scholarly journals THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF SHARḤ HADITH IN AL-ANDALUS IN THE SECOND TO THE THIRD CENTURY AH: A BOOK STUDY OF TAFSÎR GHARÎB ALMUWAṬṬA BY ‘ABD AL-MALIK BIN ḤABÎB

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akmaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Book Study

The fuqahâ’ (Legal Scholars) and muḥadditsûn (Hadith experts) have constructed theepistemology of Sharḥ Hadith in al-Andalus by its use and application. Interpreting Hadithby understanding the reality and context in al-Andalus provides a comparative understandingfor society to better get the messages of the Hadith, rather than focus on its transmission andvalidity rules. Such approach is taken considering the situation and condition in al-Andalusdemand the dissemination of practical knowledge, not theoretical knowledge as in Masyriq (theEast) where the people have achieved deeper knowledge. The epistemology developed by ‘Abdal-Malik bin Ḥabîb (d. 238/852) in the second to the third century AH gives an illustration thatSharḥ Hadith is developed in its epistemic corridor. Basically, the study of Sharḥ Hadith in Al-Andalus does not only have a passive role in the domination of Islamic centrist in the Masyriq,but also play an active role in interpreting various situations and conditions in the region.The relation of power between the Mâlik School and local knowledge in the epistemology ofSharḥ Hadith hadith are productive, producing practical and principle-based knowledge forthe people in al-Andalus

scholarly journals The Role of Imperial Women in the Monetary Distributions (Liberalitas) in Rome in the Light of Numismatic Sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Balbuza
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Feminine

Abstract Liberalitas was one of the most important forms of social activities of the Roman emperors. In quantitative terms, it is also one of the five most important imperial virtues. It appeared on coins as Liberalitas Augusti, which gave this virtue an additional, divine dimension. The first Empress to depict the idea of imperial generosity on the coins issued on her behalf was Julia Domna. In this respect, her liberalitas coins mark a breakthrough in the exposition of this imperial virtue. The well-known female liberalitas coin issues, or imperial issues with empresses’ portraits, date back to the third century and clearly articulate the liberalitas, both iconographically and literally, through the legend on the reverse of the coin. Other coins, issued on behalf of the emperors (mainly medallions), accentuate in some cases (Julia Mamaea, Salonina) the personal and active participation of women from the imperial house in congiarium-type activities. The issues discussed and analysed, which appeared on behalf of the emperors or the imperial women – with a clear emphasis on the role of women – undoubtedly demonstrate the feminine support for the emperor’s social policy towards the people of Rome, including the various social undertakings of incumbent emperors, to whom they were related. They prove their active involvement and support for the image of the princeps created by the emperors through the propaganda of virtues (such as liberalitas). The dynastic policy of the emperors, in which the empresses played a key role, was also of considerable importance.

scholarly journals Hadis dari Masa ke Masa (Kodifikasi Era Mutaqaddimin)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Fatimah Fatimah
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The People ◽  
Significant Difference

<p><em>Hadith as the second Islamic teaching has a significant difference with the Qur'an in terms of official bookkeeping. In terms of the preservation of the Qur'an since the beginning of the Qur'an, there has been a decree to keep watch over and be protected from falsehood, but not with the Prophet's hadith. As before the reign of Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz even the writing or bookkeeping was prohibited. But after considering some of the impending advances if the hadith was not made up of books, the false hadiths would have arisen from irresponsible people, the death of the companions who had memorized the war, and dispersed the scholars to various territories with their death. Moreover, hadith memorization has become a tradition among the people and the fear of memorization has decreased. It was from these questions that the caliphate of Umar bin Abdul Aziz raised concerns about the bookkeeping in order to preserve and maintain its legitimacy. The official formulation of the hadith dates back to the second century H. under the command of Umar bin Abdul Aziz. Hadith as a teaching of Islam, produced various books of hadith scholars who were born mutaqaddimin and endowed. However in this article the author will focus more on the development of the books of the hadith in the mutaqaddimin period. The period of mutaqaddimin is the period between I H and the third century H, the opening of the hadith of the mutaqaddimin period from the end of the second century H to III H. In this period of mutaqaddimin the books of the hadith were born by the scholars including: first, the century to II H there are many scholars who produce the book of the hadith, among them the most famous is the book of hadith of the priest of Malik called the book of Muwaththa 'Malik. Secondly, in the third century </em><em>H</em><em> the books of the hadith were born including the Book of Sahih Bukhari, the Book of Muslim Tradition, the Book of Sunan Abu Dawud, the Book of Sunan At-Tirmidzi, the Book of Sunan An-Nasa'iy, the Book of Sunan Ibn Majah and others. The writing of this journal uses the library research method that the author has obtained from various reading sources related to this research.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p>

Why Did Decius and Valerian Proscribe Christianity?

1933 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Thomas Oborn
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
The Third ◽  
Roman World ◽  
The People ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Direct Explanation ◽  
Hard Times

Severe economic depression had the Roman world in its grip during the middle of the third century A. D.; a condition from which the Mediterranean countries never fully recovered. There is much evidence to show that the economic structure of the Empire was crumbling. Very soon the outlying territories of the Empire were overrun by barbarians, trade collapsed, and brigandage and piracy reappeared on a large scale. All of this was accompanied by a rapid rise in the prices of the commodities of life. To-day we look for the causes of economic depressions in intricate and far-reaching social forces. In the third century Romans of the old school had a much more simple and direct explanation. When the Empire fell on hard times and disaster stalked the corners there was only one cause: the gods who had given Rome her power and the Empire its prosperity in the years gone by were being neglected, foreign gods and oriental cults had usurped the religious fervor of the people, and the venerable gods of the Eternal City were angered. The remedy was likewise simple: revive and stimulate the worship of the ancient gods of Rome, thus appeasing their anger, and prosperity would return.

scholarly journals Kan en felles læringsarena gi sykepleiestudenter økt klinisk kompetanse?

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henny ◽  
Rigmor Hammer ◽  
Bente Skagøy ◽  
Ingunn Remen Nesje ◽  
June Pettersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Students ◽  
Clinical Competence ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
The Third ◽  
Practical Nurse ◽  
Preparedness For Practice ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Common Learning

Studiens hensikt var å finne ut om samarbeidsdager mellom studenter, praksisveiledere og praksislærere kan gi læring som har betydning for studentenes utvikling av klinisk kompetanse. Stedet, rommet og sosiale samspill har betydning for læreprosesser, ifølge Etienne Wenger og Kari Martinsen. «Det tredje rommet» er brukt som en metafor om rommet der mennesker med kompetanse i teoretisk kunnskap og praksiskunnskap møtes sammen med studenter. Samarbeidsdager mellom studenter, praksisveiledere og praksislærere ble gjennomført for fire andreårs studentgrupper (N=23). Fokusgruppeintervju ble brukt for å samle inn data. De transkriberte intervjuene ble analysert gjennom meningsfortetning basert på Amedeo Giorgis fenomenologiske analysemetode. Essensen fra studentenes erfaringer fra samarbeidsdagene er at «Det tredje rommet» er en trygg arena der studentenes kliniske kompetanse ble stimulert og økt. Fire temaer beskriver studentenes erfaring: praksisforberedthet, trygghet, refleksjon og samarbeidslæring. Et styrket samarbeid mellom akademia og helseforetak gjennom arbeidsfellesskap i «Det tredje rommet» kan fremme sykepleiestudenters læring. Abstract Is a common learning arena a "Room of Possibility” that gives nursing students increased clinical competence? The aim of the study was to find out whether collaboration days between students, practice supervisors and nurse teachers can provide learning that facilitates students' development of clinical competence. The place, space and social interaction are important for learning processes, according to Etienne Wenger and Kari Martinsen. "The Third Room" is used as a metaphor about the room where people with competence in theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge collaborate with students. Collaboration days between students, practical nurse supervisors and nurse teachers were conducted for four second-year student groups (N=23). Focus groups were used to collect data. The transcribed interviews have been analyzed through meaning condensation. An essential structure of the students 'experiences from the collaboration days describes The Third Room as a good arena where the students' clinical competence was stimulated and increased. Four themes describe the student’s experiences; preparedness for practice, confidence, reflection and collaborative learning. A strengthened collaboration between universities and hospitals through working communities in The Third Room can facilitate nursing students' learning.

scholarly journals Práticas religiosas populares na Passio Sanctorum Perpetuae et Felicitatis: entre sonhos oraculares e visões apocalípticas

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Paulo Augusto de Souza Nogueira ◽  
Denilson Da Silva Matos
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Scarcity Of Resources

Neste artigo propomos uma análise de práticas religiosas populares na Passio Sanctorum Perpetuae et Felicitatis, que narra a história da prisão e execução de um grupo de cristãos em Cartago, norte da África, na virada do segundo para o terceiro século da era cristã (202-204 d.C) durante o reinado do imperador Séptimus Severus. Destacamos relatos que aproximam as práticas dos mártires às práticas religiosas de subalternos, com destaque para práticas consolidadas no âmbito da religião do povo, a saber, a consulta a sonhos e oráculos de diversos tipos, com a finalidade de administrar conflitos e a escassez de recursos, bem como a preparação de amuletos.In this paper we propose an analysis of popular religious practices in the Passio Sanctorum Perpetuae et Felicitatis, which tells the story of the imprisonment and execution of a group of Christians in Carthage, North Africa, at the turn of the second to the third century of the Christian era (202- 204 AD) during the reign of Emperor Septimus Severus. We highlight reports that approximate the practices of the martyrs to the religious practices of subalterns, with emphasis on practices consolidated within the scope of the religion of the people, namely the consultation of dreams and oracles of various types, with the purpose of managing conflicts and the scarcity of resources, as well as the preparation of amulets.

LITHIC POETICS: POSIDIPPUS AND HIS STONES

Ramus ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaś Elsner
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Aesthetic Response ◽  
Standard View ◽  
The Third ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Insight Into

The 20 poems collected together as thelithikaof Posidippus, the first surviving poems on a papyrus roll only published in 2001 and dating from the third century BCE, offer a range of spectacular new evidence for a series of issues in Hellenistic history, art and literature. The standard view is that Posidippus was probably author of all the epigrams in the roll known as P. Mil. Vogl. VIII 309, although this has been contested and by no means need certainly be the case. For my purposes here, I do assume that the interconnected poetics of the poems in thelithikado imply a single poet who is quite likely to be Posidippus, since poem 15—independently anthologised in antiquity and known through a manuscript tradition—was attributed to Posidippus in the twelfth century by the Byzantine poet and grammarian John Tzetzes. Historically speaking, the fact that so many of these poems focus on gems from the east gives remarkable insight into the interchange between Hellenistic and Achaemenid cultures: specifically, they signal the prestige of treasures from the east in the Hellenistic courts. In the history of collections, they represent a very early example of exoticism in elite collecting, of the accumulation of valuables in what we may assume was a royal and non-sacredSchatzkammer, of the need for an aesthetic response (in this case through short poems) to ‘label’ and valorise the precious items in the collection. In the history of ancientWissenschaft, the poems’ use of late Classical gem-lore (exemplified in texts like theOn Stonesof Theophrastus) offers a vivid instance of the ways theoretical knowledge circulated at least in elite contexts around the royal circle.

scholarly journals Herodian and the Crisis of Emperorship, 235-238 AD

Mnemosyne ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-440
Author(s):  
Caillan Davenport ◽  
Christopher Mallan
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Broad Consensus

Abstract This article examines Herodian’s portrayal of the rise and fall of Roman emperors and usurpers in Books 7 and 8 of his History (covering the years 235-238 AD). Herodian’s narrative provides its readers with a perceptive account of the challenges faced by Rome’s rulers during the middle decades of the third century AD. Emperors had to defend the frontiers while cultivating the support of the army, the senate, and the people of Rome and the provinces. The historian explores how potential candidates for the purple were likely to succeed or fail based on the support, or lack thereof, of these key constituencies. He shows how even theoretically promising experiments in imperial rule, such as the joint reign of Pupienus and Balbinus, were ultimately doomed to fail because the emperors did not possess a deep and broad consensus among all elements of the Roman state.

scholarly journals التاريخ العقدي في المذهب الشافعي

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-159
Author(s):  
Salahuddin Guntung Raden
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

This study aims to reveal the various patterns of belief in the internal of the Shafi'i school and also to explain the history of the emergence of these various forms of understanding after the early development of the Shafi'i school which is oriented towards pure salafi Sunni understanding. This research used the deductive inductive method. The results of this study show that the Shafi'i school as it develops in the aspect of fiqh through the hands of its figures, it also develops in the aspects of aqidah with quite rapid development. The Shafi'i school is no longer pure as it was in the days of its founder, Imam Al-Shafi'i, and his early figures. In the internal of the Shafi'i School, various forms of belief emerged which later became many different madrasas. Each madrasah produces a variety of views that are similar and are bound by the same ushul (principle) and their figures are connected with similar thoughts. The Shafi'i school was originally a pure Sunni school and could be called the Madrasah Syafi'iyyah Ahlussnnah. Then within the school, there appeared various types of understanding of the people of Kalam and Sufi. Then it became several madrasas with different styles of understanding. Within the schools, the concept of Kullabiyah Asy'ariyah emerged in the third century of hijriyyah where in the same century the people of Kalam and Sufi also emerged. Then in the fifth century, the concept of Asy'ariyah Muktazilah emerged. Then the concept of understanding of the Asy'ariyah Falsafi emerged and became grounded in the Shafi'i School in the sixth century of hijriyyah during the emergence of the concept of Kuburiyah which has survived to this day. However, the pure Sunni Salafi style remains in the internal Shafi'i school.

Apologetic Literature and Ambassadorial Activities

1989 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Schoedel
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Previous Analysis ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Rhetorical Tradition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
The People ◽  
Literary Character

The following study on aspects of the form of apologetic literature in the early church and Judaism grows out of a previous analysis of themes in the apologist Athenagoras that reflect the manner of praising kings in the Greco-Roman rhetorical tradition. My argument was that, although Athenagoras'sLegatiois correctly read as apologetic literature, the task of the orator to render the judge well disposed to his cause is carried out by Athenagoras by calling on familiar epideictic strategies known to us primarily from Menander's (or Ps.- Menander's) codification of them in the third century. Meanwhile, Robert M. Grant has reoriented my discussion of Athenagoras by reading it against the background provided by Fergus Millar in the latter's detailed investigation of the activities of the Roman emperors in meeting the appeals and requests of the people of the Roman empire. Here the fact that Athenagoras's apology is entitled “Embassy” is seen as significant in the light of the importance of embassies in presenting appeals and requests to the emperor. It seems natural to look at the kinds of addresses that ambassadors gave in such circumstances for more precise clues to the literary character of the Christian apologies. The following study is intended as a contribution to the inquiry that has been opened up by that suggestion.

Metus Persicus?

Millennium ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-72
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Havener
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Historia Augusta ◽  
The Moment

Abstract The Sasanians have been characterized as Rome’s enemy par excellence in the ancient sources as well as in modern scholarship. According to the Greek and Roman historians, from the moment of its emergence in the second decade of the third century CE, the new dynasty pursued an extremely aggressive policy towards the Western neighbour that resulted in fierce and renewed military conflict and brought the Roman Empire to the brink of desaster. However, a closer look on the respective historiographic and biographic texts from contemporary and later authors reveals a deeper meaning behind their depictions of Roman-Sasanian conflict in the third century. This article argues that authors like Cassius Dio, Herodian and the composer of the fourth-century Historia Augusta used these narrations in order to name and address severe problems within the Roman Empire. Their considerations focused on the mechanisms of imperial government and self-representation which underwent a profound and radical change in the course of the third century. The principate of the previous centuries with its perfectly balanced system of communication between the emperor, the senate, the people of Rome and the army was gradually transformed into an overt military monarchy in which the emperors ostentatiously displayed their exclusive reliance on the soldiers as the crucial foundation of their rule. Although the characterization of Sasanian politics and attitudes towards Rome in the historiographic and biographic texts was certainly not merely an interpretatio Romana, the conditions within the Roman empire have to be taken into account in order to fully understand the contemporary and later historians’ intentions and the specific thrust of their texts.

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