb asymmetries, which can be useful to practitioners and clinicians in order to effectively monitor changes associated with performance, injury risk, and return-to-play strategies.

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Reliability and Differences of Jump Kinetics Related to Different Load in College Male Athletes

Athens Journal of Sports ◽

10.30958/ajspo.8-4-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 261-270

Author(s):

Chia-Hung Chuang ◽

Ching-Hung Lin ◽

Cheng-Wen Wu ◽

Kuo-Chuan Lin

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Force Plate ◽

Eccentric Contraction ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Arm Swing ◽

Repetition Maximum ◽

College Male ◽

Contraction Duration ◽

Post Hoc

The purpose of this study was to explore reliability and differences of jump kinetics related to different training load in college male athletes. The subjects were required to perform countermovement jump (CMJ) and loaded countermovement jump (LCMJ-0%, LCMJ-20% and LCMJ-80% of one-repetition maximum squat) three times for each load which were recorded by a force plate. One-way repeated measures ANOVA and the LSD post hoc method were employed to evaluate the results. The results reveled that jump kinetics-related parameters increased/decreased by the load. Compared with the loading jumps, the CMJ incorporate with an arm swing directly led to an increase in eccentric contraction duration during jumping. Most of the jump mechanical parameters under substantially different load conditions fall within the good to excellent reliability. It appears that the CMJ and CMJ with extra load were reliable in explore the kinetics related parameters. Keywords: countermovement jump, one-repetition maximum, arm swing, eccentric contraction

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Biomechanical Analysis of the Jump Shot in Basketball

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2014-0062 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 73-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Artur Struzik ◽

Bogdan Pietraszewski ◽

Jerzy Zawadzki

Keyword(s):

Peak Power ◽

High Performance ◽

Force Plate ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Biomechanical Analysis ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Mean Power ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Arm Swing ◽

High Level

Abstract Basketball players usually score points during the game using the jump shot. For this reason, the jump shot is considered to be the most important element of technique in basketball and requires a high level of performance. The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical characteristics of the lower limbs during a jump shot without the ball and a countermovement jump without an arm swing. The differences between variables provide information about the potential that an athlete can utilise during a game when performing a jump shot. The study was conducted among 20 second-league basketball players by means of a Kistler force plate and the BTS SMART system for motion analysis. The variables measured included the take-off time, mean power, peak power, relative mean power, jump height, maximum landing force and calculated impact ratio. Surprisingly, more advantageous variables were found for the jump shot. This finding suggests a very high performance level in the jump shot in the studied group and a maximum utilisation of their motor abilities. Both types of jumps were characterised by high mean and peak power values and average heights. The high forces at landing, which result in considerable impact ratios, may have prompted the studied group to land softly. Use of the countermovement jump without an arm swing is recommended to assess and predict the progression of player’s jumping ability

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Influence of Plyometrics on Jump Capabilities in Technical and Aesthetical Sports

Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae ◽

10.1515/afepuc-2017-0008 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. 76-88

Author(s):

Gabriela Mlsnová ◽

Jana Luptáková

Keyword(s):

Experimental Period ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Control Group ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Arm Swing ◽

Specific Strength ◽

Overall Evaluation ◽

High Level ◽

Vertical Jumps

SummaryThe aim of the study was to examine the effect of plyometric exercises on explosive strength of lower extremities in girls performing of technical and aesthetical sports. Experiment was carried out on three groups; artistic gymnasts (VG, n = 15; age = 12.4 ± 0.7 years), fitness girls (VF, n = 15; age = 13.8 ± 1.9 years) and dancers (VD, n = 15; age = 13.8 ± 2 years). To check, the control group of general population was involved in the study (VK, n = 15; age = 13.9 ± 1.5 years). Following tests on jump ergometer Fitro Jumper were carried out at the beginning and at the end of experimental period: countermovement jump without and with arms swing and 10- second series of repeated vertical jumps. Plyometric program consisted of two plyometric units a week during thirty weeks. The results show that higher improvement in all evaluated tests achieved the group of fitness. In the countermovement jump without arm swing was observed improvement height of the jump 3.4 ± 1.4 cm (p ˂ 0.00001), in the countermovement jump with arm swing 5.7 ± 1.5 cm (p ˂ 0.00001), in difference of height of the jump between countermovement jump with and without arms swing 2.3 ± 1 cm (p ˂ 0.00001), in ten second series of repeated vertical jumps without arms swing in the height of jump 4.2 ± 1.6 cm (p ˂ 0.00001) and in power in active take off phase 8.8 ± 2.2 W.kg-1(p ˂ 0.00001). Based on finding the study and in coherence with data from literature, we can conclude the effect of plyometric exercises was effective in combination with specific-strength training. Jumping ability is limiting factor of sport performance in technical and aesthetical sports and implementation of plyometric exercises to the training is highly recommend. The high level of jump capabilities can improve the quality and technique of performance complex acrobatic elements and dance leaps thereby increasing overall evaluation of performance in selected sports.

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Sex and Age-Group Differences in Strength, Jump, Speed, Flexibility, and Endurance Performances of Swedish Elite Gymnasts Competing in TeamGym

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living ◽

10.3389/fspor.2021.653503 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Stefan Höög ◽

Erik P. Andersson

Keyword(s):

Performance Metrics ◽

Upper Body ◽

Group Differences ◽

Age Group ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Arm Swing ◽

Back Squat ◽

Forward Bending ◽

Run Test

Purpose: To analyze sex and age group differences in strength, jump, speed, flexibility, and endurance performances of TeamGym athletes.Methods: A total of 91 Swedish elite gymnasts (junior female, n = 26, age = 15.4 y; senior female, n = 23, age = 20.0 y; junior male, n = 19, age = 15.6 y; senior male, n = 23, age = 20.6 y) participated in three testing sessions on three separate days. These were: (1) a series of flexibility tests for the lower- and upper-body; (2) strength tests for the lower- and upper-body; and (3) various types of jumps, a 20-m sprint-run, and a 3,000-m run test.Results: Males were 24% stronger in the back squat one-repetition maximum (relative to body mass) compared to females (P < 0.001, Hg = 1.35). In the pull-ups and dips, 2.4 and 2.3 times more repetitions were completed by the males compared to the females (both P < 0.001, 0.70 ≤ R ≤ 0.77). However, females were similarly strong as males in the hanging sit-ups test (P = 0.724). The males jumped 29, 34, 33, and 17% higher in the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa), and drop jump (DJ), respectively, compared to the females (all P ≤ 0.002, 0.14 ≤ ηp2 ≤ 0.60). In the 20-m sprint run, males were 4% faster than females (P < 0.001, R = 0.40). Moreover, the females had significantly better flexibility than the males in the trunk forward bending, front split, and side split tests (all P < 0.001, 0.24 ≤ ηp2 ≤ 0.54). In the 3,000-m run test, males were 11% faster than females (P < 0.001, ηp2 ≤ 0.54). Compared to junior athletes, seniors performed better in the pull-ups, dips, SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests (all P ≤ 0.012, 0.31 ≤ R ≤ 0.56, 0.16 ≤ ηp2 ≤ 0.25), with separate within-sex age-group differences (i.e., juniors vs. seniors) that were significant for the males but not for the females in the SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests (males: all P < 0.001, 0.67 ≤ R ≤ 0.69, 1.37 ≤ Hg ≤ 2.01; females: all P = 0.298–732).Conclusions: Large sex and age-group differences were observed for most physical performance metrics with specific within-sex age-group differences only observed for male athletes, with male seniors performing better than juniors in the SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests.

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Dynamic Core Flexion Strength is Important for Using Arm-Swing to Improve Countermovement Jump Height

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10217676 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (21) ◽

pp. 7676

Author(s):

Liang Guo ◽

Ying Wu ◽

Li Li

Keyword(s):

Pearson Correlation ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽

Core Strength ◽

Arm Swing ◽

Sports Events ◽

Flexion Strength

Background: Specificity of core strength training to sports events is crucial for performance improvement. The purpose of this study was to examine the specific relationship between core strength and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Methods: Twenty active college students (7 male, 13 female) participated in the project. CMJ heights with (HAS) and without arm-swing (HNAS) were estimated from vertical ground reaction force data collected using a force platform. Twelve dynamic and static core strength measurements of flexion and extension were tested using a dynamometer. The shared variance between CMJ height and core strength measurements was estimated using the square of Pearson correlation coefficients (R2). Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine which independent variables in core strength measurements were major predictors of CMJ height. Results: Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between all 12 core strength measurements and CMJ height with/without arm-swing. Normalized (normalized with individuals’ body mass) peak torque during dynamic flexion at 180°per second (NPDF180) and normalized peak torque during static flexion at 120° (NPSF120) shared 72.0% variance with HAS, and NPSF120 shared 57.0% variance with HNAS. Conclusion: Dynamic core flexion strength is vital for using arm-swing to improve CMJ height. The structure of kinematic and kinetic core training could be considered to improve CMJ performance for coaches as well as professional and recreational athletes.

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Specificity of jumping, acceleration and quick change of direction motor abilities in soccer players

Kinesiology ◽

10.26582/k.49.1.12 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 22-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Asier Los Arcos ◽

Javier Yanci

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Principal Component ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Underlying Structure ◽

Principal Component Factor Analysis ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Arm Swing ◽

Squat Jump ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Motor Abilities

The purpose of this study was to determine the underlying structure of the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) jumping, acceleration and change-of-direction (COD) abilities in soccer players using principal component factor analysis (PCA). Based on the results of recent studies on male college athletes, we hypothesized that slow SSC jumping, acceleration and COD represent independent motor abilities in soccer players. Forty two soccer players (23.2±2.36 yr) performed three tests for each group of rapid lower-body movements: a) three vertical slow SSC jumping tests ‒ squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and arm swing countermovement jump (CMJAS), b) three acceleration tests ‒ 5, 10 and 15 meter sprint times (ACC5, ACC10 and ACC15), and c) three COD tests ‒ modified agility test free (MATF), the 505 agility test (505) and 20 yard agility test (Y20). PCA was applied to establish the relationships among the factors (i.e. motor abilities) underlying the included manifest variables (i.e. performance tests). This procedure reduced all variables to a smaller number of independent latent dimensions. The results indicated three separate factors that may correspond to slow SSC jumping, acceleration and COD abilities. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients among the three motor abilities extracted was r<.56. Therefore, it is suggested that slow SSC jumping, acceleration and COD abilities represent independent motor abilities and consequently these should be trained and evaluated separately to assess soccer players’ physical profiles.

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