scholarly journals Alone with One's Thoughts: Wittgenstein on Philosophical Thinking in Isolation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Manzi
Keyword(s):  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
The Relationship

This paper explores the relationship between isolation and philosophical thinking by exploring Wittgenstein’s own experiences of isolation and how they intersect with key themes in his philosophical work. In particular, I explore the relationship between isolation, honesty, and one of the central problems posed in Wittgenstein’s later work: the problem of dogmatism. I conclude with some observations about how Wittgenstein’s experiences of isolation might be considered to be ‘liberatory’ experience.

scholarly journals Autonomy, Rationality, and Contemporary Bioethics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Rational Beliefs ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Important Relationship ◽  
Legal Judgments ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Framework

Personal autonomy is often lauded as a key value in contemporary Western bioethics, and the claim that there is an important relationship between autonomy and rationality is often treated as an uncontroversial claim in this sphere. Yet, there is also considerable disagreement about how we should cash out the relationship between rationality and autonomy. In particular, it is unclear whether a rationalist view of autonomy can be compatible with legal judgments that enshrine a patient’s right to refuse medical treatment, regardless of whether ‘… the reasons for making the choice are rational, irrational, unknown or even non-existent’. This book brings recent philosophical work on the nature of rationality to bear on the question of how we should understand autonomy in contemporary bioethics. In doing so, the author develops a new framework for thinking about the concept, one that is grounded in an understanding of the different roles that rational beliefs and rational desires have to play in personal autonomy. Furthermore, the account outlined here allows for a deeper understanding of different forms of controlling influence, and the relationship between our freedom to act, and our capacity to decide autonomously. The author contrasts his rationalist account with other prominent accounts of autonomy in bioethics, and outlines the revisionary implications it has for various practical questions in bioethics in which autonomy is a salient concern, including questions about the nature of informed consent and decision-making capacity.

Keeping It Implicit: A Defense of Foucault's Archaeology of Knowledge

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
TUOMO TIISALA
Keyword(s):  
Discursive Practice ◽  
Discursive Practices ◽  
General Requirement ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Normative Structure ◽  
Archaeological Project ◽  
Archaeology Of Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT:This paper defends Michel Foucault's notion of archaeology of knowledge against the influential and putatively devastating criticism by Dreyfus and Rabinow that Foucault's archaeological project is based on an incoherent conception of the rules of the discursive practices it purports to study. I argue first that Foucault's considered view of these rules as simultaneously implicit and historically efficacious corresponds to a general requirement for the normative structure of a discursive practice. Then I argue that Foucault is entitled to that view despite the charges to the contrary by Dreyfus and Rabinow. I also explain in detail how the argument by Dreyfus and Rabinow arises from a misunderstanding of Foucault's archaeological project as transcendental inquiry, while archaeology of knowledge is, in fact, a diagnostic project. The result is a novel understanding of the notion of archaeology of knowledge that enables a reassessment of Foucault's philosophical work in connection with current debates regarding the relationship between reflection and practice in the structure of thought.

Study on Ecological Value of Sustainable Development Based on China's Ancient Great Thinker's Thought on Ecological Ethics

2013 ◽  
Vol 869-870 ◽  
pp. 652-655
Author(s):  
Shi Hua Li
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Ecological Ethics ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Relationship

Ecology is the science of studying the relationship between the living organisms and their environment. And the Environmental Science, which reveals the basic law of the harmonious development of society, economy and environment, is the discipline studying the interaction of people and environment. Ecology is not only the basic disciplines of environmental science, but also the scientifically recognized theoretical basis of environmental ethics. Tsunzi, a master on the Confucianism, one of the most distinguished Confucianists of the pre-Qin period, made the conception of sustainable development penetrate into his ecological ethics thoughts on the basis of philosophical thinking-Nature has its true law. If we hackle, inherit, comprehend, and utilize critically Tsunzis thought on ecological ethics, there will be some significant enlightening value for us to not only establish the theory of environmental ethics but also solve the increasing ecological crises facing humanity.

scholarly journals FILO OF ALEXANDRIA: DISCUSSION TOWARD THE LOGOS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K EROKHIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Activity ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Philo Of Alexandria ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Infinite Power ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Creative Teacher ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

The article considers the influence of Greek philosophy on the ideas of the formation of the Hellenistic philosopher Philo of Alexandria. The object of study was the philosophical work of Philo. This study aimed to discover the ambiguity of the term logos as a central concept that defines in Philo's philosophy the relationship between God (the ideal creative teacher) and the world. In the works of Philo, the Logos appears as the highest, sub-divine, infinite power of the mind, which has no signs, but at the same time is identified with God. The transcendental nature of the Logos, embodied in the image of God's mind, in its paradoxical nature closely corresponds to holiness and higher wisdom. The research methodology is based on an interpretation that allows us to define the allegory and, therefore, the real meaning of Philo's philosophy, the central part of which is the philosophical reflection of the Holy Scriptures as the main source of education and the concept of Scripture, undergoing specific and simultaneously incomparable modifications. To identify these meanings, methods of systematization and hermeneutics are used. The result of the study is expressed in identifying various forms of embodiment and educational activity and the Logos.

scholarly journals O niektórych kategoriach filozoficznych w twórczości administracyjnoprawnej profesora Jana Bocia

Prawo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 327 ◽  
pp. 385-401
Author(s):  
Marek Bratuń ◽  
Aleksandra Szadok-Bratuń
Keyword(s):  
Legal Culture ◽  
Administrative Law ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Philosophical Reflection ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
Legal Contexts ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

On certain philosophical categories in the administrative and legal output of professor Jan BoćThe authors of this article analyze selected philosophical categories contained in administrative and legal publications by professor Jan Boć. In this way they want to focus the reader’s attention on the presence of philosophical reflection in the works of a representative of the Wrocław school of cameralistics. The basis for the considerations are the following texts by the professor: monographs entitled Obywatel wobec ingerencji współczesnej administracji Citizen against the interference of modern administration and Gmina w Belgii Commune in Belgium, the author’s entries contained in the legal dictionary of difficult words, as well as the article entitled “Normatywizacja wartościw prawie administracyjnym” Normativization of values in administrative law co-authored with Piotr Lisowski.The article begins with a reminder of basic facts from the biography of professor Jan Boć.Then, the concept of a “citizen” is examined, analyzed in the historiosophical and administrative-legal contexts. The following categories of philosophy, considered in the comparative aspect, are discussed: “autonomy”, “heteronomy”, “ethical naturalism”, “ethical relativism”, “value” and “axiology”.In the conclusion of their investigations, the authors emphasize the objective praise of the axiormormality of professor Jan Boć that appears in his studies, as well as of the very high level of their substantiveness, originality and constant, deepened philosophical reflection. In a special way they highlight the fact that the relationship between philosophical thinking and administrative law was a valuable asset of the legal culture of Jan Boć.

scholarly journals Talent (cai) as an object of philosophical and anthropological investigation in traditional China

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loreta Poškaitė
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Six Dynasties ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Strong Motivation ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Vilnius UniversityThis article deals with the treatment of human talent (cai 才) in pre-imperial and early imperial China and concentrates on its relationship with other Chinese philosophical and anthropological concepts and the general cultural context. On the one hand, it analyses the moral meaning of talent, discussing its relationship with the concept of xian 贤 ( the worthy) in Classical Confucianism, and on the other hand it analyses its relationship with the concept of de 德 (virtue) as it was treated from Classical Confucianism and Legalism to the Six Dynasties. The latter analysis is based mainly on books by Xu Gan Zhong lun 中论 (Balanced Discources) and Liu Shao Renwuzhi 人物志 (The Study of Human Abilities), paying special attention to the infiltration of the Legalist understanding of cai into those books. The second problem discussed here is the relationship of cai and human nature (xing). The author argues that the discussions concerning human resources or talent in pre-imperial and early imperial China were inseparable from the anthropological and philosophical thinking on human nature and from the resolution of political problems. The understanding of human resources in China had from the very beginning a strong motivation for applicability in the political sphere, and this was a contribution not only of Confucian thinkers, but also by the schools of Legalists, Logicians (or School of Names), and Dialecticians (or School of Yin-yang). This could be the reason why the Chinese avoided the mystification, essentialisation and romanticisation of human talent, as happened in Western culture (especially with the titanism of the Renaissance and beyond).

Is “Education” a Thick Epistemic Concept?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Epistemic Virtue ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

Is “education” a thick epistemic concept? The answer depends on the viability of the “thick/thin” distinction, as well as the degree to which education is an epistemic concept at all. I concentrate mainly on the latter, and argue that epistemological matters are central to education and our philosophical thinking about it. Insofar, education is indeed rightly thought of as an epistemic concept. In laying out education’s epistemological dimensions, I hope to clarify the degree to which it makes sense to regard the concept as “thick.” I also discuss the relationship between philosophy of education and virtue epistemology, as well as the sense in which being educated might itself be thought to be an epistemic virtue. Finally, I urge virtue epistemologists in particular, and epistemologists generally, to turn their attention to questions of education, to further both the philosophy of education and epistemology itself.

“Discourse on Metaphysics”

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-79
Author(s):  
Lloyd Strickland
Keyword(s):  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Middle Period ◽  
Final Causes ◽  
The Relationship

The “Discourse on Metaphysics” is widely considered to be Leibniz’s most important philosophical work from his so-called “middle period”. Written early in 1686, when Leibniz was 39 years old, it consolidates a number of philosophical ideas that he had developed and sketched out in the years beforehand in a host of short private essays, fragments, and letters. This chapter guides the reader through the key themes of the “Discourse”, such as God’s choice of the best, the nature of substance, final causes, and the relationship between soul and body. The essay concludes with a consideration of what prompted Leibniz to write the “Discourse”; I suggest that the “Discourse” is likely to have been conceived as an attempt to reach supporters of Descartes and Malebranche, not only to challenge key tenets of their respective philosophies but also to present a viable alternative.

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