Determination of the Specific Mass Rate of Multicomponent Petroleum Products Burn-up

The specific mass burn-up rate of combustible substances (materials) in case of a fire, determines the heat release intensity, the temperature of burning, the intensity of fire development and other parameters. Like the rate of flame propagation, the mass burn-up rate depends on the physical and chemical properties of substances, their aggregate state, as well as other factors. The mass burn-up rate is used in modeling the process of fire development, assessment of the rate of heat release and the intensity of the supply of extinguishing agents to fire extinguishing installations. Currently, the values of the specific mass burn-up rate are given in various reference materials for a limited number of petroleum products. For single-component substances, the desired value can also be determined by calculation. The existing calculation formulas in theory are applicable for both simple and complex substances, and, in this case, there is a need to calculate the values of the specific heat of combustion and evaporation, the specific heat capacity of the substance. However, the process of complex hydrocarbon fuels burn-up differs significantly- it is due to the gradual burning out of individual fractions in their composition. Therefore, for complex substances the calculation should be made considering the changes in density and temperature during the process of burning. The methods for determining the specific mass rate of burnout of multicomponent petroleum products are considered, the universal nomogram and calculation formula are proposed that will allow determining the specific mass rate of burn-up, knowing the density of the petroleum product under normal conditions and its boiling point.

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Methodological approaches to modeling the conditions for the formation of technological losses of oil and petroleum products due to evaporation from tanks

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION ◽

10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-4-386-393 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 386-393

Author(s):

Кonstantin Е. Lesnykh ◽

◽

Aleksey А. Korshak ◽

Nafis N. Khafizov ◽

Andrey A. Kuznetsov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Petroleum Products ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Main Pipelines ◽

Pumping Rates ◽

Mathematical Relationships ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Storage Temperatures ◽

And Chemical Properties

The conditions for the formation of technological losses of oil and petroleum products during transportation through the main pipelines are considered and it is established that the main sources of these losses are large and small airflows of reservoirs. The value of technological losses from evaporation from tanks depends on a large number of factors, in particular: storage temperatures, pumping rates, tank filling heights, physical and chemical properties of the transported liquid, tanks turnover. Until now, a unified approach to the procedure for determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of technological losses from the evaporation of hydrocarbons during storage has not been developed, which leads to disagreements in assessing the actual losses of energy carriers. According to the analysis, it was found that the best is the calculation method for determining the actual irrecoverable losses of hydrocarbons. Its application involves the use of mathematical relationships that describe the dynamics of evaporation of oil and petroleum products in real conditions. To establish such relationships, it is proposed to develop and implement a unit that enables simulation of the process of evaporation from tanks under various conditions and obtaining experimental data taking into account a combination of a variety of factors that affect the amount of the technological losses.

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Petroleum: a Treatise on the Geographical Distribution and Geological Occurrence of Petroleum and Natural Gas; the Physical and Chemical Properties, Production and Refining of Petroleum and Ozokerite; the Characters and Uses, Testing, Transport, and Storage of Petroleum Products; and the Legislative Enactments relating thereto; together with a Description of the Shale Oil and allied Industries Le Pétrole, I'asphalte et le bitume, au point de vue géologique Petroleum: its Development and Uses

Nature ◽

10.1038/055169a0 ◽

1896 ◽

Vol 55 (1417) ◽

pp. 169-170

Author(s):

E. R. B.

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Petroleum Products ◽

Shale Oil ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Storage ◽

And Chemical Properties

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Physical and Chemical Properties of CaCl2/H2O and LiBr/H2O Systems Confined to Nanopores of Silica Gels

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-457-463 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 457 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yurii I. Aristov ◽

Mikhail M. Tokarev ◽

Gaetano Cacciola ◽

Giovanni Restuccia ◽

Gaetano DiMarco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermodynamic Properties ◽

Partial Pressure ◽

Specific Heat ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Silica Gels ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Sorbed Water ◽

Vapor Partial Pressure ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

ABSTRACTHere we present physical and chemical properties of CaCl2/H2O and LiBr/H2O systems confined to nanopores of silica gels. Sorption isobars, isosters and isotherms were measured at temperature 293 – 423K and vapor partial pressure 8–133 mbar. Specific heat of the systems was found as a function of temperature (300 – 400K) and sorbed water content (0 – 53 wt.%). Solidification/melting diagrams were measured over 170 – 320K temperature range at salt concentrations 0–50 wt.%. The results obtained evidenced a significant change in the thermodynamic properties of CaCl2/H2O and LiBr/H2O systems due to confinement to the silica gel micropores.

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OPTIMIZATION OF THE DRY CHEMICAL POWDERS’ COMPOSITION FOR CLASS D1 FIRES EXTINGUISHING

Fire Safety ◽

10.32447/20786662.32.2018.07 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 45-54

Author(s):

V. Marych ◽

V. V. Kovalyshyn ◽

Ya. Kyryliv ◽

V. Kovalchyk ◽

B. Gusar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Heat Resistance ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Optimal Composition ◽

Empirical Dependence ◽

Fire Extinguishing ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

During the researches, carried out in the article, sodium chloride recommended itself as the best fire-extinguishing substance. In order to give it the properties of a fire extinguishing powder, two more components were added to it, namely ground slag and aerosil. These components were chosen according to their physical and chemical properties. As evidenced by the corresponding quenching parameters, the optimal composition of the fire extinguishing powder was established on the basis of performed experiments and obtained dependences. The properties of the fire extinguishing powder were improved by adding ground slag and aerosil. These additives increase the heat resistance, insulating and anti-caking ability, fluidity and fire-extinguishing efficiency of the powder. The best results were obtained after using the extinguishing powder of such composition: sodium chloride - 73.5%, ground slag - 25%, aerosil - 1.5%. Experimental-empirical dependence for determination the extinguishing intensity according to the extinguishing parameters and the fire-extinguishing composition was developed.

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TESTS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING ABILITY OF ALUMINUM HYDROGEL WHEN EXTINGUISHING MODEL NATURAL GROUND FIRES

Forestry Engineering Journal ◽

10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.1/4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 38-49

Author(s):

Ol'ga Ivchenko ◽

Kirill Pankin

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Sodium Sulfate ◽

Unit Length ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Natural Fire ◽

Natural Fires ◽

Fire Extinguishing ◽

Length And Area ◽

Effective Use ◽

Physical And Chemical

Extinguishing natural fires largely depends on the effective use of fire extinguishers by firefighters. Nevertheless, there are objective limits to the fire extinguishing ability of known substances and materials, which cannot be overcome by either tactical or technological methods. In the work, a method for extinguishing ground fires using aluminum hydrogels with different concentrations as fire extinguishing compositions is proposed, which makes it possible to simultaneously realize three extinguishing methods: cooling, insulation, and combustion inhibition. Investigation of fire extinguishing ability of the selected fire extinguishing compositions has been carried out according to a specially developed technique that simulates formation and development of ground natural fire in experimental plots. Extinguishing efficiency was assessed by comparing the results of the total cost of extinguishing agents to a unit of length of the edge of the fire and a unit of area of the fire. It was shown that the best fire extinguishing ability has an aqueous solution of aluminum hydrogel with a concentration of 3.5-7 g/l. Fire extinguishing ability of aluminum hydrogels was investigated. The obtained results were compared with the fire extinguishing ability of water and aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate (soda) and sodium sulfate. The use of other aqueous solutions (soda and sodium sulfate) has not shown significant contribution to fire extinguishing. Therefore, fire extinguishing effect is completely due to the chemical composition and physical and chemical properties of aluminum hydrogel. Based on the data obtained, aluminum hydrogel costs per unit length and area of the fire, its lowest concentration, which retains the fire extinguishing effect and the technological conditions for its preparation and use, have been determined

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Solutions to Pollution Problems of Oil

Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.1515/agriceng-2017-0011 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 5-14

Author(s):

Andesh Abdrakhmanov ◽

Berikbay Orazaliyev ◽

Beibut Zhusin ◽

Symbat Tynysbekova ◽

Barbara Krzysztofik

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Petroleum Products ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Motor Oil ◽

Theoretical Level ◽

Analysis And Synthesis ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

AbstractThe purpose of the research is to improve the processes of conservation indicators of quality petroleum products (POL). As a hypothesis, it was assumed that the quality of fuel depends on its main quality parameters that most strongly vary during storage and transportation. The methods were applied which are used at the theoretical level of research, such as abstraction, deduction, analysis and synthesis, etc. We presented the main problems of pollution of oil. Moreover, we provided indicators of physical and chemical properties of diesel fuel and motor oil, which characterize their performance and the list of used additives. We analysed the scientific and patent work. We provided solutions to the problem. Correct storage and use of fuel will help maintain its quality parameters and ensure safety and durability of machinery.

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Distribution of fire extinguishing powder fractions in simulated non-stationary gas stream

ПОЖАРОВЗРЫВОБЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ◽

10.18322/pvb.2019.28.06.80-88 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 80-88

Author(s):

A. S. Polyakov ◽

D. F. Kozhevin ◽

A. S. Konstantinova

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

Cross Sections ◽

Fractional Composition ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Fire Extinguisher ◽

Fire Extinguishing ◽

Powder Samples ◽

Powder Particles ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Flow Cross

Introduction. The article presents the regularities of particles distribution of fire extinguishing powder fractions in the cross sections of the simulated unregulated non-stationary gas stream. The distance from the fire extinguisher cut which the stream is most stable in terms of the content of fire extinguishing powder particles is determined. There are works in which the physical and chemical properties of fire-extinguishing powders are considered, the movement of powder particles in the stream is modeled, the influence of the fractional composition of the powder on its fire-extinguishing capacity is determined. At the same time distribution of powder fractions during its movement in gas-powder stream is not considered. The purpose of the present work is to find ways to improve the efficiency of powder extinguishers by controlling the distribution of powder fractions in a non-stationary gas stream.Materials and methods. Experimental study installation consists of coordinate table oriented perpendicular to gas-powder stream direction. The table is equipped with collectors that allow to collect powder samples at control points of flow cross-section. Food sodium chloride (further — salt) was used in the experiment. Its characteristics correspond to GOST R 53280.4–2009 and allow to apply it as a model. The coordinate table was installed sequentially at a distance of 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 mm from the fire extinguisher cut. Next, a shot of salt with a known fractional composition was supplied with a fire extinguisher model to a coordinate table and the retained powder samples were taken. The mass and fractional composition of the samples collected by each collector were then determined. Stability of the particle distribution in the gas stream by statistical analysis (by Fischer’s criterion) was measured for their content.Conclusions. Regularities of different fire extinguishing powder fractions distribution in cross section of non-regulated non-stationary gas stream are established and analytically described. These regularities can be used in finding ways to regulate fire extinguishing powder fractions during fire extinguishing. The most representative and stable in accuracy (correctness and precision) results of powder fractions content in the section of non-stationary gas stream at a distance of 1000 mm from the fire extinguisher cut. This should be taken into account in further research.

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Development and application of synthetic NP dispersions to prevent and extinguish forest and peat fires (Review)

ПОЖАРОВЗРЫВОБЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ ◽

10.22227/pvb.2020.29.06.5-27 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 5-27

Author(s):

V. V. Bogdanova ◽

O. I. Kobets

Keyword(s):

Chemical Properties ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Synthetic Compound ◽

Fire Extinguishing ◽

Weather Resistance ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Forest Combustible ◽

And Chemical Properties ◽

Combustible Materials

Introduction. The analysis of flame retardants and extinguishing agents used for preventing and extinguishing fires in an ecosystem is carried out. It is shown that at present there are no weatherproof, environmentally friendly and cost effective extinguishing agents capable of stopping wood and peat burning. Purpose and objectives. Development of cost effective and environmentally friendly synthetic agents capable of both flame retarding and extinguishing natural combustible materials. Materials and methods. Synthetic dispersions of ammonium phosphates of two- and three-valence metals, as well as wood and peat fireproofed by them are the object of the study. Physical and chemical properties of synthesis products in comparison with their fire retarding efficiency are examined. Fireproofing, fire extinguishing, as well as physical and chemical properties of synthesized products are determined using GOST-regulated methods of thermal and chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and original methods. Results and discussion. The formulation of Kompleksil synthetic compound effective in extinguishing and fireproofing wood and peat is optimized using a full factorial experiment. At the same time, the inflow of volatile nitrogen containing products into the gaseous phase is identified as the dominating burning inhibition process common for natural combustible materials. The weather resistance (preservation of fireproof properties in respect of forest combustible materials at 79 mm precipitation), forest and environment enhancement (improvement of mineral nutrition conditions and growth of forest plant communities) properties of Kompleksil compound are identified. Conclusions. A cost effective synthetic compound based on natural mineral materials showing fireproofing and extinguishing efficiency when protecting forest combustible materials and peat is developed. This compound was tested in the process of extinguishing real wildfires; its weather resistance is identified, and the positive response of forest plant communities to the application of this multiple action compound is registered. The use of Kompleksil allows to reduce time expenditures and fire extinguishing agent consumption when extinguishing wildfires, which significantly reduces material damage.

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SAMPLES OF SOIL TREATMENT CONTAMINATED WITH OIL WASTE AND RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES

Neft i gaz ◽

10.37878/2708-0080/2021-1.10 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (121) ◽

pp. 118-129

Author(s):

P.А. TANZHARIKOV ◽

◽

Z.М. KERIMBEKOVA ◽

N.B. YERMUKHANOVA ◽

А.А. ТASHIMOVA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Radionuclides ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Petroleum Products ◽

Oil Sludge ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Polluted Soils ◽

Additional Food ◽

Plant Uses ◽

Number Of Microorganisms ◽

Physical And Chemical

Oil production and transportation is a source of a large amount of waste. These wastes include oil sludge. The composition of these oil sludge, in addition to oil components, includes elements of natural radionuclides. The level of soil contamination with oil is caused by adverse effects on the plant, mainly changes in its physical and chemical properties (hydrophobic increase, filling of soil capillaries with oil) and direct toxic effects of toxic components contained in oil. The positive effect of sowing plants on oil-polluted soils is explained by the fact that the plant uses petroleum hydrocarbons as an additional food and improves the gas-air regime of polluted soils, while enriching it with various active additives, which ultimately stimulates the growth of the number of microorganisms and, accordingly, accelerates the decomposition of oil and petroleum products. The influence of waste containing petroleum components and elements of natural radionuclides on soil conditions and reduction of radioactivity by local sorbents was studied

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Performance of Recycled Fire-Extinguishing Agents in Terms of Fire-Fighting Performance Management

Fire science and engineering ◽

10.7731/kifse.f87031aa ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 34-41

Author(s):

Jong-Sang Kim ◽

Yong-Taek Han

Keyword(s):

Performance Management ◽

Import Substitution ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Accelerated Aging ◽

Physical And Chemical Properties ◽

Fire Extinguishing ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties ◽

Fire Extinguishers

Since January 28, 2017, domestic fire extinguishers have been manufactured nationwide, and a domestic fire extinguisher can be used for 10 years. Hence, the treatment of the extinguishing agent existing in waste extinguishers is a critical issue economically and environmentally. Accordingly, the manufacturer reuses and recycles the fire extinguishing agent, and this recycling method has been approved for fire extinguishers. In some cases, the quality of reused extinguishing agents and fire extinguishers are uncertain. Therefore, in this study, the physical and chemical properties of recycled extinguishing agents were evaluated through accelerated aging tests to verify the quality of the recycled extinguishing agents. The accelerated aging test results were obtained according to the approval criteria type for the physical and chemical properties of the recycled extinguishing agent. As a substitute effect, it was found that the import substitution effect and resource effect could be regarded as a circulating resource for fire-extinguishing agents that are imported in full quantity, and the price competitiveness of fire extinguishers can be achieved.

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