scholarly journals Preference in Girls' Lower Limb Tasks

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Karen P. NONIS ◽  
Dawne LARKIN ◽  
Helen E. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Environmental Demands ◽  
And Task

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The research on laterality indicates that children become increasingly right preferent with age but these relate mainly to data on the upper limbs while lower limb preference is limited. This study investigated the direction of six lower limb preference tasks which included: kicking (stationary and moving ball); pick-up; step-up; balance and hopping. Fifty-one girls in the age group of 3, 4, 5 and 6 years were tested over four sessions at four monthly intervals and classified as right, left or mixed preferent after performing on two successive trials. This study hypothesized that girls would become increasingly right preferent with age and that lower limb preference would differ for each task. Data analysis used a three-way ANOVA repeated measures procedure with Age (4 levels) as the between subjects factor and Session (4 sessions) and Task (6 tasks) as the within subjects factors (N = 51). The ANOVA results showed two task groupings indicating that lower limb preference is task dependent. The authors proposed the interaction of individual differences, changing task and environmental demands influence the expression of lower limb preference.偏向的研究顯示孩童随著年齡的增長會逐漸向右邊偏向，但這些卻主要是針對上肢的研究資料，而對下肢偏向的資料卻有限。本報吿探討六種下肢偏向的動作方向測試，其中包括：踢腿(定點和滾球)、拾起、踩踏、平衡和定點彈跳。五十一位三至六歲的女童參與四次測試，每次測試相隔四個月。在連續兩次嘗試後，將她們分類為向右偏向、向左偏向和綜合偏向。這項研究假設女童隨著年齡的增長，會逐漸有向右邊的偏向，對下肢的偏向會隨著動作的不同而有所改變。報告的資料分析使用了三項ANOVA反復測量規程，以年齡(4個數值)作為物件之間的因素，測試(4次測試)和動作(6個動作)作為物件之內的因素(N = 51)。ANOVA的 結果呈現兩種動作類，顯示對於下肢的偏向是取決於動作的。作者提出看法，認為各個不同孩童的互動、動作和環境的轉換都對下肢偏向起著影響。

scholarly journals Strength of Preference in Girls' Lower Limb Tasks

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Karen P. NONIS ◽  
Dawne LARKIN ◽  
Helen E. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Strength Of Preference ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Time Strength ◽  
Repeated Measures Designs ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This study forms part of a larger study that investigated preference in girls' lower limb tasks. This paper reports the expression of girls' (N = 51) strength of preference over time. Strength of preference was analysed using two two-way ANOVA repeated measures designs. The first analysis had Age (4 levels) as the between subjects factor and Session (4 Sessions) as the within subjects factor while the second analysis used Task (6 tasks) as the within subjects factor. The results showed that the stability of girls' lower limb preference varied according to the task that they performed.本篇研究是一個以探討女孩在不同動作任務上其下肢動作偏向的研究之其中一部份。此篇報吿探悉五十一位女孩們在為期一對時間，對不同動作的任務，其下肢体的表現方法是否有一致性，或不一致性的現象。此研究使用雙向ANOVA 二因子重複量數變異數分析設計。第一次分析的兩個因子，分別為以"年齡"為因子(把受試者分為四個不同階段的年齡群)，和以"時段"為因子(單一受試者在四個不同動作測試的時段內)的兩因子重複量數變異數分析。第二次分析使用"任務"為因子(六種不同任務)和"每一受試者其個別下肢動作偏向"為因子，進行分析。研究結果顯示，女孩們對下肢動作的偏向，會依不同的動作任務，而有持續的不同表現方法。

Motivating Exercise Through Social Media: Is a Picture Always Worth a Thousand Words?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlyn Johnston ◽  
William E. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Exercise Motivation ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Within Subjects

In the present study, we examined how the influence of exercise-related social media content on exercise motivation might differ across content type (with images vs. without images) and account type (individual vs. corporate). Using a 2 × 2 within-subjects experimental design, 229 participants viewed a series of 40 actual social media posts across the four conditions (individual posts with images, corporate posts with images, individual posts without images, and corporate posts without images) in a randomized order. Participants rated the extent to which they felt each social media post motivated them to exercise, would motivate others to exercise, and was posted for extrinsic reasons. Participants also completed other measures of individual differences including their own exercise motivation. Posts with images from individuals were more motivating than posts with images from corporations; however, corporate posts without images were more motivating than posts without images from individuals. Participants expected others to be similarly motivated by the stimuli, and perceived corporate posts as having been posted for more extrinsic reasons than individuals’ posts. These findings enhance our understanding of how social media may be used to promote positive health behaviors.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Multi-Location External Workload Profile in the Most Common Movements in Basketball

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3441
Author(s):  
Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona ◽  
Sebastián Feu ◽  
José Pino-Ortega ◽  
Sergio J. Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Physical Conditioning ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Eta Squared ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Linear Movement

The present study analyzed the multi-location external workload profile in basketball players using a previously validated test battery and compared the demands among anatomical locations. A basketball team comprising 13 semi-professional male players was evaluated in five tests (abilities/skills/tests): (a) aerobic, linear movement, 30-15 IFT; (b) lactic anaerobic, acceleration and deceleration, 16.25 m RSA (c) alactic anaerobic, curvilinear movement, 6.75 m arc (d) elastic, jump, Abalakov test (e) physical-conditioning, small-sided game, 10’ 3 vs.3 10 × 15 m. PlayerLoadRT was evaluated at six anatomical locations simultaneously (interscapular line, lumbar region, knees and ankles) by six WIMU PROTM inertial devices attached to the player using an ad hoc integral suit. Statistical analysis was composed of an ANOVA of repeated measures and partial eta squared effect sizes. Significant differences among anatomical locations were found in all tests with higher values in the location nearer to ground contact (p < 0.01). However, differences between lower limb locations were only found in curvilinear movements, with a higher workload in the outside leg (p < 0.01). Additionally, high between-subject variability was found in team players, especially at lower limb locations. In conclusion, multi-location evaluation in sports movements will make it possible to establish an individual external workload profile and design specific strategies for training and injury prevention programs.

scholarly journals The Acute Effects of a Swimming Session on the Shoulder Rotators Strength and Balance of Age Group Swimmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8109
Author(s):  
Nuno Batalha ◽  
Jose A. Parraca ◽  
Daniel A. Marinho ◽  
Ana Conceição ◽  
Hugo Louro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Muscle Strengthening ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Shoulder Strength ◽  
Isometric Torque ◽  
Gender Specific

The purpose of this study was to analyze the acute effects of a standardized water training session on the shoulder rotators strength and balance in age group swimmers, in order to understand whether a muscle-strengthening workout immediately after the water training is appropriate. A repeated measures design was implemented with two measurements performed before and after a standardized swim session. 127 participants were assembled in male (n = 72; age: 16.28 ± 1.55 years, height: 174.15 ± 7.89 cm, weight: 63.97 ± 6.51 kg) and female (n = 55; age: 15.29 ± 1.28 years, height: 163.03 ± 7.19 cm, weight: 52.72 ± 5.48 kg) cohorts. The isometric torque of the shoulder internal (IR) and external (ER) rotators, as well as the ER/IR ratios, were assessed using a hand-held dynamometer. Paired sample t-tests and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were used (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were found on the shoulder rotators strength or balance in males after training. Females exhibited unchanged strength values after practice, but there was a considerable decrease in the shoulder rotators balance of the non-dominant limb (p < 0.01 d = 0.366). This indicates that a single practice seems not to affect the shoulders strength and balance of adolescent swimmers, but this can be a gender specific phenomenon. While muscle-strengthening workout after the water session may be appropriate for males, it can be questionable regarding females. Swimming coaches should regularly assess shoulder strength levels in order to individually identify swimmers who may or may not be able to practice muscle strengthening after the water training.

Current Task Activation Predicts General Effects of Advance Preparation in Task Switching

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edita Poljac ◽  
Ab de Haan ◽  
Gerard P. van Galen
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Shape Matching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
And Task

Two experiments investigated the way that beforehand preparation influences general task execution in reaction-time matching tasks. Response times (RTs) and error rates were measured for switching and nonswitching conditions in a color- and shape-matching task. The task blocks could repeat (task repetition) or alternate (task switch), and the preparation interval (PI) was manipulated within-subjects (Experiment 1) and between-subjects (Experiment 2). The study illustrated a comparable general task performance after a long PI for both experiments, within and between PI manipulations. After a short PI, however, the general task performance increased significantly for the between-subjects manipulation of the PI. Furthermore, both experiments demonstrated an analogous preparation effect for both task switching and task repetitions. Next, a consistent switch cost throughout the whole run of trials and a within-run slowing effect were observed in both experiments. Altogether, the present study implies that the effects of the advance preparation go beyond the first trials and confirms different points of the activation approach ( Altmann, 2002) to task switching.

Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Evaluation of 114 Measures

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 683-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvah C. Bittner ◽  
Robert C. Carter ◽  
Robert S. Kennedy ◽  
Mary M. Harbeson ◽  
Michele Krause
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Environmental Studies ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Task Definition ◽  
And Task

The goal of the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) Program was to identify a set of measures of human capabilities for use in the study of environmental and other time-course effects. 114 measures studied in the PETER Program were evaluated and categorized into four groups based upon task stability and task definition. The Recommended category contained 30 measures that clearly obtained total stabilization and had an acceptable level of reliability efficiency. The Acceptable-But-Redundant category contained 15 measures. The 37 measures in the Marginal category, which included an inordinate number of slope and other derived measures, usually had desirable features which were outweighed by faults. The 32 measures in the Unacceptable category had either differential instability or weak reliability efficiency. It is our opinion that the 30 measures in the Recommended category should be given first consideration for environmental research applications. Further, it is recommended that information pertaining to preexperimental practice requirements and stabilized reliabilities should be utilized in repeated-measures environmental studies.

CHILDREN IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 847-854
Author(s):  
G. Anthony Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rear Seat ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Rural Highways ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Seating Position

The part that children play in traffic accidents has been studied by numerous workers from differing points of view. Slätis,1 in a study of 5,291 persons injured in traffic accidents and receiving medical treatment in Sweden, found that 16.3% were less than 15 years of age. An examination by Mackay2 of a series of 250 accidents investigated at the scene in Birmingham, England, found that children less than 16 years of age formed 6.2% of the 464 persons involved. In Brisbane, Australia, Jamieson and Tait3 found that children less than 15 years old formed 10.9% of a group of 1,000 admissions or deaths from traffic accidents. Gädeke4 in Germany, found children less than 15 years old were injured more often in rural accidents, that traffic accidents formed 35 to 40% of all fatal accidents in children, and that injuries to the head and lower limb were most common. In Sweden, Ekström, et al.5 found that the majority of children involved in accidents they studied were pedestrians or pedal cyclists, and 40% were between 5 and 9 years old. Moore and Lilienfeld6 reported on 31,001 occupants of known age in 14,520 automobiles involved in injury-producing accidents on rural highways in the United States. They found that children less than 12 years of age formed 9%, adolescents age 12 to 18 years formed 16%, and adults of more than 18 years formed 75%. They found that children received fewer and less severe injuries than adolescents or adults, in each seating position. Front seat passengers in each age group were injured more often and more severely than rear seat passengers.

The Effects of Superficial Heating before 1-MHz Ultrasound on Tissue Temperature

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Holcomb ◽  
Chris Blank
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Training ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Temperature Elevation ◽  
Main Outcome Measure ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Independent Variable

Context:Ultrasound significantly raises tissue temperature, but the time of temperature elevation is short.Objective:To assess the effectiveness of superficial preheating on temperature elevation and decline when using ultrasound.Design:Within-subjects design to test the independent variable, treatment condition; repeated-measures ANOVAs to analyze the dependent variables, temperature elevation and decline.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Temperature at a depth of 3.75 cm was measured during ultrasound after superficial heating and with ultrasound alone.Subjects:10 healthy men.Main Outcome Measure:Temperature was recorded every 30 s during 15 min of ultrasound and for 15 min afterward.Results:Temperature elevation with ultrasound was significantly greater with preheating (4.0 ± 0.21 °C) than with ultrasound alone (3.0 ± 0.22 °C). Temperature decline was not significantly different between preheating and ultrasound alone.Conclusions:Superficial preheating significantly increases temperature elevation but has no effect on temperature decline during a 15-min cooling period.

Extending the User Action Notation for Research in Individual Differences

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-257
Author(s):  
Derek Brock ◽  
Deborah Hix ◽  
Lynn Dievendorf ◽  
J. Gregory Trafton
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Expressive Power ◽  
Interaction Techniques ◽  
Standard Format ◽  
Input Devices ◽  
Interface Specification ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
And Task

Software user interfaces that provide users with more than one device, such as a mouse and keyboard, for interactively performing tasks, are now commonplace. Concerns about how to represent individual differences in patterns of use and acquisition of skill in such interfaces led the authors to develop modifications to the standard format of the User Action Notation (UAN) that substantially augment the notation's expressive power. These extensions allow the reader of an interface specification to make meaningful comparisons between functionally equivalent interaction techniques and task performance strategies in interfaces supporting multiple input devices. Furthermore, they offer researchers a new methodology for analyzing the behavioral aspects of user interfaces. These modifications are documented and their benefits discussed.

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