Strength of Preference in Girls' Lower Limb Tasks

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This study forms part of a larger study that investigated preference in girls' lower limb tasks. This paper reports the expression of girls' (N = 51) strength of preference over time. Strength of preference was analysed using two two-way ANOVA repeated measures designs. The first analysis had Age (4 levels) as the between subjects factor and Session (4 Sessions) as the within subjects factor while the second analysis used Task (6 tasks) as the within subjects factor. The results showed that the stability of girls' lower limb preference varied according to the task that they performed.本篇研究是一個以探討女孩在不同動作任務上其下肢動作偏向的研究之其中一部份。此篇報吿探悉五十一位女孩們在為期一對時間，對不同動作的任務，其下肢体的表現方法是否有一致性，或不一致性的現象。此研究使用雙向ANOVA 二因子重複量數變異數分析設計。第一次分析的兩個因子，分別為以"年齡"為因子(把受試者分為四個不同階段的年齡群)，和以"時段"為因子(單一受試者在四個不同動作測試的時段內)的兩因子重複量數變異數分析。第二次分析使用"任務"為因子(六種不同任務)和"每一受試者其個別下肢動作偏向"為因子，進行分析。研究結果顯示，女孩們對下肢動作的偏向，會依不同的動作任務，而有持續的不同表現方法。

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Preference in Girls' Lower Limb Tasks

Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation ◽

10.24112/ajper.121309 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 39-47

Author(s):

Karen P. NONIS ◽

Dawne LARKIN ◽

Helen E. PARKER

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

English Abstract ◽

Age Group ◽

Upper Limbs ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Environmental Demands ◽

And Task

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The research on laterality indicates that children become increasingly right preferent with age but these relate mainly to data on the upper limbs while lower limb preference is limited. This study investigated the direction of six lower limb preference tasks which included: kicking (stationary and moving ball); pick-up; step-up; balance and hopping. Fifty-one girls in the age group of 3, 4, 5 and 6 years were tested over four sessions at four monthly intervals and classified as right, left or mixed preferent after performing on two successive trials. This study hypothesized that girls would become increasingly right preferent with age and that lower limb preference would differ for each task. Data analysis used a three-way ANOVA repeated measures procedure with Age (4 levels) as the between subjects factor and Session (4 sessions) and Task (6 tasks) as the within subjects factors (N = 51). The ANOVA results showed two task groupings indicating that lower limb preference is task dependent. The authors proposed the interaction of individual differences, changing task and environmental demands influence the expression of lower limb preference.偏向的研究顯示孩童随著年齡的增長會逐漸向右邊偏向，但這些卻主要是針對上肢的研究資料，而對下肢偏向的資料卻有限。本報吿探討六種下肢偏向的動作方向測試，其中包括：踢腿(定點和滾球)、拾起、踩踏、平衡和定點彈跳。五十一位三至六歲的女童參與四次測試，每次測試相隔四個月。在連續兩次嘗試後，將她們分類為向右偏向、向左偏向和綜合偏向。這項研究假設女童隨著年齡的增長，會逐漸有向右邊的偏向，對下肢的偏向會隨著動作的不同而有所改變。報告的資料分析使用了三項ANOVA反復測量規程，以年齡(4個數值)作為物件之間的因素，測試(4次測試)和動作(6個動作)作為物件之內的因素(N = 51)。ANOVA的結果呈現兩種動作類，顯示對於下肢的偏向是取決於動作的。作者提出看法，認為各個不同孩童的互動、動作和環境的轉換都對下肢偏向起著影響。

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Stability of Intravenous Famotidine Stored in Polyvinyl Chloride Syringes

DICP ◽

10.1177/1060028089023007-811 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 23 (7-8) ◽

pp. 588-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Linda S. Bullock ◽

Joseph F. Fitzgerald ◽

Helen I. Mazur

Keyword(s):

Polyvinyl Chloride ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

High Performance ◽

Hplc Analysis ◽

Time Effect ◽

Sterile Water ◽

Reverse Phase ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis ◽

The Stability ◽

Over Time

The stability of intravenous famotidine in dextrose 5% injection (D5W), NaCl 0.9% injection (NS), and sterile water for injection stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) syringes at 4°C for 14 days was studied. The concentration of famotidine samples was determined at time 0, 7 days, and 14 days by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Samples were inspected for visual changes and tested for changes in pH. Results of the HPLC analysis indicated that the famotidine samples remained within 94-100 percent and 99-103 percent of the time 0 concentrations at 7 and 14 days, respectively. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated a significant time effect on famotidine concentration as concentrations changed over time (p<0.01). This change was small in magnitude, however, and concentrations decreased at 7 days and increased at 14 days. Famotidine is stable at a concentration of 2 mg/mL in D5W, NS, and sterile water for injection stored in PVC syringes at 4°C for 14 days.

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Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration in horses decreases after freezing for 60 days

Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation ◽

10.1177/1040638719882374 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 856-858

Author(s):

John C. Haffner ◽

Dwana L. Neal ◽

Rhonda M. Hoffman ◽

Steven T. Grubbs

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Hormone Concentration ◽

Plasma Acth ◽

Acth Concentration ◽

The Stability ◽

Over Time

We investigated the stability of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in plasma after freezing for different lengths of time. The plasma ACTH concentrations of 12 horses were measured on day 0 (baseline) and over time, after stimulation with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Samples were stored at −80°C for 3, 7, 30, 60, and 90 d, or at −20°C for 3, 7, 30, and 60 d, or between ice packs at −20°C for 3 and 7 d prior to determination of ACTH concentration. ACTH concentrations were compared to baseline (non-frozen day 0 plasma) for each storage method using a mixed model with repeated measures in which each horse served as its own control and day was the repeated effect. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05, and 0.05 < p < 0.10 was considered a trend. Plasma ACTH frozen at −20°C or at −80°C resulted in degradation of ACTH compared to baseline samples at 60 and 90 d respectively. There was no degradation of ACTH after 7 d when stored between ice packs, or before 30 d at −20°C, or before 60 d at −80°C.

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Effects of Temperature on Stability of Blood Homocysteine in Collection Tubes Containing 3-Deazaadenosine

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/48.11.2017 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 48 (11) ◽

pp. 2017-2022 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Diane M Hill ◽

Lisa J Johnson ◽

Paul J Burns ◽

Angela M Neale ◽

Denise M Harmening ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Time Course ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

The Stability ◽

And Storage

Abstract Background: The accuracy of homocysteine (Hcy) results is currently compromised by the requirement to separate the plasma within 1 h of sample collection. We studied the effect of temperature on the stability of plasma Hcy over a 72-h time course in blood collected into evacuated tubes containing either EDTA alone or both EDTA and 3-deazaadenosine (3DA). Methods: We recruited 100 volunteers, including both diseased and healthy individuals with a range of baseline plasma Hcy values, from two centers. Blood samples were collected into tubes containing EDTA, and EDTA plus 3DA and stored at ambient temperature (20–25 °C) or refrigerated (2–8 °C). Aliquots of blood were centrifuged at various times up to 72 h, the plasma was removed, and Hcy was measured by HPLC. Results: Plasma Hcy measurement covering the sample collection and storage conditions during the whole time course was possible on samples from 59 of those recruited. One-way ANOVA for repeated measures within subjects revealed that only samples that were collected into tubes containing EDTA plus 3DA and stored refrigerated were stable over 72 h (P = 0.2761). Conclusions: A combination of 3DA and storage at 2–8 °C will allow collection of samples for plasma Hcy measurement outside of the hospital setting and wider population screening.

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Predicting plasticity: acute context-dependent changes to vocal performance predict long-term age-dependent changes

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00688.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 114 (4) ◽

pp. 2328-2339 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Logan S. James ◽

Jon T. Sakata

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Temporal Structure ◽

Vocal Performance ◽

Branch Points ◽

Vocal Plasticity ◽

Repeated Measures Design ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Context Dependent ◽

The Stability ◽

Over Time

Understanding the factors that predict and guide variation in behavioral change can lend insight into mechanisms of motor plasticity and individual differences in behavior. The performance of adult birdsong changes with age in a manner that is similar to rapid context-dependent changes to song. To reveal mechanisms of vocal plasticity, we analyzed the degree to which variation in the direction and magnitude of age-dependent changes to Bengalese finch song could be predicted by variation in context-dependent changes. Using a repeated-measures design, we found that variation in age-dependent changes to the timing, sequencing, and structure of vocal elements (“syllables”) was significantly predicted by variation in context-dependent changes. In particular, the degree to which the duration of intersyllable gaps, syllable sequencing at branch points, and fundamental frequency of syllables within spontaneous [undirected (UD)] songs changed over time was correlated with the degree to which these features changed from UD song to female-directed (FD) song in young-adult finches (FDyoung). As such, the structure of some temporal features of UD songs converged over time onto the structure of FDyoung songs. This convergence suggested that the FDyoung song could serve as a stable target for vocal motor plasticity. Consequently, we analyzed the stability of FD song and found that the temporal structure of FD song changed significantly over time in a manner similar to UD song. Because FD song is considered a state of heightened performance, these data suggest that age-dependent changes could reflect practice-related improvements in vocal motor performance.

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Demonstration of the test-retest reliability and sensitivity of the Lower Limb Functional Index-10 as a measure of functional recovery post burn injury: a cross-sectional repeated measures study design

Burns & Trauma ◽

10.1186/s41038-016-0043-y ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Margaret E. Ryland ◽

Tiffany L. Grisbrook ◽

Fiona M. Wood ◽

Michael Phillips ◽

Dale W. Edgar

Keyword(s):

Internal Consistency ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Functional Ability ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Burn Injury ◽

Minimal Detectable Change ◽

Functional Index ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background Lower limb burns can significantly delay recovery of function. Measuring lower limb functional outcomes is challenging in the unique burn patient population and necessitates the use of reliable and valid tools. The aims of this study were to examine the test-retest reliability, sensitivity, and internal consistency of Sections 1 and 3 of the Lower Limb Functional Index-10 (LLFI-10) questionnaire for measuring functional ability in patients with lower limb burns over time. Methods Twenty-nine adult patients who had sustained a lower limb burn injury in the previous 12 months completed the test-retest procedure of the study. In addition, the minimal detectable change (MDC) was calculated for Section 1 and 3 of the LLFI-10. Section 1 is focused on the activity limitations experienced by patients with a lower limb disorder whereas Section 3 involves patients indicating their current percentage of pre-injury duties. Results Section 1 of the LLFI-10 demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.98, 95 % CI 0.96–0.99) whilst Section 3 demonstrated high test-retest reliability (ICC 0.88, 95 % CI 0.79–0.94). MDC scores for Sections 1 and 3 were 1.27 points and 30.22 %, respectively. Internal consistency was demonstrated with a significant negative association (rs = −0.83) between Sections 1 and 3 of the LLFI-10 (p < 0.001). Conclusions This study demonstrates that Section 1 and 3 of the LLFI-10 are reliable for measuring functional ability in patients who have sustained lower limb burns in the previous 12 months, and furthermore, Section 1 is sensitive to changes in patient function over time.

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Repeated measures experiments in forestry: focus on analysis of response curves

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x91-133 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 957-965 ◽

Cited By ~ 100

Author(s):

M. P. Meredith ◽

S. V. Stehman

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Treatment Effects ◽

Multivariate Analyses ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Response Curves ◽

Period Analysis ◽

Time Period ◽

Repeated Measures Designs ◽

Over Time

Treatment effects over time are frequently investigated using repeated measures designs, but analyses of these experiments frequently fail to address a primary objective of collecting data over time, namely description of the response curve. The analysis advocated in this paper utilizes the intrinsic continuity of the repeated measures factor by focusing on response curves. Treatments are compared by analyzing estimated coefficients of response curves proposed by the investigator. This approach provides more information on treatment effects than analyses that compare treatments separately at each time period. Analysis of estimated coefficients is easier to interpret than multivariate analyses of variance and does not require often biologically implausible assumptions of split-plot analyses currently in vogue. An example describing effects of aluminum on sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) seedling growth illustrates the method.

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Assessment of trunk lateral flexion range of movement using a novel method in first class cricket players

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/564-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew Nealon ◽

Jill Cook ◽

Sean Docking

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Test Reliability ◽

Lateral Flexion ◽

Range Of Movement ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rater Reliability ◽

Competitive Season ◽

The Stability ◽

Over Time

Abstract Objectives: Lateral flexion range of movement (LF ROM) is used to assess and monitor recovery of side strain injury in athletes. This study established a reliable and pragmatic measure of LF ROM and investigated the stability of the measure over time in athletes. Design: 1) Cross-sectional reliability study and 2) Cohort longitudinal study. Setting: Elite cricket teams in COUNTRY-AAA and COUNTRY-BBB Participants: Cricket players Methods: 1) The intra- and inter-rater reliability of two methods of measuring LF ROM were assessed (distance to the floor or distance to fibular head). Ten healthy first-class cricket bowlers were tested by three experienced physiotherapists. Intra-class correlations (2,1) were calculated for absolute agreement for all 3 testers. 2) Professional cricket fast bowlers were recruited from COUNTRY-AAA and COUNTRY-BBB domestic and international competitions. Lateral flexion range of movement was measured monthly during the pre- and competitive season. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to identify difference within the pre-season, within the competitive season, and between competitive seasons. Main Outcome Measures: Lateral flexion range of movement towards and away from the bowling arm. Results: Both methods had good intra- and inter-test reliability (ICC>0.84). As LF ROM to the floor was easier for clinicians it was used for the longitudinal study. Lateral flexion range of movement did not significantly alter throughout the pre- and competitive season or between seasons (p>0.05). Conclusions: This new method of describing LF ROM demonstrates good intra- and inter-rater reliability and stability over time and can be used as an outcome measure in side-strain injury.

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The Use of Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization Verse Massage and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching Techniques on Improving Hamstring Flexibility

10.33140/ijor.03.01.08 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Physically Active ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Muscle Tightness ◽

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Hamstring Flexibility ◽

Soft Tissue Mobilization ◽

Over Time

Context: Instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM), massage and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching are interventions commonly used to address chronic muscle tightness and fascial restrictions. The efficacies of these interventions have not been well established. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two manual therapy approaches, IASTM and Massage with PNF stretching (MAS/PNF) in improving hamstring muscle tightness and subjective reporting of tightness in physically active individuals. Design: Single blinded randomized, controlled, repeated-measures design, where group and treated limb were randomized. Setting: University athletic training clinic. Participants: Twenty healthy subjects (8 men, 12 women; mean age, 23.5±7.91 years) with bilateral hamstring tightness (measured using active knee extension (AKE)). Intervention: Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, IASTM (n=12) and MAS/PNF (n=8). Both treatments consisted of a unilateral 10 minutes treatment to the posterior leg. The subject’s untreated limb was the control. The authors measured pain levels (Visual Analog Scale (VAS)), general disability (Disablement in Physically Active Scale (DPAS), and perceived improvements in muscle tightness (Global Rate of Change (GRC)) at four different times (Pre, Post, 24hrs, 48hrs). A single blinded assessor collected all measurements. Main Outcome Measures: A repeated measures analysis of variance determined within-subjects factors between AKE and time (Pre, Post, 24hrs, 48hrs), limb (Treated vs. Control), and group (IASTM vs. MAS/PNF). Kruskal-Wallis H test analyzed data collected from the patient reported measures. Results: The authors found significant main effects between time (F=14.386, P< .001), limb (F=4.717, P=.043) and time-by-limb (F=11.233, P<.000), and AKE measurements. The treated limb of both groups demonstrated significant improvements in AKE compared to control limb. However the time by treatment interaction was not significant, indicating that both treatments groups changed similarly over time (P=.078). There was no difference in mean AKE between the treatment groups over time (F=4.717, P=.714). Significant within-subjects differences in VAS score were revealed for time (F=6.51, P=.000) and for time by group (F=4.46, P=.003). A significant treatment-by-time effect was revealed for the VAS during the treatment (F=10.47, P=.005). The IASTM group reported significantly higher discomfort during the treatment compared to the MAS/PNF group (P=.044). There was no statistically significant difference in the DPAS between the IASTM and MAS/PNF treatments, (post, p=.230; 24hrs, p=.475; 48hrs, p=.786). There was also no difference in GRC for perceived muscle tightness between groups over time (post, p=.321; 24hrs; p=.326; 48hrs, p=.609). Concusion: Both IASTM and MAS/PNF interventions were effective in increasing hamstring flexibility immediately post treatment, which was retained for up to 48 hours. There were no significant differences between the magnitudes of improvement, DPAS, or GRC between the interventions, but those within the IASTIM group reported more discomfort during the treatment.

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Evaluating Covariate Effects on ESM Measurement Model Changes with Latent Markov Factor Analysis: A Three-Step Approach

10.31234/osf.io/6ufrc ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Leonie V. D. E. Vogelsmeier ◽

Jeroen K. Vermunt ◽

Anne Bülow ◽

Kim De Roover

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Markov Model ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Real Data ◽

Measurement Model ◽

Specific Factor ◽

Latent Markov Model ◽

Covariate Effects ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Over Time

Invariance of the measurement model (MM) between subjects and within subjects over time is a prerequisite for drawing valid inferences when studying dynamics of psychological factors in intensive longitudinal data. To conveniently evaluate this invariance, latent Markov factor analysis (LMFA) was proposed. LMFA combines a latent Markov model with mixture factor analysis: The Markov model captures changes in MMs over time by clustering subjects’ observations into a few states and state-specific factor analyses reveal what the MMs look like. However, to estimate the model, the authors employed a full information maximum likelihood (FIML) approach that is counterintuitive for applied researchers and entails cumbersome model selection procedures in the presence of many covariates. In this paper, we simplify the complex LMFA estimation and facilitate the exploration of covariate effects on state memberships by splitting the estimation in three intuitive steps: (1) obtain states with mixture factor analysis while treating repeated measures as independent, (2) assign observations to the states, and (3) use these states in a discrete- or continuous-time latent Markov model taking into account classification errors. A real data example demonstrates the empirical value.

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