scholarly journals Modelling growth and nitrogen balance of barley under ambient and future conditions

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouko Kleemola ◽  
Tuomo Karvonen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Matter Production

According to current scenarios, atmospheric CO2 -concentration ([CO2]) and average air temperature will rise in the future. The predicted longer growing season in Finland would imply that more productive cultivars and even new crop species could be grown. Moreover, higher [CO2] is also likely to increase dry matter production of crops. This study analyzed the growth of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under ambient and suggested future conditions, and its response to N fertilization. Model simulations of soil temperature and of snow accumulation and melting were also studied. The calibration and validation results showed that the model performed well in simulating snow dynamics, soil temperature, the growth of barley, and the response of crop growth to N fertilization under present conditions. According to the simulation runs, if a cultivar was adapted to the length of the growing period, the increase in dry matter production was 23% in a low estimate scenario of climate change, and 56% in a high estimate scenario under a high level of nitrogen fertilization. The simulation study showed that the shoot dry weight increased by 43%, on average, under high N fertilization (150-200 kg N/ha), but by less (20%) under a low level of N (25-50 kg N/ha) when the conditions under a central scenario for the year 2050 were compared with the present ones.

The agronomic value of annual plant diversity in crop-weed systems

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 865-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Szumigalski ◽  
Rene C. Van Acker
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Annual Plant ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Matter Production

Enhanced crop or cultivar diversity within annual cropping systems could provide important ecological and agronomic benefits. The agronomic effects of annual plant diversity from mixtures of crop species and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar types were compared using richness levels of 1, 2, 5 or 10 randomly selected taxa in a greenhouse experiment. Increasing crop richness increased overall crop dry matter production, production stability (i.e., decreased CV for dry matter production) and weed suppression. These agronomic variables tended to level off after a richness of five to six crop species, suggesting that further increases in crop diversity are redundant. Increasing barley cultivar richness increased crop production in one of two experimental runs, but no effects were observed for weed suppression. Increased light interception related to greater plant canopy height variation in diverse mixtures of species could have contributed to increased productivity in the crop richness experiment. The results of this study suggest that the ecological functions of diversity provide productivity, yield stability and weed suppression benefits for mixtures of crop species, and even perhaps for mixtures of cultivars within a given crop species. Key words: Diversity (crop), suppression (weed), stability (yield), intercropping, cultivars (barley), oat (wild)

Seedling growth of summer-dormant and non-dormant ryegrasses in relation to temperature

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Matter Production

Lolium rigidum Gaud. and a summer-dormant and a non-dormant form of Lolium perenne L. were grown as seedling plants for 32 days in controlled environment cabinets at constant temperatures of either 10, 20, or 30°C and in all cases with a 16-hr photoperiod at a light intensity of 3600 lm ft-2. Sampling at 4-day intervals permitted the detailed examination of dry matter growth curves. Differences in total dry matter production were related to initial differences in seedling dry weight, and the general responses to temperature were similar for each ryegrass. Total dry matter production was greatest at 20°C and lowest at 10°. A temperature of 30° did not induce dormancy in the summer-dormant ryegrass but did depress growth. Relative growth rate fell with time at each temperature.

The growth of lodgepole pine seedlings raised under clear polythene cloches at five seedbed densities

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-428
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Foliage Weight

The components of shoot growth and dry matter production in 1 + 0 lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. spp. contorta) seedlings raised under clear polythene cloches for 12 weeks at five seedbed densities (180–720 plants/m2) were studied. The greater plant height found at the highest seedbed density was the result of increased stem unit length, not increased number of stem units. The increase in plant dry weight as seedbed density decreased was largely due to greater dry weight of roots, branchwood, and branch foliage, and not to increases in stemwood and stem foliage weight. Seedbed densities of less than 460 seedlings/m2 are required to produce yields of suitably sturdy seedlings in excess of 50% of the crop.

The growth and performance of cotton in a desert environment: II. Dry matter production

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Sink Size ◽  
And Performance

SUMMARYVariety, water and spacing were treatments in two experiments with cotton in 1963 and 1964 in which fruiting points, flowers and bolls were counted and the dry weights and leaf areas of plants were measured at intervals during the season.Until leaf-area index, L, started to decrease, the equation described how dry weight, W, changed. The equation gave smoothed estimates of crop growth rate, C, which were consistent with estimates of photosynthesis made with de Wit's (1965) model. The relationship between G and L conformed to , derived from Beer's Law, rather than C = aL — bL2 derived from the linear regression of E on L. When L > 3 the crop appeared to use most of the available light, so that C approached a maximum. Treatments initially affected dry-matter production through the numbers and types of branches and nodes, which in turn affected the sinks available and thus the proportion of dry matter reinvested in new leaf. This initial period, when growth was simple to describe in conventional terms, was denned as the vegetative phase of growth.The start of the reproductive phase of growth overlapped the vegetative phase. The change from one to the other was completed when the rate of dry weight increase of the bolls, CB, equalled C. This indicated that the sink formed by the bolls had increased sufficiently in size to use all the assimilates available for growth. Sink size increased as the crop flowered and was estimated from the product of the number of bolls and the growth rate of a single boll.When CB equalled C, bolls were shed which prevented the size of the sink to increase beyond the ability of the plant to supply it with assimilates. This agrees with Mason's nutritional theory of boll shedding. Because of the crop's morphology and because age decreased the photosynthesis of the crop, the size of the sink inevitably increased out of phase with the supply of assimilates. The extent to which this was so determined when CB equalled C. It is postulated that environment, genotype and agronomic practice affect yield according to whether they increase or decrease the extent to which the sink size and the supply of assimilates are out of phase.

scholarly journals Dry Mass Accumulation, Nutrients and Decomposition of Cover Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiane Conceição de Sousa ◽  
João Carlos Medeiros ◽  
Julian Junio de Jesus Lacerda ◽  
Jaqueline Dalla Rosa ◽  
Cácio Luiz Boechat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

The use of cover crops is an important strategy for soil management in the Brazilian Cerrado to improve no-tillage (NT) systems. For this, it is necessary know the potential of cover crop species for biomass production, nutrient cycling, and persistence of residues on the soil surface in soils and climatic conditions of this biome. Thus, the experiment was developed to evaluate the agronomic potential of cover crops cultivated on an Oxisol (Latossolo Amarelo) in the Cerrado of Piauí, Brazil. The experiment was conducted from January 2015 to July 2016. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 11 treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of single and intercropped cover species. The evaluations were: dry mass production, nutritional composition of the plants, nutrient accumulation by dry mass produced and decomposition rate of the dry mass produced for each treatment. The higher dry matter production was obtained with Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan (cv. IAC-Fava larga), Pennisetum glaucum and Brachiaria ruziziensis. The lower dry matter production was obtained with Mucuna aterrima, and mix of Crotalaria spectabilis + Pennisetum glaucum. The higher nutrients accumulation in the plants occurred for Cajanus cajan (cv. IAC-Fava larga), Crotalaria juncea and Crotalaria spectabilis. The cover plants studied presented good potential for soil conservation, due to the permanence of residues on the surface, except for Mucuna aterrima and Crotalaria spectabilis.

scholarly journals Nutrient uptake and dry matter yield in the ‘Gunung’ yam (Dioscorea alata) grown on an Ultisol without vine support

1969 ◽  
Vol 79 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
Héber Irizarry ◽  
Ricardo Goenaga ◽  
Ulises Chardón
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Minor Element ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Dioscorea Alata ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
A Minor

Two experiments were established 1 May through 1 December 1991 and 1992 to determine the monthly nutrient uptake and dry matter production of the 'Gunung' yam (Dioscorea alata) grown on an Ultisol. During the first year the plants were fertilized with 0; 667; 1,333; 2,000 and 2,667 kg/ha of a 15-5- 15-5 (N, P2O5, K2O and MgO) fertilizer supplemented with a minor element mixture. No fertilizer was applied the second year. Biomass harvests were conducted at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 months after planting. At each harvest, the plants were dug-up and separated into leaf-laminas, vine and petioles, roots and tubers. Fresh and oven-dry weights of the plant components were determined and samples from each were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Regardless of the year, tuber dry matter yield was not significantly affected by the fertilizer treatment. Maximum nutrient uptakes were 214 kg/ha of N, 19 kg/ha of P, 223 kg/ha of K, 95 kg/ha of Ca and 9 kg/ha of Mg. Nitrogen, K and Ca uptake peaks occurred about five months after planting. Maximum dry matter production was 11,303 kg/ha, 8,672 kg/ha of which was tuber dry weight. The dry matter production peak occurred at the completion of the 7-month cropping cycle. The plants utilized 24.7 kg/ha of N, 2.2 kg/ha of P, 25.7 kg/ha of K, 11.0 kg/ha of Ca and 1.0 kg/ha of Mg, for every 1,000 kg/ha of edible dry matter produced.

scholarly journals Morphological characteristics, dry matter production, and nutritional value of winter forage and grains under grazing and split nitrogen fertilization

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1483
Author(s):  
Loreno Egidio Taffarel ◽  
Paulo Sérgio Rabello de Oliveira ◽  
Euclides Reuter de Oliveira ◽  
Elaine Barbosa Muniz ◽  
Eduardo Eustáquio Mesquita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Matter Production

Morphological characteristics, dry matter production, and nutritional values of winter forage and grains were evaluated. This study was conducted from April 24, 2012 to November 7, 2013 in the Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE), Marechal Cândido Rondon, Brazil. Pastures under one grazing and non-grazing conditions were evaluated under 120 kg N ha-1 fertilization split into two 60 kg N ha-1 treatments. Two pastures received 40 kg N ha-1 three times. IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumã wheat, and IPR 111 triticale were the test crops. Topdressing with 40 or 60 kg N ha-1 did not change morphological characteristics until 60 d after sowing. Pastures under non-grazing that received 120 kg N ha-1 treatments were taller than the controls, whereas those under grazing that received 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 presented with higher leaf production than did the controls. Total average dry matter (DM) production in 2012 and 2013 was, respectively, 5,275 kg ha-1 and 6,270 kg ha-1 for oat, 3,166 kg ha-1 and 7,423 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 4,552 kg ha-1 and 7,603 kg ha-1 for triticale. Split N fertilization did not cause differences in the levels of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in the forage. Nevertheless, increases in in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were observed in oat and wheat receiving 60 kg N ha-1 during the first graze. IVDMD did not change in oat, wheat, and triticale forages receiving 80 or 120 kg N ha-1 during the second graze. Grazing did not affect the nutritional values of wheat and triticale grains, but reduced those of oat. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that grazing lengthens the crop cycles, and so allow the staggered sowing of summer crops.

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and elevated CO2 on dry matter production and yield of rice cultivars

1970 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Razzaque ◽  
MM Haque ◽  
MA Hamid ◽  
QA Khaliq ◽  
ARM Solaiman
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Field Condition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Growing Conditions

A pot experiment was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur during the year 2003 to find out the dry matter production and yield of rice cultivars under different nitrogen levels and growing conditions. Thirty-day old single seedlings were transplanted in pot and were placed in 3 growing conditions, such as i) Open top chamber (OTC) with elevated CO2 (570 ± 50 ppm), ii) OTC with ambient CO2 (360 ± 50 ppm), and iii) open field condition. The three nitrogen levels used were, i) control, ii) optimum dose, and iii) supra optimum dose. Three rice cultivars used in the experiment were, i) BRRI dhan 39, ii) Khashkani, and iii) Shakkarkhora. Rice yield and dry matter production respond significantly to different environments. Increasing atmospheric CO2 increased grain yield. Stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, leaf sheath dry weight and root dry weight were increased in elevated CO2 than ambient CO2 and field condition. BRRI dhan 39 gave highest yield (50.82 g/plant) at supra optimum N level in elevated CO2. Local variety gave similar result under elevated CO2 in optimum and supra optimum N levels. The lowest yield (15.09 g/plant) was produced by Shakkorkhora in field condition with no nitrogen application. Key Words: Nitrogen; elevated CO2; yield; dry matter.DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i2.5804Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(2): 313-322, June 2009

Dry matter accumulation by Piceasitchensis seedlings during winter

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian K. Bradbury ◽  
D. C. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Incoming Radiation ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Harvest Intervals

Dry matter production by Sitka spruce seedlings (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr) outside the period of shoot extension was determined in southern Scotland by harvesting plants from a nursery on 13 occasions between late September and mid-May. Air and soil temperature and incoming radiation were measured in an attempt to relate weight changes to climatic variables. Dry weight of the plants apparently doubled between late September and mid-April but subsequently changed little. Most dry weight increase occurred during October, late March, and April but there was also a slight increase in weight in midwinter. The relative increase in weight was similar in roots and shoots until mid-January but thereafter was proportionally much greater in shoots than in roots and was associated with a marked increase in needle weight. Lack of weight increase in late spring was attributed to the respiratory demands of bud expansion. Dry matter changes in the 12 harvest intervals was not related to mean daily temperature, incoming radiation, or photoperiod, but when averaged over periods of 1 month a much closer relationship was evident.

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