scholarly journals LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES TO REFORM PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION IN THE FAR EAST IN 1918–1922

2021 ◽  
pp. 152-166
Author(s):  
Марина Петровна Войтеховская ◽  
Светлана Анатольевна Кочурина
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Far East ◽  
Training System ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Government ◽  
Far Eastern

В объективных процессах интеграции и унификации в сфере образования каждая национальная система опирается на имеющийся потенциал и накопленный отечественный опыт. Целью данной статьи является реконструкция и обобщение опыта дальневосточных органов власти по реформированию педагогического образования и педагогических учебных заведений в годы Гражданской войны. Основным источником для написания работы послужили архивные материалы, хранящиеся в фондах Российского государственного исторического архива Дальнего Востока. Министерство народного просвещения Временного Сибирского правительства неоднократно поднимало вопросы преобразования системы подготовки учителей, но ни один существенный законопроект принят не был. С 1919 г. вопросами образования на Дальнем Востоке занималось Министерство народного просвещения правительства А. В. Колчака, и этот период связан c усилившейся децентрализацией управления, введением института уполномоченных. С конца 1920 г. на Дальнем Востоке действовали региональные правительства, которые формировали политику в отношении педагогических учебных заведений под влиянием идей Наркомпроса. Региональные органы власти, несмотря на стремление к демократизации институтов управления, не смогли преодолеть инерции накопившихся в сфере образования проблем. Законодательная деятельность Министерства народного просвещения Временного Сибирского правительства была малоэффективной и краткосрочной. С переходом дальневосточных территорий под юрисдикцию местных органов управления региональные отделы народного образования последовали по пути реформирования отдельных педагогических учебных заведений. На пути реформ правительство Дальневосточной республики продвинулось немного дальше, чем Сибирское правительство. За основу реформ были взяты советские принципы построения школы. С усилением общего кризиса местные власти все меньше учитывали мнения профессионального педагогического сообщества, все чаще преобразования носили директивный характер. В результате необдуманных реконструкций учительских институтов и семинарий требовавшая реформ, но слаженная и развивающаяся система педагогического образования была разрушена, заменена на малоэффективные переходные и ограниченные формы, стоящие значительных организационных и финансовых усилий, а запланированные реформы так и не получили достойной реализации. In the objective processes of integration and unification in the field of education, each national system relies on the existing potential and accumulated domestic experience. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct and generalize the experience of the Far Eastern authorities in reforming teacher education and teacher training institutions during the Civil War. The main source for writing the work was archival materials stored in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East. The Ministry of Public Education of the Provisional Siberian Government has repeatedly raised the issues of transformation of the teacher training system, but no substantive bill was adopted. Since 1919, Ministry of National Education of the government of A.V. Kolchak dealt with education, and this period is associated with the increased decentralization of management and the introduction of the institute of commissioners. Since the end of 1920, the regional governments operating in the Far East formed a policy towards pedagogical educational institutions under the influence of the ideas of the People’s Commissariat of Education. Regional authorities, despite their desire to democratize governance institutions, have not been able to overcome the inertia of accumulated problems in the field of education. The legislative activity of the Ministry of Public Education of the Provisional Siberian Government was ineffective and short-term. With the transition of the Far Eastern territories under the jurisdiction of local government bodies, regional departments of public education followed the path of reforming individual pedagogical educational institutions. On the path of the reform, the government of the Far Eastern Republic has moved a little further than the Siberian Government. The reforms were based on the soviet principles of school development. As the general crisis intensified, the local authorities took less and less into account the opinions of the professional pedagogical community, and more and more often the changes were of a prescriptive nature. As a result of ill-considered reconstructions of teachers’ institutes and seminaries, the system of teacher education that required reforms but was well-coordinated and developing, was destroyed, replaced with ineffective transitional and limited forms that cost significant organizational and financial efforts, and the planned reforms were not implemented properly.

Demographics and personnel – key problems of the Far East and Transbaikalia /

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
A. Tomskikh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Far East ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Far Eastern

The article analyzes demographic problems and closely related issues of personnel shortage, which are critically important for the accelerated socio-economic development of the Far East and Transbaikal region in particular. Today, as in the past decades, there is no clear understanding of the solution of these issues in the country, moreover, there is no reliable assessment base that allows to understand the depth of the problems, their localization at the regional and municipal levels and the factors involved in the development of effective management decisions at all levels of government. Therefore, in order to develop a state policy for accelerated socio-economic development of the regions of the Far East, it is necessary to determine priorities that will be appropriately evaluated by the population through its natural movement and migration behaviour. After all, the stabilization of the population of the Far East, and its growth in the future (taking into account the tasks of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation), is a task that should be solved primarily as a geopolitical one. Current mechanisms in the form of state programs: “Far Eastern hectare”, “Personnel support for the economy of the Far East”, “Development of the education system”, “Promotion of the Far East for work and life”, “Far Eastern mortgage” – do not work as effectively as intended. It is necessary to review the approaches to reformatting the region’s economy as a “new industrialization”, with the experience of the Stolypin reforms of the tsarist government and the Soviet era in the 70s of the twentieth century, but on other innovative principles. China demonstrates this quite well, including the Northern provinces. Their experience of reforms, for example in education, indicates a need to change the control system, expressed in the subordination of the majority of vocational schools at the provincial level, which enabled more productive to go to the formula “school- market and the government” and solve those huge human resource challenges faced by a growing economy

THE SARATOV VOLGA REGION AND THE FAR EAST: THREE CENTURIES OF RELATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. PETROVICH ◽  
S. I. SAMSONOV
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Far Eastern

The article deals with the dynamics of the development of the Far  East with the help of labor migration in the period from the 1860s to  the present day. The authors analyze the intensity of migration  flows, the reasons for their decline or increase, talk about new settlements founded by immigrants from the Saratov Volga  region in the Amur and Primorye regions of the Russian Empire, and  trace the fate of these settlements to this day. The authors identify  the reasons for the lack of support for the resettlement movement in the Russian Empire by the state until the beginning of the  twentieth century, and the reasons that prompted  the government  to develop an effective resettlement program since 1906. Attention  is paid to the participation of Saratov in the Russian-Japanese war in  the Far East. The extensive statistical material contained in the  official publications following the results of the all-Russian population censuses of 1897, 2002 and 2010 is used. Internet sources,  websites of public organizations, official state bodies, mass media  are attracted. The migration policy of P.A. Stolypin, Prime Minister of  Imperial Russia and former Saratov Governor- General is analyzed.  In comparison with it, the project "far Eastern hectare" is  considered, which the modern Russian government considers as the  main tool for the inflow of population to the vast far Eastern territories. The authors prove the ineffectiveness of the  project due to the small amount of allocated land, their unsuitability  for agriculture or other socially significant activities, remoteness  from communications, the lack of benefits for immigrants on such a scale as it was a century ago. The conclusion to which the  researchers come: only taking into account the experience of  generations of Russians in the development of the Far East, the  traditional connection of the regions of Russia, proved by the  example of the Saratov  Volga region, providing immigrants with all  the necessary and benefits no worse than a century ago, it is  possible to ensure the priority development of the Far East.

FAR EASTERN POLICY OF THE POST-SOVIET RUSSIA IN THE END OF THE XX CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURY: CONCEPTS, EXPERT OPINIONS AND PUBLICISTS’ VIEWPOINTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/1) ◽  
pp. 30-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. VASHCHUK
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Government ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
The Early 21St Century

Investigation of Russia’s turnabout to the East is a bright feature of  the national humanitarian space of the early 21st century.  Publications on this topic include the works of economists,  geographers, sociologists and historians. It contains various  viewpoints on the part that the Far Eastern region played in the  social and economic development of Russia, as well as different  genres (varying from publicism to scientific research), and expert  assessments and recommendations to the government. The article  deals with historiographic review of the emerging scientific trend and complements it with the methodology of social and political  history. Humanitarians are considered to be part of the transformed  “society-government” system. The analytics covers a variety of  opinions on the two transformation stages of the post-Soviet history: the Far East during the 1990s and the first fifteen years of the 21st  century. That allows tracing the interrelation between the regional  policy and the intellectuals’ reflection on it. The author comes to the  following conclusion: in 1990s speaking about the Far Eastern policy the experts’ society is rather unanimous in characterizing the  consequences of the reforms as disastrous; but regarding the  “turnabout to the East” the opinions become more varied; optimistic  and pessimistic experts present extreme poles. The role of the Far  East the Russian history of the early 21st century is rather  controversial: on the one hand the region is a kind of problem for  the Centre, and on the other hand, active development of the east is an essential part of the new stage in the development of Russia.

scholarly journals Territories of Advanced Development as a link in the development of the territorial socio-economic systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-24
Author(s):  
П.Я. Бакланов
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Federal District ◽  
General Description ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Government ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Advanced Development

В 2014 г. в Правительстве РФ был разработан новый инструмент развития Дальнего Востока – создание территорий опережающего развития (ТОР). Был принят специальный федеральный закон (ФЗ). К настоящему времени в Дальневосточном федеральном округе во всех субъектах, кроме Магаданской области, определены 20 ТОР, под которые выделяется компактная территория с наличием благоприятных условий социально-экономического развития и ряда крупных инвестиционных проектов, благодаря чему эта территория может стать точкой роста и способствовать развитию района в целом. В статье приводится общая характеристика ТОР Дальнего Востока, обобщены проблемы, проявляющиеся на стадии их создания. Дается детальная характеристика одной из первых ТОР – Надеждинской, формирующейся вблизи Владивостока. Для этой ТОР был разработан План перспективного развития, включающий оценку основных предпосылок и конкурентных преимуществ ее формирования, обоснование приоритетных видов деятельности, обобщенную оценку экономической эффективности и перспектив пространственного развития. В будущем на Дальнем Востоке возможно образование новых ТОР по глубокой переработке природных ресурсов суши и моря на основе новейших инновационных технологий. В ряде случаев целесообразно создание ТОР регионального значения с введением местных преференций, что будет стимулировать местные инициативы. При этом будут использованы имеющиеся благоприятные условия комплексного пространственного развития. In 2014, the Government of the Russian Federation has established a new tool for the development of the Far East by forming a territory of advanced development (TAD). A specific Federal Law (FL) has been passed. Today, 20 TADs have been determined in all federal units of the Far Eastern Federal District, except for Magadan Oblast. TAD is allocated on a compact area with favorable conditions for socio-economic development and a number of large investment projects, stipulating its conversion into a growth point and input to the development of the region as a whole. The article provides a general description of the TADs in the Far East with their schematic maps, generalizes the problems that appear at the stage of their creation. A detailed description of one of the first TAD, Nadezhdinskaya TAD, near Vladivostok is given. A long-term development plan, highlighting and justifying the priority economic activities and resident companies was developed for this TAD under the supervision of the author.

Conference on the Limitation of Armament

1922 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Hughes ◽  
Henry Cabot Lodge ◽  
Oscar W. Underwood ◽  
Elihu Root
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Far East ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
Common Understanding

The undersigned, appointed by the President as Commissioners to represent the Government of the United States at the Conference on Limitation of Armament, have the honor to submit the following report of the Proceedings of the Conference.On July 8, 1921, by direction of the President, the Department of State addressed an informal inquiry to the group of Powers known as the Principal Allied and Associated Powers—that is, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan—to ascertain whether it would be agreeable to them to take part in a conference on the subject of limitation of armament, to be held in Washington at a time to be mutually agreed upon. In making this inquiry, it was stated to be manifest that the question of Umitation of armament had a close relation to Pacific and Far Eastern problems, and the President suggested that the Powers especially interested in these problems should undertake in connection with the Conference the consideration of all matters bearing upon their solution with a view to reaching a common understanding with respect to principles and policies in the Far East.

Britain, America, and the Far East, 1937-1940: a Failure in Cooperation

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Nicholas R. Clifford
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Government ◽  
Far Eastern

Most of the scholarly works on British policy in the years preceding World War II have neglected events in the Far East in favor of those in Europe. Any study of recent British diplomacy is, of course, seriously hampered by the lack of Foreign Office documents and by the generally uninformative nature of British memoirs. Nevertheless, the sources which do exist give a picture which, while still incomplete, is interesting for its own sake in showing how the Chamberlain Government met the problems of the Pacific, and also for the light which it sheds on Anglo-American relations in this period. Perhaps nowhere else was there as much consistent misunderstanding and disappointment between London and Washington as over the questions raised by the Sino-Japanese War. The Manchurian episode had left a legacy of distrust between the two countries; just enough was known about the approaches made by the Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, to the Foreign Secretary, Sir John Simon, so that many on both sides of the Atlantic believed that Britain had rejected American offers for joint action against Japan in 1932, and that as a result nothing had prevented the Japanese advance. When Stimson's The Far Eastern Crisis appeared in 1936, it was read by many with more enthusiasm than accuracy, and seemed to confirm these views. In Britain it provided ammunition for the critics of the Government, while in the United States it increased the suspicions of those unwilling to trust Britain, and strengthened the trend to isolation.

Teacher Training in Pakistan: Overview of Challenges and their Suggested Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-223
Author(s):  
Kamran Akhtar Siddiqui ◽  
Shahid Hussain Mughal ◽  
Imran Ali Soomro ◽  
Masood Ahmed Dool
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Training System ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Right ◽  
Policy And Planning

Education is a key component of progress in the present-day world. But this progress cannot be made without efforts of teachers. Therefore, teacher education, in particular teacher training becomes extremely important. In this regard, several trainings programs are initiated and executed across Pakistan but the desired outcomes have not been achieved so far. Hence, this study was conducted to explore the challenges in teacher training in Pakistan and the ways through which these issues can be resolved. The sources for the data of the study were the published studies in the field in the context of Pakistan, national education policy, and other relevant literature. Based on secondary data, the study concludes that the issues with teacher training in Pakistan are administrative as well as faculty related. The findings reveal that the challenges related to policy and planning, poor induction of teachers, lack of resources in teacher training institutions, demotivation among teachers, and unequal distribution of skilled and productive teachers, dual training system and infrequent trainings. These issues can be fixed by fostering encouraging environment, ensuring accountability and merit, providing necessary resources, systematizing professional training programs and their continuation. The findings of this study will, therefore, positively guide policymakers to develop the right and effective policy to improve the standard of teacher education in the country.

Changes in the Teacher Training and Qualification in Bulgaria

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-23
Author(s):  
Viara Gyurova
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Training System ◽  
Development System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Teacher Qualification

Since the beginning of the last decade of the past 20th century, Bulgaria has entered a new, complex stage of its development, with many reforms. Education and teacher training reforms are influenced by the global and European trends, as well as by the national changes (political, economical, social, and technological). The author analyses the main characteristics of the changed teacher training system and teacher qualification and development system. Some of the challenges and directions of the transformation and future development of the teacher education and qualification in Bulgaria are discussed.

MEMBANGUN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER SEJAK USIA DINI

Edupedia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Agus Supriyadi
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Character Education ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Early Age ◽  
National Education ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One

Character education is a vital instrument in determining the progress of a nation. Therefore the government needs to build educational institutions in order to produce good human resources that are ready to oversee and deliver the nation at a progressive level. It’s just that in reality, national education is not in line with the ideals of national education because the output is not in tune with moral values on the one hand and the potential for individuals to compete in world intellectual order on the other hand. Therefore, as a solution to these problems is the need for the applicationof character education from an early age.

Santo Domingo-ICRC President in the Far East and Central America — Viet Nam — Yemen — Southern Rhodesia — Mission in Africa

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (52) ◽  
pp. 351-360
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Political Prisoners ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Santo Domingo ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Reconstruction

The delegation of the International Committee of the Red Cross brought its aid to civilian and political prisoners.One of the ICRC representatives in Santo Domingo, Mr. Pierre Jequier, general delegate for Latin America, visited prisons of the “Constitutional Government” presided over by Colonel Francisco Caamano Deno and of the “Government of National Reconstruction” of General Antonio Imbert. There were no restrictions placed by either on visits.

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