scholarly journals Temporal Variations in Chemical Composition of Snow Cover in Moscow

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina D. Eremina ◽  
Jessica Yu. Vasil’chuk
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Snow Melting ◽  
The Road ◽  
Seasonal Snow ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Snow Precipitation ◽  
Different Parts

This article summarizes the data of the chemical composition and the acidity of the seasonal snow precipitation for the cold periods 1999-2006 (n=180), 2010-2013 (n=82) and 2018-2019 (n=18) in different parts of Moscow. Major ions content was measured, such as SO42-, НСO3-, Cl-, NO3-, Са2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and NH4+, also pH and sum of ions (mg/L) were measured. During the 2018-2019 season, snowpack samples were taken twice at 4 sites in Moscow: two in the North-East Administrative Okrug (NEAO) near the road and in the park at the distance of 3 km from each other, and two in the South- Western Administrative Okrug (SWAO) and in the Western Administrative Okrug (WAO) near the road and in the park at the distance of 6 km from each other. Samples were taken with a break of 5 days to determine the dynamics of the chemical composition within the beginning of the snow-melting. In each pair of sampling sites there was one that is located in the park and one located near the road. This experiment showed a slight variability of the chemical composition of snow during 5 days under the influence of the new snowfall. In general, there is a trend of changing the composition of snow from calcium carbonate to calcium chloride, which is mainly connected to the use of anti-icing reagents; for the same reason, the areas that are closer to the roads are the most polluted.

scholarly journals Flood characterisation of the Haor region of Bangladesh using flood index

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 824-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asadusjjaman Suman ◽  
Biswa Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Flood Hazard ◽  
River System ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Flood Hydrograph ◽  
Flooding Risk ◽  
Flood Index

The paper presents the flood characterisation of the Haor region in the north-east of Bangladesh. The region consists of a system of Haors, each of which is a saucer-shaped depression and interconnected by a river system. A portion of the Haor area, known as the deeply flooded area, consisting of about 15 Haors, was chosen as the study area. A 1D2D model, with one-dimensional model for the rivers and a two-dimensional model for the Haors, was developed. Flood hydrograph characteristics such as the rising curve gradient, flood magnitude ratio (with respect to the average discharge) and time to peak were assessed for different river floods. Using these characteristics an integrated flood index (FI) was developed. The FI is an aggregated indicator based on the flood hydrograph characteristics and indicates the relative overall severity of a flood. The spatial and temporal variations of the index were investigated as well. The computed FI at different locations of the region and for different flood hazard frequencies provide a broad understanding of the flooding characteristics of the region. The developed methodology can also be applied to other river basins to analyse flooding risk provided some historical flood data are available.

Excavations in Caria

1887 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 64-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Paton
Keyword(s):  
Great Part ◽  
The West ◽  
The Road ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Hill ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Way

Mr. Newton in his History of Discoveries, p. 583, gives the following account of an excursion to the peninsula which lies to the west of Budrum (Halikarnassus) where he was then excavating:—We next proceeded to examine the hill with the level top. This hill is called Assarlik.Ascending from this gateway we passed several other lines of ancient walls, and on gaining the summit of the hill found a platform artificially levelled. There are not many traces of walls here. The sides of the hill are so steep on the north and east that they do not require walls. The platform terminates on the north-east in a rock rising vertically for many hundred feet from the valley below. The top of the rock is cut into beds to receive a tower. The view from this platform is magnificent.[After brief mention of several tombs passed in the way down, Mr. Newton proceeds:]The acropolis which anciently crowned the rock at Assarlik must have overlooked a great part of the peninsula and commanded the road from Halicarnassus to Myndus and Termera. From the number of tombs here, and their archaic character, it may be inferred that this was a fortress of some importance in very early times.

scholarly journals Vertical distribution of sub-micron aerosol chemical composition from North-Western Europe and the North-East Atlantic

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 9117-9150
Author(s):  
W. T. Morgan ◽  
J. D. Allan ◽  
K. N. Bower ◽  
G. Capes ◽  
J. Crosier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

Abstract. A synthesis of UK based airborne in-situ measurements of aerosol properties representing air masses from North-West Europe and the North-East Atlantic is presented. The major focus of the study is the vertical distribution of sub-micron aerosol chemical composition. Vertical profiles are derived from a Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS). Background sub-micron aerosol vertical profiles are identified and are primarily composed of organic matter and sulphate aerosol. Such background conditions occurred predominantly during periods associated with long-range air mass transport across the Atlantic. These instances may serve as useful model input of aerosol to Western Europe. Increased mass concentration episodes are coincident with European outflow and periods of stagnant/recirculating air masses. Such periods are characterised by significantly enhanced concentrations of nitrate aerosol relative to those of organic matter and sulphate. Periods of enhanced ground level PM2.5 loadings are coincident with instances of high nitrate mass fractions measured on-board the aircraft, indicating that nitrate is a significant contributor to regional pollution episodes. The vertical structure of the sulphate and organic aerosol profiles were shown to be primarily driven by large-scale dynamical processes. The vertical distribution of nitrate is likely determined by both dynamic and thermodynamic processes, with chemical partitioning of gas phase precursors to the particle phase occurring at lower temperatures at the top of the boundary layer. Such effects have profound implications for the aerosol's lifetime and subsequent impacts, highlighting the requirement for accurate representation of the aerosol vertical distribution.

The Ancient Road Systems of the Central and Northern Ager Faliscus. (Notes on Southern Etruria, 2)

1957 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 67-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Frederiksen ◽  
J. B. Ward Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Northern Limit ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The Road ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Arterial Road ◽  
Road Systems ◽  
The Right ◽  
North Western

The modern Via Cassia, now as in antiquity the great arterial road up through the heart of south-eastern Etruria, after crossing the Fosso dell'Olgiata less than a kilometre to the west of the north-western gate of Veii, climbs steadily for about 7 km. to cross the Monti Sabatini, the line of extinct volcanic craters that runs eastwards from Lake Bracciano, forming a natural northern boundary to the Roman Campagna. After cutting through the southern crest of the crater of Baccano, with its magnificent views southwards and eastwards over Rome towards Tivoli, Palestrina and the Alban Hills, the road drops into the crater, skirts round the east side of the former lake, and climbs again to the far rim, before dropping once more into the head of the Treia basin, on its way to Monterosi and Sutri.From this vantage-point a whole new landscape is spread out before one (pl. XLVII). To the west and north-west, the tangle of volcanic hills that forms the northern limit of the Monti Sabatini, rising at its highest point to the conical peak of Monte Rocca Romana (612 m.); beyond and to the right of those, past Monterosi and filling the whole of the north-western horizon, some 10–15 km. distant, the spreading bulk of Monte Cimino (1053 m.), with its characteristically volcanic, twin-peaked profile; to the north and north-east, the gently rolling woods and fields of the Faliscan plain, deceptively smooth, stretching away to the distant Tiber.

Frozen Rivers and Fault Lines

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Searle
Keyword(s):  
Western Himalaya ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Road ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Golden Eagles ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
Winter Time ◽  
The Himalaya ◽  
North Western

After seven summer field seasons working in the north-western Himalaya in India, I had heard of a winter trade route that must rank as one of the most outlandish journeys in the Himalaya. The largely Buddhist Kingdoms of Ladakh and Zanskar are high, arid, mountainous lands to the north of the Greater Himalayan Range and in the rain shadow of the summer monsoon. Whereas the southern slopes of the Himalaya range from dense sub-tropical jungles and bamboo forests to rhododendron woods and magnificent alpine pastures carpeted in spring flowers, the barren icy lands to the north are the realm of the snow leopard, the yak, and the golden eagles and lammergeier vultures that soar overhead. The Zanskar Valley lies immediately north-east of the 6–7,000-metre-high peaks of the Himalayan crest and has about thirty permanent settlements, including about ten Buddhist monasteries. I had seen the Zanskar Ranges from the summit of White Sail in Kulu and later spent four summer seasons mapping the geology along the main trekking routes. In summer, trekking routes cross the Himalaya westwards to Kashmir, southwards to Himachal Pradesh, and northwards to Leh, the ancient capital of Ladakh. Winter snows close the Zanskar Valley from the outside world for up to six months a year when temperatures plummet to minus 38oC. Central Zanskar is a large blank on the map, virtually inaccessible, with steepsided jagged limestone mountains and deep canyons. The Zanskar River carves a fantastic gorge through this mountain range and for only a few weeks in the middle of winter the river freezes. The Chaddur, the walk along the frozen Zanskar River, takes about ten to twelve days from Zanskar to the Indus Valley and, in winter time, was the only way in or out before the road to Kargil was constructed. I mentioned this winter trek to Ben Stephenson during our summer fieldwork in Kishtwar and he stopped suddenly, turned around, and said ‘Mike we just have to do this trek!’ So the idea of a winter journey into Zanskar was born, and four of us set off from Oxford in January 1995.

scholarly journals The impact of aerosol size-dependent hygroscopicity and mixing state on the cloud condensation nuclei potential over the north-east Atlantic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 8655-8675
Author(s):  
Wei Xu ◽  
Kirsten N. Fossum ◽  
Jurgita Ovadnevaite ◽  
Chunshui Lin ◽  
Ru-Jin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
East Atlantic ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Internal Mixing ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. We present an aerosol cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) closure study over the north-east Atlantic Ocean using six approximating methods. The CCN number concentrations (NCCN) were measured at four discrete supersaturations (SSs; 0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 % and 1.0 %). Concurrently, aerosol number size distribution, sub-saturation hygroscopic growth factor and bulk PM1 chemical composition were obtained at matching time resolution and after a careful data validation exercise. Method A used a constant bulk hygroscopicity parameter κ of 0.3; method B used bulk PM1 chemical composition measured by an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS); method C utilised a single growth factor (GF) size (165 nm) measured by a humidified tandem differential mobility analyser (HTDMA); method D utilised size-dependent GFs measured at 35, 50, 75, 110 and 165 nm; method E divided the aerosol population into three hygroscopicity modes (near-hydrophobic, more-hygroscopic and sea-salt modes), and the total CCN number in each mode was cumulatively added up; method F used the full-size-scale GF probability density function (GF–PDF) in the most complex approach. The studied periods included high-biological-activity and low-biological-activity seasons in clean marine and polluted continental air masses to represent and discuss the most contrasting aerosol populations. Overall, a good agreement was found between estimated and measured NCCN with linear regression slopes ranging from 0.64 to 1.6. The temporal variability was captured very well, with Pearson's R value ranging from 0.76 to 0.98 depending on the method and air mass type. We further compared the results of using different methods to quantify the impact of size-dependent hygroscopicity and mixing state and found that ignoring size-dependent hygroscopicity induced overestimation of NCCN by up to 12 %, and ignoring a mixing state induced overestimation of NCCN by up to 15 %. The error induced by assuming an internal mixing in highly polluted cases was largely eliminated by dividing the full GF–PDF into three conventional hygroscopic modes, while assuming an internal mixing in clean marine aerosol did not induce significant error.

Eupatorium birmanicum

2020 ◽  
pp. 286-301
Author(s):  
Rubina Chongtham ◽  
Madhu Rani
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Useful Plants ◽  
East Indian ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Different Parts

Plants have been a source of treatment and a cure to various diseases and health conditions. India has immense traditional knowledge of useful plants of medicinal importance. This knowledge has been an intrinsic part of the lifestyles of various indigenous peoples in different parts of the country and has served as the basis of discovery/designing of modern medicines. One such region rich in traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is the north-east Indian state of Manipur. Eupatorium birmanicum DC known as Langthrei (Asteraceae), which is grown in every household and has a revered position, has anti-ulcer properties, and crushed fresh juice is taken orally to treat gastro-enteritis. There is an abundance of such ethnomedicinally important plants whose improved scientific understanding will improve their value in treating chronic conditions as well as conserving the plants and their knowledge. This chapter emphasizes the importance of E. birmanicum, discussing its various medicinal properties.

Evaluation Of Major Causes Of Road Accidents Along North–East Highway, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arafat Suleiman Yero ◽  
Tijanni Y Ahmed ◽  
Mohd Rosli Hainin
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Road Users

A major road link in the North-Eastern region of Nigeria is the Bauchi – Maiduguri highway that is a 425 km road that links a section of the north east region to other regions of Nigeria. The goods and services to the region are basically transported by road.  This has increased vehicular traffic that resulted in increased road accident rates over the years.  It is paramount to investigate the major causes of vehicle accidents on this highway as much has not been done to investigate accident cases on the route. The five year accident record on that route was obtained from the Federal Road Safety Corp of Nigeria,   the Nigeria Police traffic unit, and the Nigeria union of road traffic workers. The study indicated that speed violation by drivers and bad road conditions contributes greatly in the rate of accidents along the route. Hence the study recommends better road maintenance culture and more sensitization of the road users and enforcement of speed limits.

Spatial-temporal variations of surface diffuse CO2 degassing at El Hierro volcano, Canary Islands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro A. Hernández ◽  
Christopher A. Skeldon ◽  
Jingwei Zhang ◽  
Fátima Rodríguez ◽  
Cecilia Amonte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Submarine Eruption ◽  
El Hierro ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Destructive Processes

<p>El Hierro (278 km<sup>2</sup>), the youngest, smallest and westernmost island of the Canarian archipelago, is a 5-km-high edifice constructed by rapid constructive and destructive processes in ~1.12 Ma, with a truncated trihedral shape and three convergent ridges of volcanic cones. It experienced a submarine eruption from 12 October, 2011 to 5 March 2012, off its southern coast that was the first one to be monitored from the beginning in the Canary Islands. As no visible emanations occur at the surface environment of El Hierro, diffuse degassing studies are a useful geochemical tool to monitor the volcanic activity in this volcanic island. Diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> emission surveys have been performed at El Hierro Island since 1998 in a yearly basis, with much higher frequency during the period 2011-2012. At each survey, about 600 sampling sites are selected to obtain a homogeneous distribution. Measurements of soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux are performed in situ following the accumulation chamber method. During pre-eruptive and eruptive periods, the diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> emission released by the whole island experienced significant increases before the onset of the submarine eruption and the most energetic seismic events of the volcanic-seismic unrest (Melián et al., 2014. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, 6976–6991). The most recent diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> efflux survey was carried out in July 2019. Values ranged from non-detectable to 28.9 g m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>. Statistical-graphical analysis of the data shows two different geochemical populations; Background (B) and Peak (P) represented by 97.5% and 0.5% of the total data, respectively, with geometric means of 1.2 and 23.6 g m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Most of the area showed B values while the P values were mainly observed at the interception center of the three convergent ridges and the north-east of the island. To estimate the diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> emission for the 2019 survey, we ran about 100 sGs simulations. The estimated 2019 diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> output released to atmosphere by El Hierro was 214 ± 10 t d<sup>-1</sup>, value lower than the background average of CO<sub>2</sub> emission estimated on 412 t d<sup>-1</sup> and slightly higher than the background range of 181 t d<sup>-1</sup> (−1σ) and 930 t d<sup>-1</sup> (+1σ) estimated at El Hierro volcano during the quiescence period 1998-2010 (Melián et al., 2014, JGR). Monitoring the diffuse CO<sub>2</sub> emission has proven to be a very effective tool to detect early warning signals of volcanic unrest at El Hierro.</p>

IV.—Note on Mr Quilter's Photographs of Mirage

1921 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 33-33
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
As If

In a paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (vol. xxxviii, pp. 166–168), Mr Alexander G. Ramage described cases of mirage as seen on the Queensferry Road, near Edinburgh. Similar appearances have been since then observed and reported from different parts of the country, and the photographs of these by Mr G. F. Quilter, Ingatestone, are of some interest. Prints of five photographs taken by Mr Quilter were shown at the meeting of the Society held on 3rd November 1919; four were taken at one place about 100 yards’ distance from where the dry road appeared to be a pool. The camera looked along the road in a direction E.N.E., the road rising slightly towards the position where the mirage was seen. The best photographs, which were taken on 15th June 1919, at 1.30 p.m., showed certain posts on the north side of the road appearing distinctly reflected in the mirage pool. In the fifth photograph, taken at a different locality in August 1919, the shaded side of a telegraph post with neighbouring trees and a white-walled house beyond were distinctly seen as if reflected from a pool in the middle of the road. The main interest lies in the fact that the photographs bring out the phenomenon quite clearly.

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