scholarly journals Classification of acid sulphate soils of Finland according to Soil Taxonomy and the FAO/Unesco legend

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Yli-Halla
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
International Context ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Soil Map ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils ◽  
The World

In order to place acid sulphate soils (a.s. soils) of Finland in an international context, five pedons from cultivated a.s. soils from Liminka, Ylistaro and Laitila on the western coast of Finland were analyzed and classified according to Soil Taxonomy and the revised legend of the FAO/Unesco Soil Map of the World. Three of the pedons (Liminka 1 and 2, Laitila 1) had sulfuric horizons within 50 cm of soil surface and qualify as Typic Sulfaquepts. One pedon (Ylistaro) had a sulfuric horizon at the depth of 100-150 cm and was classified as a Sulfic Cryaquept. The fifth pedon (Laitila 2) did not have either a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic materials, but it had a pH

Genesis and classification of a sequence of soils formed From aeolian parent materials in East Otago, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Mcintosh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Genetic Classification ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Loess Deposition ◽  
Colour Patterns

Eight soil types occurring between 60 and 480 m altitude on Waiora Research Farm, East Otago, New Zealand, are described. The soils are classified in the New Zealand Genetic and Soil Taxonomy classification systems respectively as yellow-grey earths (Fragiochrepts and Fra'giaquepts), yellow-brown earths and podzolized yellow-brown earths (Dystrochrepts), and a podzol (Placorthod). The soils form a development sequence related primarily to altitude, demonstrated chemically by greater leaching of the higher altitude soils and morphologically by the presence of a fragipan in the drier soils at lower altitude and an iron pan in the soils at higher altitude. Fragipans of yellow-grey earths at higher altitudes are modified by the effect of perched water. In the yellow-brown earths, podzolized yellow-brown earths and podzols firm subsoils with gammate colour patterns are found in some profiles and are regarded as relict features of fragipans formed under a previously drier climate. Planar fractures in lower B and upper C horizons, subparallel to the present soil surface, are attributed to breaks of loess deposition due to intermittent colder conditions. Relationships between soils are better demonstrated by the New Zealand Genetic Classification, because of lack of differentiae related to leaching or phosphorus sorption properties at subgroup or family level in the USDA classification.

scholarly journals Measured and simulated effects of sophisticated drainage techniques on groundwater level and runoff hydrochemistry in areas of boreal acid sulphate soils

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
I. BÄRLUND ◽  
S. TATTARI ◽  
M. YLI-HALLA
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils ◽  
Ph Level

To abate the environmental problems caused by the severe acidity and high metal concentrations in rivers draining acid sulphate (AS) soils of Western Finland, control drainage (CD) and lime filter drainage (LFD), and their combination, were investigated. The effectiveness of these best management practices (BMP’s) on drainage water quality was studied on plot scale in two locations. In Ilmajoki, where the sulphidic materials are more than 2 m below the soil surface, CD efficiently reduced the concentrations of sulphate, aluminium, manganese and iron concentrations and to some extent also increased the pH of the drainage waters. LFD, in contrast, effectively reduced the drainage water acidity and raised the pH level. Decrease of the groundwater level owing to strong evapotranspiration in summer could, however, not be properly prevented by CD. In Mustasaari where sulphidic materials were as shallow as 1 m below soil surface, the positive effects of LFD recognised in Ilmajoki were hardly seen. This shows, that the tested BMP’s work properly, and can thus be recommended, for intensively artificially drained AS soils like in Ilmajoki where most of the acidity has already been transported to watercourses. LFD can, however, not be recommended for as yet poorly leached and thus particularly problematic AS soils like in Mustasaari. This is, of course, a drawback of the tested BMP, as it is not effective for the soils which would need it most. The field data were tentatively utilised to test the performance of the HAPSU (Ionic Flow Model for Acid Sulphate Soils) simulation model developed to estimate the loads of harmful substances from AS soils.;

scholarly journals Coastal acid sulphate soils in Poland: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Hulisz ◽  
Wojciech Kwasowski ◽  
Jerzy Pracz ◽  
Ryszard Malinowski
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract This paper presents the state of knowledge on coastal acid sulphate soils in Poland. The properties of these soils are closely related to the influence of brackish water from the Baltic Sea, high accumulation of organic matter and human activity. The obtained results demonstrate that the sulphide accumulation in soils refers to a relatively small areas of the Polish coastal zone with the unique and very valuable habitats. They require an adequate regulation of the water relations to avoid the risk of strong soil acidification and environmental pollution by heavy metals. Currently, there are no relevant criteria for classification of acid sulphate soil materials in the Polish Soil Classification (2011). Therefore, based on the presented data, the authors proposed to identify these features at the lower classification level (for different soil types). The criteria for the Thionic and Sulfidic qualifiers used in the WRB classification (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015) could be accepted for this purpose.

scholarly journals Grey forest soils in the different classification systems

2017 ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
Halyna Ivanyuk
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons

According to various data, the area of grey forest soils in the world is 94–120.2 million ha, in Ukraine – 4.7–5.5 million ha (about 9 % of the country’s territory). The diversity of conditions for the formation of these soils, discussions about their genesis are the causes of different approaches to the classification of grey forest soils. The history of the classification of grey forest soils is analysed; the most common variants of their classification in Ukraine are presented. Seeking to find approximate equivalents, an attempt to find grey forest soils in the classification systems of different countries (Russia, Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Poland, USA, Canada), as well as in the legend of the FAO-UNESCO map and the WRB has been made. To establish exact analogues of soils practically it is impossible due to different principles of classification’s construction. Modern soil classifications of different countries are as close as possible to WRB and “Soil Taxonomy”. The following names of grey forest soils are identified as the most grounded: light grey forest, grey forest and dark grey podzolic. The following equivalents of the WRB nomenclature (2014) for sub-types of grey forest soils are offered: light grey forest – Albic Luvisols, grey forest – Haplic Luvisols, dark grey podzolic – Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozems. To the names of analogues of these soils with gleyic properties, the qualifier “Gleyic” should be added before the name of the reference soil group. The urgent task for soil scientists of Ukraine is to create a new soil classification that would preserve the acquisitions of genetic soil science but took into account the world trends: the allocation of diagnostic horizons and features that have clearly defined quantitative boundaries. In the new classification, it is proposed to combine the light grey and grey forest soils by a separate group, dark grey podzolic soils to be grouped together in a group with podzolic chernozems. The need for such selection is confirmed by the study of the dark grey soils position in different classification systems of the world, most of which these soils are in the chernozemic type group (Mollisols, Phaeozems and Chernozems). Key words: classification, grey forest soils, Greyzems, Luvisols, Mollisols, Phaeozems.

Acid sulphate soils

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
C. Bloomfield ◽  
A. B. Zahari
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils ◽  
Careful Control ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

Although their occurrence is sporadic, the world's total area of pyritic soils is enormous. Such soils can be virtually worthless due to an accumulation of acid sulphate resulting from the oxidation of pyrite, but techniques have been developed—based particularly on careful control of the water table—to bring them into productive cultivation. This article reviews the causes of acidity and control methods used in various parts of the world.

scholarly journals High moisture acid sulphate soil effects on reed canary grass

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Epie Kenedy Etone ◽  
Seija Virtanen ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
Frederick Stoddard
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soil ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils ◽  
Canary Grass

To examine the suitability of acid sulphate soils for perennial energy cropping and specifically to provide information on the responses of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) to raised water levels, a management option for these problematic soils, large core lysimeters of undisturbed field acid sulphate soil were taken into PVC tubes equipped with ground water level control and measurement instruments, planted with reed canary grass, and studied during the period 2008 - 2011. Two treatments; high water content (HWC, 20 cm below soil surface) and low water content (LWC, 70 cm below soil surface, considered normal for acid sulphate soils) were considered and there were 4 replicates. Tiller height, net photosynthesis, and above ground biomass at harvest were measured and Al, Fe, K, Si and S were analysed using ICP-OES. Tillers in HWC lysimeters were 30 and 23% taller than those in LWC lysimeters (P = 0.003, P = 0.002) in September 2009 and 2010 respectively. Net photosynthesis was higher in LWC grasses, although the margin was significant only in year 2009 (P = 0.04). Spring 2009, dry matter yields were almost the same in both treatments, but in 2010 and 2011, HWC grasses yielded 43% and 37 % more than LWC (P = 0.001 in both years), respectively. Dry matter harvested in spring of both 2010 and 2011 contained more Al, K, S and Si in the LWC treatment than in HWC treatment, whereas the concentration of Fe was higher in HWC treatment in 2009 and 2010. It was concluded that reed canary grass, an established bioenergy crop, grows well in acid sulphate soils and can perform better when the water table is raised to reduce acidity and prevent environmental hazards. This could serve as management option and a solution to the problems cause by acid sulphate soils and same time reduce the controversy about the use of bioenergy crops on arable land.

Russian Citizens' Representations of the Country's Position in the Geopolitical Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Europe, and the World

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-251
Author(s):  
Victor F. Petrenko ◽  
Olga V. Mitina ◽  
Kirill A. Bertnikov
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Multidimensional Space ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
Repertory Grids ◽  
Implicit Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Invariant Factors

The aim of this research was the reconstruction of the system of categories through which Russians perceive the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Europe, and the world as a whole; to study the implicit model of the geopolitical space; to analyze the stereotypes in the perception of different countries and the superposition of mental geopolitical representations onto the geographic map. The techniques of psychosemantics by Petrenko, originating in the semantic differential of Osgood and Kelly's “repertory grids,” were used as working tools. Multidimensional semantic spaces act as operational models of the structures of consciousness, and the positions of countries in multidimensional space reflect the geopolitical stereotypes of respondents about these countries. Because of the transformation of geopolitical reality representations in mass consciousness, the commonly used classification of countries as socialist, capitalist, and developing is being replaced by other structures. Four invariant factors of the countries' descriptions were identified. They are connected with Economic and Political Well-being, Military Might, Friendliness toward Russia, and Spirituality and the Level of Culture. It seems that the structure has not been explained in adequate detail and is not clearly realized by the individuals. There is an interrelationship between the democratic political structure of a country and its prosperity in the political mentality of Russian respondents. Russian public consciousness painfully strives for a new geopolitical identity and place in the commonwealth of states. It also signifies the country's interest and orientation toward the East in the search for geopolitical partners. The construct system of geopolitical perception also depends on the region of perception.

Small Industry, Gimmicks and Moscow Statistics, or How the Small Russian Enterprise Came into the World (Russian Physiological Sketch, 1830-1840)

2009 ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Yu. Golubitsky
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Russian Enterprise ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Small Industry ◽  
Xix Century

The article considers business practices of Moscow small industry in the XIX century, basing upon physiological sketches of N. Polevoy and I. Kokorev, statistical data and the classification of professions are also presented. The author claims that the heroes of the analyzed sketches are the forefathers of Moscow small businesses and shows what a deep similarity their occupations and a way of life bear to the present-day routine existence of small enterprises.

“Stay with me. Talk to me”: reader interaction strategies in modern poetry

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-436
Author(s):  
Olga Igorevna Severskaya
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Communication Plan ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Poetic Text ◽  
Communicative Context

The article is devoted to the consideration of a poetic text as a communicative phenomenon with a high impact potential. The author defines the features of poetic communication, which is both mass and interpersonal, and its main goal, which is the poet’s desire to communicate author’s vision of the world and thereby change the picture of the reader’s world, achieving empathy from it. Based on the understanding of the speech strategy as a cognitive communication plan, a program for generating and perceiving speech, the author talks about the fundamental reversibility of text-generating and interpretative strategies and offers own classification of strategies and tactics that are most often used in modern poetry. In this classification, the main communicative strategies of self-presentation and rapprochement with the reader are associated with auxiliary discursive strategies of actualizing, dramatizing and dialogizing the text and programming interpretations by tactics for highlighting objects and situations using sound “gestures”, pointing to the referent, framing, directly introducing the reader into the communicative context, attracting the recipient’s attention through appeals and pragmatic instructions, interrogation, and some others. Particular attention is paid to the multimodality of interactions and its specific manifestations in poetic discourse. The study is based on the material of Russian poetry of the 1980- 2000s using the methods of intent and discourse analysis.

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