scholarly journals Effect of type of forage offered and breed on performance of crossbred suckler heifers and their calves

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merja Manninen ◽  
Ilmo Aaronen ◽  
Marja-Leena Puntila ◽  
Reijo Heikkilä ◽  
Seija Jaakkola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Winter Diet

Thirty Hereford-Ayrshire (HfAy) and 29 Limousine-Ayrshire (LiAy) spring-calving heifers in calf to a Aberdeen Angus (Ab) bull were used to study the effects of cow breed and winter diet on performance. The diets were either primarily based on hay (H, 2/3 of dry matter (DM) intake, silage 1/3) or silage (S, 2/3 of DM intake, hay 1/3). In addition, animals were offered 1.0 kg milled barley per head daily for two months prior to calving and 1.5 kg/day from calving until grazing commenced. Animals also had free access to barley straw. During the indoor feeding period from 15 December to 1 June HfAy-heifers consumed slightly but not significantly more feed DM, metabolizable energy and AAT (amino acids absorbed from the small intestine) than LiAy-heifers on both diets. At the start of the experiment LiAy- and HfAy-heifers were 572 and 596 (P

scholarly journals Nutrient supply and growth of cattle offered straw-based diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Ortigues ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
J. D. Oldham ◽  
A. B. McAllan ◽  
J. W. Siviter
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

An experiment was conducted using steers cannulated at the rumen, duodenum and ileum to study the effects of increasing the levels of barley and fishmeal in straw-based diets. Diets A, B, C and D contained ammonia-treated straw, barley and fishmeal in the ratios, 67:33:0, 66:23:11, 53:47:0 and 52:36:12 (by weight) and were offered in daily amounts of 3·9, 3·9, 4·8 and 4·8 kg dry matter. The effects of barley were attributable to increased intakes of digestible organic matter and consequently to increased flows of microbial matter to the duodenum. There were no modifications in the balance of energy to nitrogen-yielding nutrients available for absorption. Introducing fishmeal into diets improved digestibility of cellulose and xylose by up to 6.7 and 4.7 % respectively, and shifted digestion towards the large intestine. Second, it increased amino acid N supply to the small intestine which averaged 52·2, 63·2, 68·8 and 84·0 g/d with diets A, B, C and D. Some changes were also noted in the balance of amino acids absorbed. Consequently, the contribution of amino acids to metabolizable energy intake increased with the proportion of fishmeal in diets (0·17, 0·20, 0·18 and 0·21 for diets A, B, C and D).Growth rates measured in heifers amounted to 259, 431, 522 and 615 g/d for diets A, B, C and D. They appeared to be related to intestinal amino acid supply.

scholarly journals The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy and apparent absorption of amino acids in sheep given spring- and autumn-harvested dried grass

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
P. J. S. Dewey ◽  
A. C Brewer ◽  
D. S. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Energy Equilibrium

1. Three experiments were conducted with sheep given spring-harvested dried grass (SHG) and autumn-harvested dried grass (AHG). The first was a calorimetric trial to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) content of each grass and the efficiency with which sheep utilize their extra ME intakes above the maintenance level of intake. The second examined the relative amounts of extra non-ammonia-nitrogen (NAN) and individual amino acids absorbed from the small intestine per unit extra ME intake as the level of feeding was raised from energy equilibrium (M) to approximately 1.5 M. The third was a further calorimetric trial to investigate the effect of an abomasal infusion of 30 g casein/d on the efficiency of utilization of AHG.2. The ME content of the SHG (11.8 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) was higher than that of AHG (10.0 MJ/kg DM). The efficiency of utilization of ME for productive purposes (is. above the M level of intake; kf,) was higher when given SHG (kf 0.54 between M and 2 M) than when given AHG (kf 0.43 between M and 2 M).3. As the level of intake of each grass was raised from M to 1.5 M there was a greater increment in the amounts of NAN (P < 0.001) and the total amino acid (P < 0.05) absorbed from the small intestines when sheep were given the SHG (NAN absorption, SHG 5.4 g/d, AHG 1.5 g/d, SED 0.54; total amino acid absorption SHG 31.5 g/d, AHG 14.3 g/d, SED 5.24).4. Infusion of 30 g casein/d per abomasum of sheep given AHG at M and 1.5 M levels of intake increased (P < 0.05) the efficiency of utilization of the herbage from kf 0.45 to kf 0.57. Consideration is given to the possibility that the higher efficiency of utilization of ME in sheep given SHG may be related to the amounts of extra glucogenic amino acids absorbed from the small intestine which provide extra reducing equivalents (NADPH) and glycerol phosphate necessary for the conversion of acetate into fatty acids.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

scholarly journals The effect of protein- and non-protein-nitrogen supplements to maize silage on total amino acid supply in young cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Cottrill ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
A. R. Austin ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial N

1. A total of six diets based on maize silage were formulated to examine the effect of protein- and non-protein-nitrogen, and energy supplementation on the flow of amino acids to the small intestine and the synthesis of microbial amino acids in the rumen of growing cattle. All diets contained 24 g totai nitrogen (N)/kg dry matter (DM), of which 550 g N/kg total N was supplied by either urea or fish meal. Four diets contained low levels of barley (estimated total dietary metabolizable energy content of 10·4 M J/kgDM) and urea-N and fish meal-N were supplied in the ratios 3:1, 1·4:1, 0·6:1 and 0·3:1. The other two diets contained between 300 and 400 g barley/kg total diet (11·3 MJ metabolizable energy/kg DM) and the urea-N to fish meal-N ratios were 3:1 and 0·3:1.2. On the four low-energy diets, fish meal inclusion tended to reduce the extent of organic matter (OM) digestion in the rumen but significantly increased duodenal amino acid supply (P< 0·05) in a quadratic manner. Microbial-N synthesis was increased by the two intermediate levels of fish meal supplementation but declined at the highest level of inclusion. With increasing levels of fish meal inclusion, a greater proportion of the dietary protein was found to escape rumen degradation and the apparent degradabilities of fish meal and maize-silage protein of all four diets were estimated to be 0·22 and 0·73 respectively.3. The substitution of barley for part of the maize silage enhanced duodenal supply of amino acids, irrespective of the form of the N supplement, and stimulated microbial amino acid synthesis. For all diets efficiency of microbial-N synthesis was found to vary between 22·5 and 46 g N/kg rumen-digested OM. Contrary to what was found for low-energy diets, the inclusion of fish meal tended to reduce the flow of dietary protein to the small intestine, but these differences were not statistically significant.4. The results appertaining to microbial synthesis, dietary protein degradabilities and duodenal amino acid flow for all diets are discussed in relation to the Agricultural Research Council (1980) proposals for the protein requirements of ruminants, and the production responses observed when similar diets were fed to growing cattle.

scholarly journals Quantitative intestinal digestion of nitrogen in sheep given formaldehyde-treated and untreated casein supplements

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
P. D. Pearce ◽  
Jane Hendtlass
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total N ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Gross Energy

1. In two experiments, sheep prepared with a rumen cannula and with re-entrant cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were continuously fed on diets of dried grass, dried grass plus formalin-treated casein, or dried grass plus untreated casein. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide was given once daily via the rumen fistula.2. In ten 24 h collections of digesta entering the duodenum and eleven 24 h collections of digesta reaching the ileum of sheep given dried grass, there were highly significant correlations between the 24 h flows of Cr marker and the corresponding flows of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, gross energy, hemicellulose and cellulose (P < 0.01) at both sites.3. Daily amounts of non-ammonia N and of individual amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine and of total N excreted in faeces and urine are given.4. Net retention of supplementary N was 36% when the supplement was administered as formalin-treated casein, but only 17% when it was administered as untreated casein.5. Formalin treatment of casein significantly increased the daily amounts of non-ammonia N entering the small intestine (P < 0.01) and the amounts of non-ammonia N apparently absorbed therein (P < 0.05).6. Apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was significantly greater (P < 0.05) with treated casein than with untreated casein. There were relative increases in the small amounts of several free amino acids measured, including taurine, in the ileal digesta of sheep receiving the treated casein supplement.

scholarly journals Digestion of protein in small and large intestine of the pig

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. G. Holmes ◽  
H. S. Bayley ◽  
P. A. Leadbeater ◽  
F. D. Horney
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Protein Free Diet

1. Six 45 kg pigs with re-entrant ileal cannulas were used in two 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments to study the site of absorption of protein and amino acids. Semi-purified diets containing soya-bean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or no protein source (protein-free) were offered at the rate of 1 kg dry matter/d.2. Flow-rates of ileal contents for 24 h collection periods, corrected for recovery of marker, were 3135, 3127 and 1243 ml (SE 390) for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively.3. Amounts of dry matter digested in the small intestine were 730, 669 and 809 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001).4. Nitrogen intakes were 32·6, 29·9 and 5·9 g/d, and amounts digested in the small intestine were 25·7, 20·2 and 1·6 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001). Amounts digested in the large intestine were 2·6, 3·7 and 0·7 g/d.5. Total amino acid intakes and amounts collected at the ileum and in the faeces were (g/d): SBM, 177, 24 and 18; RSM, 149, 28 and 22; protein-free 3, 9 and 12. Digestibility in the small intestine was higher for SBM than RSM for seventeen of the eighteen amino acids estimated. Greater quantities of arginine, methionine, cystine and tyrosine were voided in the faeces than passed through the ileal cannulas for pigs receiving the SBM and RSM diets. For those receiving the protein-free diet this was true for each amino acid except proline.6. Significant differences were found between all diets in the concentration of some amino acids in ileal and faecal amino-N, and endogenous protein secretions did not mask the differences between diets.7. Differences in digestibility between SBM and RSM were greater at the ileum than in the faeces. Amino acid fermentation in the large intestine obscured or reduced differences between SBM and RSM.

Nutritional evaluation of wheat. 5. Disappearance of components in digesta of pigs prepared with two re-entrant cannulae

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soft Wheat ◽  
Wheat Protein ◽  
Hard Wheat ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Complete Digestion ◽  
Matter Energy

SUMMARY1. Three pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulae in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were used to study flow rate of nitrogen, and digestion and absorption of dry matter, nitrogen, gross energy and starch. The pigs were given a semi-purified diet, a hard wheat diet and a soft wheat diet. These were approximately isonitrogenous.2. Nitrogen content of insoluble dry matter of duodenal digesta was much higher on the semi-purified diet than on the wheat-based diets.3. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, energy and nitrogen in the small intestine were in the order semi-purified diet > hard wheat > soft wheat although differences were not statistically significant. Similar results were obtained for total digestibility of these components.4. Absorption of most amino acids from the small intestine was higher for casein in the semi-purified diet than for wheat protein. Significantly more lysine, arginine, isoleucine and tyrosine were absorbed from hard than from soft wheat.5. With all diets there was almost complete digestion of starch in the small intestine.6. There was little digestion of nutrients in the large intestine, and thus digestibilities calculated from faecal analyses showed similar trends to those calculated from analyses of digesta from the terminal ileum. Most values compared favourably with those reported elsewhere for digestibilities of amino acids in wheat.7. It was concluded that casein was superior to the wheat proteins but that protein of hard wheat was of better quality than that of soft wheat when evaluated by ileal recovery of animo acids, due largely to a greater absorption of lysine.

Studies on pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas. 2. Disappearance of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids from diets containing different protein sources

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Alimon ◽  
DJ Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Meat Meal

Quantitative estimates of disappearances of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids anterior to the mid-point and terminal ileumof the small intestine were made in pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas and offered six diets containing wheat alone or supplemented with either meat meal, fish meal, peanut meal, soybean meal or sunflower meal. Apparent digestibilities of dietary dry matter and nitrogen were also estimated by faecal measurements. Disappearance of dry matter and nitrogen was greater anterior to the mid-point than at the end of the small intestine and the rectum. Amounts disappearing at each location and between the three locations differed significantly between protein sources. Up to 10% of dietary dry matter and nitrogen disappeared in the large intestine. For lysine, methionine, threonine and valine, absorption was greater anterior than posterior to the midpoint of the small intestine for all diets except that containing only wheat. Measurements made of the disappearance of amino acids anterior to the large intestine indicated that the apparent availability of the majority of ammo acids of peanut meal, followed by soybean meal, was greater than those of meat meal (52 % crude protein) and fish meal (50 % crude protein).

scholarly journals Macronutrient composition, true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility, and indispensable amino acid scoring of pulse ingredients for use in canine and feline diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Pamela L Utterback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

Abstract The rising consumer demand for alternative and sustainable protein sources drives the popularity of the use of plant-based proteins in the pet food industry. Pulse crops, which include beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas, have become an important addition to both human and animal diets due to their protein content and functional properties. However, knowledge of their nutrient composition and protein quality is necessary for the proper formulation of these ingredients in pet foods. The objective of this study was to determine the macronutrient composition and standardized amino acid digestibility and to describe the protein quality through the use of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of five pulse ingredients. Black bean (BB) grits, garbanzo beans (GB), green lentils (GL), navy bean (NB) powder, and yellow peas (YP) were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash and organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed fat (AHF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) to determine the macronutrient composition. Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). The essential amino acids, with the exception of methionine, were highly digestible with digestibility values of 80% to 90% (dry matter basis) for all selected pulse ingredients. BB grits had the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) digestibility of arginine (86.5%) and histidine (80.6%) in contrast to GB (94.9% and 89.9%, respectively). The TMEn of GB was highest (P &lt; 0.05) at 3.56 kcal/g compared with the other pulses. The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs were consistently the lowest for methionine for all pulses, making it the first-limiting amino acid in these ingredients. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats showed GL had lowest (P &lt; 0.05) score in tryptophan compared with other pulses when using both AAFCO values and NRC recommended allowances as reference proteins. Methionine was the first-limiting amino acid for YP and tryptophan for GL. Based on macronutrient composition, protein quality, and amino acid digestibility, it can be concluded that pulse ingredients have the required nutritional characteristics to be viable protein sources in canine and feline foods. However, the use of complementary protein sources is recommended to counterbalance any potential limiting amino acids in pulse ingredients.

Growth of lambs offered fixed amounts of roughage and concentrate either simultaneously or sequentially

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Mixture Treatment ◽  
Expected Values

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out in Scotland 1984 to study the efficiency of energy utilization by Suffolk × Blackface lambs. In the first experiment, a digestibility trial, the lambs were fed three diets: roughage (R) consisting of chopped dried grass; concentrate (C) containing 700 g whole barley, 225 g ground barley and 75 g fishmeal/kg dry matter (DM); and a mixed diet (M) containing 500 g of roughage and 500 g of concentrate/kg DM. The DM and organic matter digestibility coefficients of diet M were lower than the ‘expected’ values calculated by summation of the separately determined digestibility coefficients of the component feeds. Similarly, the metabolizable energy (ME) value was 4·0% lower than expected.In the second experiment, 40 lambs ofc. 20 kg live weight (LW) were offered 50 kg roughage DM (ME 9·74 MJ/kg DM) and 50 kg concentrate DM (ME 12·21 MJ/kg DM) either as a mixture (treatment M) or sequentially (treatment S). Lambs on treatment S took 33 days longer to consume their allocation of food than those on treatment M, but achieved a similar final empty body weight and empty body composition. This contrasts with results predicted by a feeding standards model for lambs of a similar LW offered diets of the same ME content. The longer feeding period, and hence greater overall maintenance requirement, of lambs on treatment S was partly offset by associated effects causing a reduction in the total ME available to lambs on treatment M, and partly to improved efficiency of energy utilization for gain and/or a lower daily maintenance requirement of lambs on treatment S. Allowing for associated effects and the adoption of a variable maintenance requirement in current feeding standards would result in a more accurate prediction of animal performance.

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