scholarly journals Down Syndrome Mosaism in Samples of Iraqi Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Asma A. Almukhtar Almukhtar ◽  
Amal M. Ali Ali ◽  
Nahi Y.Yaseen Yaseen ◽  
Ahmed Mahdi Mahdi ◽  
Noor Thaer Thaer ◽  
...  

The Down syndrome (DS) is the well-known trisomy, which is caused by additional copy ofchromosome 21.There are three types of DS. First, fully trisomy (47,XY,+21or 47,XX,+21).Second, translocation DS which result as translocation between chromosome 14 and21(46,XY,trans (14:21) or (46,XX,trans (14:21)). And the third type the mosaic DS that two celllines present in the individual. Mostly, studies indicate that frequency of each type 95%, 4% and1% respectively. Our study aims to estimate the frequency of each of the three types of DSchromosomal abnormalities in Iraqi samples. Chromosomal analysis using G-band technique wasperformed for 200 Down syndrome cases and 168 of their parents (whenever there were mosaicDS cases their parents were submitted chromosomal analysis). Fifty-seven percentage of caseswere fully Trisomy, forty-three percentage of them were mosaic DS, and no translocation patternwas recorded. The maternal ages were between 25-45 for the mosaic DS mothers. According tothis study, the frequency of mosaic DS was varied. It seems more investigations need to be donefor larger number of DS, and the impact of environmental changes in last decades need to bestudied more to be sure of its role in increasing of the proportion of this type of Down syndrome.

Author(s):  
Jose´ Miguel Gonza´lez-Santalo´ ◽  
Abigail Gonza´lez-Di´az ◽  
Carlos Alberto Marin˜o-Lo´pez

A system was developed to diagnose the operation of combined cycle power plants and to determine, when deviations are found, which components are causing the deviations and the impact of each component deviation. The system works by comparing the values of the actual operating variables with some reference values that are calculated by a model that was adjusted to the design heat balances. The model can use the actual values of the environmental parameters as well as the design values, so the effect of environmental changes can be quantified and separated. The determination of the individual equipment impacts is done by adjusting the equipment parameters in order to reproduce the values of the measured variables. The adjustment is done by varying the values of the characteristic parameters of the equipment in order to minimize the sum of the squares of the differences between the values of the measured variables and the calculated values from the model.


2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN SIMPSON

This article examines the ‘republicanization’ of the Aveyron under the Third Republic, exploring issues of the practice and meaning of politics in this rural département. I look at the impact of the Republic's efforts to secularize education and ask on what grounds a département that emphatically rejected the secular/anti-clerical programme of the Republic could nonetheless eventually vote republican. This opens up questions of peasant understandings of politics. In particular I refer to the work of P. M. Jones who has written on this area, attributing republican success to the material benefits offered by the ‘milch-cow state’ and forceful administrative intervention. I argue that whilst the action of the Republic was significant, the success of the republicans rested on more than their ability to deliver local services. Republican politics in the Aveyron succeeded in redefining republicanism, arriving at an alternative conception of the Republic that was acceptable to the strongly Catholic and politicized electorate. We need to move away from any ideas of a single opportunist republicanism to realize that there were multiple conceptions of the Republic and a range of local republicanisms forged in relation to the circumstances of the individual French peripheries.


2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (25) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Mohamed Amine Mbarki ◽  
Jaouad Rharzouz

The commitment is considered a very wide concept, which allows to clarify the links which the individual maintains with his work. It is the third principle of quality management systems. The increase of the atypical contracts, in certified companies of the automotive sector in the North of Morocco, puts the paradox: commitment - flexibility. The objective of this article is to analyze the impact of the quality practices on the commitment of the staff under the flexible contracts. On the methodological plan, we mobilized an exploratory qualitative hybrid approach, on the basis of a sample of seven companies of the automotive sector based in the North of Morocco.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-457
Author(s):  
William W. Cleveland ◽  
Robert C. Brownlee

Recently, the American Board of Pediatrics sponsored three conferences for consideration of specific issues relative to the training and practice of pediatricians. Two of these, to be described briefly, served as background for the third, which will be reported in detail. The first meeting was held in San Antonio, TX, in January 1984, for the principal purpose of discussing the training and practice of subspecialists in pediatrics. The discussion was precipitated by a petition from the Sub-Board of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology to extend the period of training in hematology-oncology from 2 to 3 years. Dr David Nathan spoke on the certification of subspecialists. He questioned the concept, in general, and the specification of an exact period of time for training, in particular. He suggested that the length of training might be variable for the individual and occur at some time during the faculty appointment. Dr Charles Abildgaard presented the justification for extending training on behalf of the Sub-Board. The thrust of the argument was that the discipline has become so complex that 3 years are required to acquire clinical proficiency; the research component was also emphasized. His presentation precipitated general discussion of some questions related to practice: Should subspecialists function in community hospitals or only in academic medical centers? Should the Board certify only clinical competence or should there be certification of competence to do research? What will be the impact of the large number of graduating students and of the increasing number of women studying medicine and entering pediatrics? At this meeting Dr Robert Brownlee proposed some changes in the pattern of certification.


Author(s):  
Ewan McKendrick

This chapter examines the impact of a contract on third parties. It addresses two main questions: whether or not a third party can acquire any rights under the contract, and whether or not the contract can impose upon him obligations or liabilities. The general rule adopted by English law is that the contract creates rights and imposes obligations only between the parties to the contract: the third party thus neither acquires rights under the contract nor is he subject to liabilities. This general rule is known as the doctrine of privity of contract. The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, however, provides a relatively simple mechanism by which contracting parties can confer upon a third party a right to enforce a term of their contract. The dominant philosophy that underpins the 1999 Act is one of freedom of contract and, this being the case, the success of the Act in practice will depend upon contracting parties themselves. The chapter examines the individual sections of the 1999 Act, the exceptions to the doctrine of privity that existed at common law and under various statutes prior to the enactment of the 1999 Act. The chapter concludes by considering the extent to which a third party can be subject to an obligation by a contract to which he is not a party.


Author(s):  
Dr Muhammad Zia ur Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Rehman

The reality of sectarianism and entrenchment around sectarian nervousness between humanity in general and between Muslims in particular has become the strongest and established truth in today's world, and the truth has become a martyr on the scene of the narrow and dark vision of this or that nervousness, and therefore there is no longer any apparent hope for gathering or talking about commonalities in light of borrowed The fire of sectarianism that deepened the breaks and barriers between people, but pushed them to the point of sedition and the use of the sword in the necks in the name of God and religion, as it presented the disgusted feelings of them. As for the praiseworthy nervousness, it is adherence and strong circumvention around the vocabulary of solidarity, cooperation and unity, this vocabulary absent from our reality, which live in a lonely alienation, and do not go beyond the tongues that it uses as a sign on some occasions whenever it pleases. Questions that I try to answer through a study of this dilemma, which we ask God Almighty to grant the Islamic Ummah success in moving away from it and returning to the truth and to the straight path. The research may include a preface, an introduction, and four sections. As for the conclusion, it includes the most important results of the research, and the indexes of the topic are as follows: Preface: The Concept of Doctrinal Neuropsychiatry The first topic: the types of nervousness and the characteristics of a fanatic. The second topic: the causes of doctrinal nervousness. The third topic: the effects of sectarian nervousness on the individual and society. The fourth topic: The role of preachers in addressing sectarian nervousness from the perspective of the Noble Qur’an. I ask God to help us to understand and act according to what he wants, to make our endeavors in this world a blessed one, and to honor us with his help for his obedience and sincerity in it. Trustworthy.


Contract Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 929-1012
Author(s):  
Ewan McKendrick

This chapter examines the impact of a contract on third parties. It addresses two main questions: whether or not a third party can acquire any rights under the contract, and whether or not the contract can impose upon him obligations or liabilities. The general rule adopted by English law is that the contract creates rights and imposes obligations only between the parties to the contract: the third party thus neither acquires rights under the contract nor is he subject to liabilities. This general rule is known as the doctrine of privity of contract. The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, however, provides a relatively simple mechanism by which contracting parties can confer upon a third party a right to enforce a term of their contract. The dominant philosophy that underpins the 1999 Act is one of freedom of contract and, this being the case, the success of the Act in practice will depend upon contracting parties themselves. The chapter examines the individual sections of the 1999 Act, the exceptions to the doctrine of privity that existed at common law and under various statutes prior to the enactment of the 1999 Act. The chapter concludes by considering the extent to which a third party can be subject to an obligation by a contract to which he is not a party.


Author(s):  
Samira. A. majdoubeh, Mustafa. F. El-Burki Samira. A. majdoubeh, Mustafa. F. El-Burki

The study aimed at show the impact of poverty and unemployment in the threat of members of society, by discussing the concept of unemployment, and following the verses of the Qur'an and Sunah in addressing the unemployment crisis as one of the most important threats to society and showing ways to remedy it, and that the problem of unemployment is one of the global economic problems facing societies and has repercussions on life and all its aspects, and based on the spread of the unemployment crisis in our time, the researcher addressed the topic of "unemployment crisis and ways to remedy it from an Islamic perspective" , where the first topic was about" The definition of unemployment in the language and terminology", the second topic: " unemployment causes and types in Islam", the third topic: " Islam's view of unemployment and the importance of work", and the fourth topic: Islam's attitude on unemployment and ways to handle it. The last topic, the researcher explained the results and the effects of the unemployment crisis on the individual and society, and she depended on inductive and inferential method in showing and solving this problem through adherence to the divine approach in its treatment, and find ways to reduce its prevalence. The researcher came up with the most important recommendations. The research recommended the need for the state to adopt the idea of small enterprises and handicrafts that contribute solve unemployment and maintain social security among the segments of society, asking sharia to master the work regardless of its nature because of the serious negative effects of unemployment on the Muslim community Some of the most important results of the research are as follows - The spread of unemployment and poverty among segments of society increases crime and delinquency among members of society. - Spreading awareness of the importance of zakat as it is an essential pillar of Islam, and taking care of its performance to fight unemployment. - Spreading awareness of the importance of work regardless of its nature, because unemployment has serious negative effects on the Muslim community.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 2789-2800
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Davi Almeida

O artigo estuda as posições políticas de Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) relacionadas ao Terceiro Mundo entre 1947 e 1979. Além disso, e a partir delas, enseja reflexões e/ou debates sobre o papel do intelectual na sociedade à luz do conhecimento histórico. As posições políticas de Sartre sobre o Terceiro Mundo constituem, portanto, o objeto deste trabalho cujo problema é a liberdade. Sob o “impacto da História”, isto é, no curso dos acontecimentos do Terceiro Mundo – da Guerra da Argélia (1954-1962), da Revolução Cubana (1959-1961) e da Revolução Vietnamita (1946-1976) – Sartre elabora uma nova concepção de liberdade que contradiz sua concepção existencialista anterior. Se a liberdade na concepção existencialista tem uma base teórico-filosófica, situada no plano da ontologia, ou seja, abstrata e individual, sua nova concepção de liberdade tem uma base político-econômica, situada no plano da história, logo, concreta e coletiva. Em outras palavras, Sartre redefine a sua concepção de liberdade à luz de determinados problemas colocados pela emergência do Terceiro Mundo no cenário político mundial. Sob a ótica do marxismo e do método dialético, Sartre procura redefini-la em seus aspectos econômico (como independência), social (como justiça e igualdade), político (como soberania) e cultural (como humanização, em oposição à tortura e ao racismo). O referencial teórico-metodológico provém do marxismo, particularmente, suas contribuições acerca das relações entre indivíduo, sociedade e história. Os principais textos utilizados são os de Michael Löwy, Jean Chesneaux, István Mészáros, Eric Hobsbawm, Gérard Chaliand e Perry Anderson. Esse referencial nos permite pensar a trajetória de Sartre como uma unidade contraditória e as suas posições políticas sobre o Terceiro Mundo tendo em vista o seu fundamento histórico-social. Sartre radicaliza suas ideias e passa a defender o socialismo; intervém contra as guerras coloniais com a assinatura de manifestos, petições, passeatas e comícios populares; divulga as conquistas revolucionárias argelina, cubana e vietnamita ao público mundial, sobretudo, por meio da revista Les Temps Modernes; propõe a criação de um tribunal internacional para julgar os crimes de guerra norte-americanos contra a população vietnamita. Nessa esteira, devemos entender a afirmação de Sartre o “homem é possível” que contradiz a sua máxima ontológica o “homem é uma paixão inútil”. Enfim, para Sartre, o “problema humano” – a liberdade – somente pode ser resolvido em termos de produção e de relações sociais de produção de tipo socialista.   The article studies the political positions of Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) related to the Third World between 1947 and 1979. In addition, and based on them, it encourages reflections and/or debates about the role of the intellectual in society in the light of historical knowledge. Sartre's political positions on the Third World constitute, therefore, the object of this work whose problem is freedom. Under the "impact of history," that is, in the course of Third World events - from the Algerian War (1954-1962), the Cuban Revolution (1959-1961), and the Vietnamese Revolution (1946-1976) - Sartre elaborates a new conception of freedom that contradicts his previous existentialist conception. If freedom in the existentialist conception has a theoretical-philosophical basis, situated on the level of ontology, that is, abstract and individual, his new conception of freedom has a political-economic basis, situated on the level of history, therefore, concrete and collective. In other words, Sartre redefines his conception of freedom in light of certain problems posed by the emergence of the Third World on the world political scene. From the standpoint of Marxism and the dialectical method, Sartre seeks to redefine freedom in its economic (as independence), social (as justice and equality), political (as sovereignty), and cultural (as humanization, in opposition to torture and racism) aspects. The theoretical and methodological framework comes from Marxism, particularly its contributions on the relationship between the individual, society, and history. The main texts used are those by Michael Löwy, Jean Chesneaux, István Mészáros, Eric Hobsbawm, Gérard Chaliand, and Perry Anderson. This reference allows us to think of Sartre's trajectory as a contradictory unit and his political positions on the Third World in view of its social-historical foundation. Sartre radicalizes his ideas and starts to defend socialism; he intervenes against colonial wars by signing manifestos, petitions, marches, and popular rallies; he publicizes the Algerian, Cuban, and Vietnamese revolutionary conquests to the world public, especially through the magazine Les Temps Modernes; he proposes the creation of an international tribunal to judge American war crimes against the Vietnamese population. In this vein, we must understand Sartre's statement that "man is possible" which contradicts his ontological maxim that "man is a useless passion. Finally, for Sartre, the "human problem" - freedom - can only be solved in terms of production and social relations of production of a socialist type.


Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.


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