Investigational Studies on Quantity of Salinity in Netravati River Estuary Sand-Coastal Karnataka

The salt water mixes with fresh water and forms brackish water. The brackish water contains some quantity of salt, but not equal to sea water. Salinity determines the geographic distribution of the number of marshes found in estuary. Hence salinity is a very important environmental factor in estuary system. Sand is one major natural aggregate, required in construction industry mainly for the manufacture of concrete. The availability of good river sand is reduced due to salinity. The quality of sand available from estuarine regions is adversely affected due to this reason. It is the responsibility of engineers to check the quality of sand and its strength parameters before using it for any construction purpose. Presence of salt content in natural aggregates or manufactured aggregates is the cause for corrosion in steel. In this study the amount of salinity present in estuary sand was determined. Three different methods were used to determine the salinity in different seasonal variations. The sand sample collected nearer to the sea was found to be high in salinity in all methods. It can be concluded that care should be taken before we use estuary sand as a construction material due to the presence of salinity.

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Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles Waste as Fine Aggregate in Concrete

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.f1243.0486s419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (6S4) ◽

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽

Construction Material ◽

Fine Aggregate ◽

River Sand ◽

Recycled Pet ◽

Pet Bottles ◽

Fine Aggregates ◽

New Construction ◽

Natural Aggregates

Concrete construction industry is one of the major sector utilizing natural resources to produce concrete for building constructions. The rapid increase in building constructions and the demand for natural aggregates has resulted in depletion natural resources at an alarming rate. Uncontrolled mining activity worsens the situation. Thus serious awareness has been taken into consideration, has to be identified as a potential river sand substitution for fine aggregates replacement in concrete. For this review, utilizing recycled material are described as a fine aggregate replacement to river sand, particularly recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles. Recycled PET Bottles are categorized as nonbiodegradable waste materials which are injurious to health. Recycled PET bottles in concrete are economical and help in reducing disposal problems. Recycled PET bottles are pondered as the best eco-friendly alternative not only for resolving the problem of disposal but as a new construction material for concrete

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PENGGUNAAN PASIR LAUT TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BETON KOTA BENGKULU

Forum Mekanika ◽

10.33322/forummekanika.v6i2.120 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 106-113

Author(s):

Redaksi Tim Jurnal

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Fresh Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Sieve Analysis ◽

River Sand ◽

Fine Grain ◽

Sea Sand ◽

Compressive Strength Of Concrete

This research was motivated by the use of sea sand to the availability of large amounts in Bengkulu city. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of sea sand physically and to compare the compressive strength of concrete with the dunes and river sand. Sea Sand which were used in this study wereSelolongSea Sand, LakokSea Sand and Air Padang Sea Sand. The specimens were the cubical size 15 cm x 15 cm x15 cm of 40 samples with 2 types of treatment namely salt water and fresh water treatment. The planning of concrete used 0,5fasand 60-100 mmslump, The testing was done at 28 days. The result of this study showed that for doing the inspection of sand quality physically, all the tests fulfilled the requirement setexcept in the inception of sieve analysis for Air Padang sea sand, which has a very fine grain. The highestincreased of concrete compressive strength was atLakok Sea Sand, which was 3.86% of the dunes, and 4.77% for the treatment of river sand for freshwater. For the treatment of Lakoksalt water on the dunes increased to 2.22% and on the river sand increased 3.74%. Air Padang Sea Sand has the biggest reduction the compressive strength of concrete, most notably in the treatment of fresh water on the dunes of 10.33% and 9.54% of the river sand. For salt water treatment, Air Padang Sea Sand had a greater reduction which was 14.61% of the dunes and 13, 33% of the river sand.

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APLIKASI MEMBRAN SILIKA-PEKTIN UNTUK DESALINASI AIR PAYAU

Jukung (Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan) ◽

10.20527/jukung.v6i1.8233 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Muthia Elma ◽

Mahmud Mahmud ◽

Akhbar Akhbar ◽

Lilis Suryani ◽

Fitri Ria Mustalifah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

River Water ◽

Calcination Temperature ◽

Thermal Processing ◽

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Salt Content ◽

Rapid Thermal Processing ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Banana Peel ◽

Feed Water

Di Indonesia khususnya Kalimantan Selatan, sumber air yang digunakan kebanyakan adalah air sungai. Namun saat kemarau seperti bulan juli-agustus, air sungai banyak yang telah tekontaminasi air laut yang menyebabkan air menjadi asin akibat intrusi air laut. Salah satu teknologi yang dapat digunakan untuk memisahkan garam terlarut yang ada adalah dengan menggunakan teknologi membran dengan proses desalinasi. Membran yang digunakan adalah membran silika. Namun silika memiliki hidrostabilitas yang rendah sehingga perlu disisipkan dengan karbon yang terbuat dari pektin limbah kulit pisang agar memperkuat struktur pori maupun hidrostabilitas membran itu sendiri agar menambah kekuatan membran untuk menyaring kandungan garam yang ada pada air rawa asin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kinerja dari membran silika-pektin pisang dengan proses sintesis membran 4 layer (Konsentrasi pektin 0,1% dengan suhu kalsinasi 300 oC dan 400 oC dengan teknik RTP (Rapid Thermal Processing) menggunakan metode pervaporasi (PV) serta air laut artifisial sebagai air umpan (NaCl 0,3 wt%) dengan suhu ruang (25 0 C). Diperoleh hasil penelitian konsentrasi pektin 0,1 % dengan suhu kalsinasi 300 oC dan 400 oC adalah berturut-turut 5,45 dan 13,70 Kgm-2h-1. Sementara itu, nilai rejeksi kedua membran ini berturut-turut 91,94 % dan 92,08. Jadi, kinerja kedua membran silika pektin tersebut yang paling baik adalah pada suhu kalsinasi 400oC untuk deslinasi air asin. Kata kunci : Air asin, desalinasi, membran silika-pektin, pervaporasi. In Indonesia, especially South Kalimantan, the source of water used is mostly river water. But during the dry season like July-August, many river water has contaminated sea water which causes the water to become salty due to sea water intrusion. One technology that can be used to separate existing dissolved salts is to use membrane technology with the desalination process. The membrane used is the silica membrane. However, silica has low hydrostability so it needs to be inserted with carbon made from pectin from banana peel waste in order to strengthen the pore structure and membrane hydrostability itself in order to increase the strength of the membrane to filter out the salt content in salt marsh water. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of the banana silica-pectin membrane with a 4 layer membrane synthesis process (pectin concentration of 0.1% with calcination temperature of 300 oC and 400 oC with RTP (Rapid Thermal Processing) technique using pervaporation (PV) method and water artificial sea as feed water (NaCl 0.3 wt%) with room temperature (25 oC) .The results of the study were 0.1% pectin concentration with calcination temperature of 300 oC and 400 oC were respectively 5.45 and 13.70 Kgm-2h-1. Meanwhile, the rejection values of the two membranes were 91.94% and 92.08, respectively, so the best performance of the two pectin silica membranes was at calcination temperature of 400oC for saltwater deslination. Keywords: Desalination, pervaporation, salt water, silica-pectin membrane.

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Sea Water Intrusion into the Fraser River and its Relation to the Incidence of Shipworms in Steveston Cannery Basin

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f58-007 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 91-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Susumu Tabata ◽

Robin J. LeBrasseur

Keyword(s):

River Discharge ◽

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Larval Settlement ◽

River Estuary ◽

River Channel ◽

Fraser River ◽

Sea Water Intrusion ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Water Intrusion

The presence of shipworms (Bankia setacea) in Steveston Cannery Basin in the Fraser River estuary is attributed to sea water intrusion. River discharge, tides, geometry of the river channel and basin, and density of the intruding sea water are factors affecting intrusion, which in turn influence larval settlement. Settlement may occur at depths where salinity is less than 15‰ but the larvae fail to survive. However, they will continue to develop where salinity exceeds 20‰. Dredging the channel to a continuous grade would eliminate permanent salt-water "pools" along the bottom and prevent infestation.

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Perancangan dan Realisasi Pengatur Kadar Garam pada Aquarium Air Laut Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATMEGA16

Jurnal Go Infotech ◽

10.36309/goi.v25i1.102 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 35

Author(s):

Paryanta Paryanta ◽

Widyo Ari Utomo ◽

Deta Wahyu Herlambang

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Sea Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Salt Content ◽

Water Levels ◽

Control Valves ◽

Saltwater Fish ◽

The Impact ◽

Sensor Voltage

<p><em>Aquarium sea water is a place to keep the fish that live in sea water. Setting levels of salt in the water is one of the problems that often occur. The intensity of the impact on the salt content of appetite that can lead to stress fish so that the fish will die. This thesis will be made the design and realization of the regulator saline seawater aquarium. The main characteristics of the sensor voltage values salinity is issued is inversely proportional to the value of the water levels are detected. If the salt content the higher the voltage value becomes lower. The sensors used in the form of parallel metal pieces which serves as a detector of the change in resistance. The output of the censor will be the input to the ADC. While calculations using ATmega16 microcontroller and the result is displayed on the LCD. If the value of the salt content of sea water aquarium turned microcontroller ATmega16 control valves salt water and fresh water faucet to stabilize the salinity at a certain value. With this thesis is realized, it is expected to reduce the problems in the maintenance of saltwater fish.</em></p>

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Oviposition and Development of Anopheles coluzzii coetzee and Wilkerson in Salt Water

Malaria Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2019/9523962 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

E. K. Nwaefuna ◽

Ibalafake Ibisobia Bagshaw ◽

F. Gbogbo ◽

M. Osae

Keyword(s):

Brackish Water ◽

Sea Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Anopheles Coluzzii ◽

Media Effect ◽

Sea Levels ◽

Ovipositional Preference

Anopheles coluzzii is an important vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa particularly of the most dangerous malaria parasite. It completes its life cycle in water and a change in physicochemical properties particularly that of salinity of water may affect egg laying and perhaps the development of eggs to maturity. Studies have shown that climate change may alter the transmission of many vector-borne diseases in different parts of the world and global warming will also raise sea levels which will lead to an increase in saline and brackish water body in coastal areas. This study investigated the salinity tolerance level of An. coluzzii. It involved creation of artificial environments of different salinity gradients using rainwater and sea water and the subsequent exposure of the media to An. coluzzii for laying of eggs and development of larvae to adult. Anopheles coluzzii showed ovipositional preference for less saline media as there was significant negative correlation between number of eggs laid and salinity of oviposition media. Effect of salinity was evident in egg development and larval survival, as no egg hatched in >30% sea water, all L3 larvae died in >40% seawater, and the maximum seawater concentration for L4 survival was 30%. An LC50 of 17.51% (95% CI: 9.31–24.56)% and 23.4% (95% CI: 16.76–22.30)% were calculated for L3 and L4 larvae respectively. Adults emerging from fresh and low saline water of 10% seawater had greater energy reserve than those emerging from 20% and 30% seawater. Increasing salinity did not affect wing length of the emerging adult. Despite the increased stress on larval development, some individuals survived and went on to emerge as adults in conditions that seem to be representative of brackish water. This may imply that an increase in brackish water sites caused by rising sea levels might create more suitable breeding sites for this species.

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Study of Sea Water Quality Around the Jelitik River Estuary, Sungailiat Subdistrict - Bangka Regency

Jurnal Presipitasi Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan ◽

10.14710/presipitasi.v17i1.29-37 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

Mardi Wibowo ◽

Reno Arief Rachman

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Sea Water ◽

River Estuary ◽

Total Suspended Solid ◽

Initial Step ◽

Industrial Area ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Laboratory Analysis ◽

Nitrate Content

Jelitik River is the main river and economic artery of Sungailiat District, Bangka Regency. Currently around the Jelitik River there is a Jelitik Fishing Port and is developed as an industrial area. In addition to the problems of sedimentation problems with the development of industrial estates and the presence of sand mining rich in tin ore on land and on the high seas it is feared that it will reduce the quality of the environment, especially the surrounding sea water. Therefore, this study is needed in order to find out the quality of waters in this estuary which can be used as a basis or baseline for the initial environment of this region if later this area will be developed as a port or industrial area. The method used in this study is field observation, water sampling, and laboratory analysis. Therefore, as an initial step, it is necessary to identify the quality of the waters in this estuary which can be used as the basis or initial environmental baseline of this area if later this area will be developed as a port or industrial area. Based on observations in the field of laboratory analysis of water samples, generally the quality of seawater around the estuary of Jelitik River still meets seawater quality standards both for port activities, marine tourism and for biota. Some parameters that exceed the quality standard include total suspended solid (TSS) which reaches 250 mg/l, total dissolved solids (TDS) which reaches 24,700 mg/l and nitrate content which reaches 0.38 mg/l. BOD value is 4.7 mg / l and COD is 46.4 mg / l, these parameters are still below the existing sea water quality standard.

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PENGARUH STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN DAN MINAT BELAJAR TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR KONSTRUKSI POLA PADA SISWA SMK NEGERI 8 MEDAN

JURNAL PENELITIAN BIDANG PENDIDIKAN ◽

10.24114/jpp.v18i3.4294 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 121

Author(s):

Surniati Chalid

Keyword(s):

Secondary Education ◽

Learning Outcomes ◽

Learning Strategies ◽

Construction Material ◽

Quality Of Education ◽

Vocational Schools ◽

Educational Facilities ◽

Quality Of Learning

Vocational schools (SMK) is a secondary education that preparesstudents primarily for working on a particular field. Diverse efforts made by SMKgraduates increased 8 Medan include improving the quality of education byreforming both the substance of the material and the provision of facilities andinfrastructure. However, the results have not been up, cermatan can be seen fromthe low competence of graduates, making it less able to play a role in meeting thedemands of the workplace. Assumed to be an indication of the quality of learning isstill performed during less effective, less efficient and unable to increase studentinterest. In order to achieve maximum learning outcomes is through theimprovement of learning strategies to utilize the educational facilities in accordancewith existing conditions, ie, by examining one of the subjects namely Constructiondressmaking pattern. Construction material pattern done with learning strategyapproach manipulated into two comparing results STAD cooperative learningstrategies and learning strategies expository and compare the results with thelearning characteristics of students with high and low interest in learning onlearning outcomes Pattern Construction.

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Mechanism of Cement Paste with Different Particle Sizes of Bottom Ash as Partial Replacement in Portland Cement

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.10.5887 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (10) ◽

pp. 2367-2372 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ng Hooi Jun ◽

Mirabela Georgiana Minciuna ◽

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah ◽

Tan Soo Jin ◽

Andrei Victor Sandu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Construction Material ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

High Volume ◽

Cement Composite ◽

Pozzolanic Reaction ◽

High Specific Surface Area ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Natural Aggregates ◽

Pozzolanic Properties

Manufacturing of Portland cement consists of high volume of natural aggregates which depleted rapidly in today construction field. New substitutable material such as bottom ash replace and target for comparable properties with hydraulic or pozzolanic properties as Portland cement. This study investigates the replacement of different sizes of bottom ash into Portland cement by reducing the content of Portland cement and examined the mechanism between bottom ash (BA) and Portland cement. A cement composite developed by 10% replacement with 1, 7, 14, and 28 days of curing and exhibited excellent mechanical strength on day 28 (34.23 MPa) with 63 mm BA. The porous structure of BA results in lower density as the fineness particles size contains high specific surface area and consume high quantity of water. The morphology, mineralogical, and ternary phase analysis showed that pozzolanic reaction of bottom ash does not alter but complements and integrates the cement hydration process which facilitate effectively the potential of bottom ash to act as construction material.

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