scholarly journals Long distance test of Setrea S 531 DT

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Rusak
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Double Decker ◽  
German Enterprise ◽  
Full Capacity

Premiere of the newest Setra double-decker bus was held one and half of the year ago during Busworld Fairs in Kortrijk in 2017. In the meantime Daimler has presented his flagship bus. Besides big interest, the possibilities of evaluation of the construction’s advantages was limited. This time, raising up to necessities, German enterprise held long distance test since 11 March to 16, on 2000 km long Berlin-Tallinn route. Long transit, with different standard of roads and changing weather conditions, allowed to objectively judge all functions of tested vehicle, both on driver and passenger site. What is more, visiting European capitals’ centers, driving journalists had chance to assess maneuverability of such a big vehicle, during passing narrow streets of historical parts of cities, achieving hotels for testers located there. Bus was tested with full capacity, to adjust fuel consumption to real results, during casual exploitation. In this article has been presented outcomes of the tests.

Determination of the flight trajectory in terms of emission and fuel consumption minimization

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441002110122
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Pawlak ◽  
Michał Kuźniar ◽  
Andrzej R. Majka
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Horizontal Flight ◽  
Pollutants Emission ◽  
Aircraft Trajectory ◽  
Air Speed ◽  
Constant Altitude

The present-day world is characterized by the intense development of air transport. However, along with it, significant problems appear. Among these problems, the most important are those relating to safety and negative impact of air transport on the environment. Air transport efficiency and profitability issues, although not critical, must also be taken into account because they decide about the intensity of development of this branch of transport. There are currently two large programs in Europe oriented at improving safety, environmental, and efficiency indicators. These are SESAR 2020 and Clean Sky 2, being a continuation of previous ones. One of the ways to reduce negative impact of air transport on the environment and improve its efficiency is to reduce fuel consumption and pollutants emissions resulting from fuel combustion. To find solutions with the abovementioned features, it is necessary to have sufficiently accurate models to estimate the amount of fuel consumed and the amount of pollutants emitted. Developing a sufficiently accurate model to determine fuel consumption and pollutants emission was performed. Due to the specificity of the missions carried out by passenger aircraft, the focus was on the cruise stage when aircraft flies at a constant altitude with a constant air speed. The result of the analysis was the development of methodology for fuel consumption and emission of main pollutants in cruise conditions. Specific fuel consumption is calculated for the thrust required for horizontal flight at cruising altitude. Emission indexes for CO, NOx, HC, and CO2 for the cruise have been determined based on known indexes for the landing and take-off cycle phase, after applying appropriate corrections. An illustration of the application of the developed methodology was the optimization of a medium-sized transport aircraft trajectory on a selected connection to determine a trajectory characterized by a minimum emission value taking into account weather conditions.

scholarly journals Controlling Shipping Along the North European Trade Axis

1971 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-556
Author(s):  
D. J. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Baltic Basin ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
The Baltic

By the North European Trade Axis is meant the trade route from Ushant and Land's End, up the English Channel, through the Dover Strait fanning out to serve eastern England, the north coast of continental Europe and leading to the Baltic Basin. Recent events in this area have left a feeling that some form of tightening of control is not only desirable, but is rapidly becoming imperative. There is a basic conflict between the two forms of shipping using the area: the local users who use the area more or less constantly, and the long-distance traders, usually much larger, which arrive in the area for a brief stay after a prolonged period at sea, which has usually been in good weather conditions. Frequently these latter ships have a very poor notion of the hornet's nest into which they are steaming when they arrive. The net result is all too often the same: the local users, with familiarity breeding contempt, wander about as they see fit, with scant regard for routing or the regulations; all too often the big ships arrive from sea with navigating staffs who are too confused, sometimes too ignorant—and sometimes too terrified—to do much more than blunder forward in a straight line hoping for the best. Quite obviously this is not a total picture, and there are large numbers of ships which navigate perfectly competently, but the minority of those which do not seem to be rising rapidly, and show every sign of continuing to increase.

scholarly journals An Advanced Numerical Trajectory Model Tracks a Corn Earworm Moth Migration Event in Texas, USA

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu-Lin Wu ◽  
Gao Hu ◽  
John Westbrook ◽  
Gregory Sword ◽  
Bao-Ping Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hysplit Model ◽  
Trajectory Model ◽  
Trajectory Simulation ◽  
Migration Event

Many methods for trajectory simulation, such as Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT), have been developed over the past several decades and contributed greatly to our knowledge in insect migratory movement. To improve the accuracy of trajectory simulation, we developed a new numerical trajectory model, in which the self-powered flight behaviors of insects are considered and trajectory calculation is driven by high spatio-temporal resolution weather conditions simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. However, a rigorous evaluation of the accuracy of different trajectory models on simulated long-distance migration is lacking. Hence, in this study our trajectory model was evaluated by a migration event of the corn earworm moth, Helicoverpa zea, in Texas, USA on 20–22 March 1995. The results indicate that the simulated migration trajectories are in good agreement with occurrences of all pollen-marked male H. zea immigrants monitored in pheromone traps. Statistical comparisons in the present study suggest that our model performed better than the popularly-used HYSPLIT model in simulating migration trajectories of H. zea. This study also shows the importance of high-resolution atmospheric data and a full understanding of migration behaviors to the computational design of models that simulate migration trajectories of highly-flying insects.

scholarly journals Influence of road conditions on vehicles’ fuel consumption

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Kateryna Dodukh ◽  
◽  
Anton Palchyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
General Criterion ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
The Road ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Road Width

The work is devoted to the solution of the issue of economic and safe transportation of goods and passengers by road. This transportation depends on the condition of roads, road surface, vehicle type and weather conditions. Weather conditions are taken into account both in terms of visibility (meteorological) and in terms of the coefficient of adhesion. The general criterion for assessing all conditions is the average speed of the vehicle, taking into account weather and road conditions. Weather conditions are determined by the type of visibillity: clear weather, rain, snowfall, blizzards, rain. By the coefficient of adhesion: dry surface, normal, wet, snow, ice. By road conditions: category of road, width of the travel section, radii of horizontal curves, longitudinal slopes, width of the road, the state of surface (coefficient of solidity). According to weather conditions, the calendar year is divided into three periods according to the conditions of cars’ movement. The first (winter) - December, January, February, March; second (spring-summer) - April, May, July, June, August; third (autumn) - September, October, November. The use of weather conditions in the Northern regions of Ukraine is presented in this work.

scholarly journals The millimeter frequency range as a perspective for 5G networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
Rosen Pasarelski
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Spectrum Sharing ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
5G Networks ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
4G Cellular Networks

The currently widely used 4G cellular networks face many challenges. The growing demand for high-resolution mobile multimedia applications is bringing these networks to their practical limits. 5G networks, the next generation of wireless communications, are standardized to ease the burden on current infrastructure by offering significantly higher data rates through increased channel bandwidth. Given the lack of accessible frequencies traditionally used for mobile communications, millimeter bandwidths (mmWave) are quite a challenging alternative. This technology is a cornerstone of upcoming 5G networks, allowing faster data speeds and much higher bandwidth than ever before, but not every 5G network will necessarily use this frequency band, at least not all the time. As with any new technology, there are unavoidable problems that need to be overcome. The purpose of the research and analysis in this article is to systematize issues and solutions related to the potential problems of spectrum sharing in mmWave frequency range, its suitability for long-distance communications, indoors, in bad weather conditions, as well as biological aspects, and relevant conclusions have been done to meet these challenges.

scholarly journals RISK IN FUEL ECONOMY AND EFFECTIVE MAINTENANCE OF BUSES IN TRANSPORT – A CONCEPTUAL LINKAGE

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
R. Shanthi ◽  
Dr. K. Senthilkumar
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Economy ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Transport Industry ◽  
Vehicle Usage

This research article examines the association between effective maintenance and fuel economy with variables like maintenance, vehicle usage, weather conditions and preventive maintenance. Fuel Economy is the major objective of any transport industry with vehicles' role in functioning and planning it properly. Transport industry in otherwise quality services, and reliability to have high protability with fuel consumption. As an industry, the whole concept of fuel consumption and efciency with maintenance of major and minor in proportionate with vehicle usage would yield the anticipated results. Effective maintenance of buses demands the user to have fuel economy & efciency knowledge and techniques. This paper concludes the attainment of fuel economy by effective maintenance by relating it with vehicle usage and users with weather conditions.

scholarly journals Environmental Strategies for Selecting Eco-Routing in a Small City

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Francisco Coloma ◽  
Marta García ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Andrés Monzón
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Small City ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Balanced Distribution ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions ◽  
The City

This research aims to find the most ecological itineraries for urban mobility in a small city (eco-routes), where distances are rather short, but car dependence is really high. A real life citywide survey was carried out in the city of Caceres (Spain) with almost 100,000 inhabitants. Research was done on alternating routes, traffic, times of day, and weather conditions. The output of the study was to assess fuel consumption, CO2, and regulated pollutant emissions for different type of vehicles, routes, and drivers. The results show that in the case studied, urban roads had fewer emissions (CO2 and pollutants) but there was an increase in the population affected by pollutants. On the contrary, bypasses reduced travel time and congestion but increased fuel consumption and emissions. Traffic conditions had a greater influence on fuel consumption in petrol vehicles than diesel ones. Therefore, there must be a balanced distribution of traffic in order to minimize congestion, and at the same time to reduce emissions and the number of people affected by harmful pollution levels. There should be a combination of regulatory measures in traffic policies in order to achieve that balance by controlling access to city centres, limiting parking spaces, pedestrianization, and lowering traffic speeds in sensitive areas.

Movement patterns of southern bell frogs (Litoria raniformis) in response to flooding

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skye Wassens ◽  
Robyn J. Watts ◽  
Amy Jansen ◽  
David Roshier
Keyword(s):  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Resource Utilisation ◽  
Radio Tracking ◽  
Habitat Patches ◽  
Habitat Occupancy ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ephemeral Habitat ◽  
Full Capacity

Within the semiarid regions of New South Wales, Australia, the endangered southern bell frog (Litoria raniformis) occupies a landscape that is characterised by unpredictable rainfall and periodic flooding. Limited knowledge of the movement and habitat-occupancy patterns of this species in response to flood events has hampered conservation efforts. We used radio-tracking to assess changes in movement patterns and habitat occupancy of L. raniformis (n = 40) over three different periods (November, January and April/May) that coincided with the flooding, full capacity and subsequent drying of waterbodies within an irrigation landscape. We assessed (1) the use of permanent and ephemeral habitats in response to flooding and drying and (2) distances moved, turning angles and dispersion of frogs during wetland flooding, full capacity and drying. Individuals remained in permanent waterbodies in November but had abandoned these areas in favour of flooded ephemeral waterbodies by January. As the ephemeral waterbodies dried, radio-tracked individuals moved back into permanent waterbodies. The movement patterns of radio-tracked individuals were significantly different in the three radio-tracking periods, but did not differ significantly between sexes. Individuals moved significantly greater distances over 24 h, in straighter lines and movements were more dispersed while they occupied ephemeral waterbodies during January than when they occupied permanent waterbodies during November and April/May. Local weather conditions did not influence movement patterns when all three tracking periods were modelled together using a single linear stepwise regression. The dynamic distribution of habitat patches over space and time, combined with changing patterns of resource utilisation and movement of L. raniformis, highlights the importance of incorporating both permanent and ephemeral habitat patches into conservation plans. Reductions in flood frequency and extent of ephemeral wetlands due to modified flooding regimes have the capacity to limit dispersal of this species, even when permanent waterbodies remain unchanged.

An Analysis of Patient Presentations at a 2-Day Mass-participation Cycling Event: The Ride to Conquer Cancer Case Series, 2010-2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Lund ◽  
Sheila A. Turris ◽  
Peter Wang ◽  
Justin Mui ◽  
Kerrie Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cancer Case ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Case Series Report ◽  
Cycling Event ◽  
Mass Participation

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the unique factors involved in providing medical support for a long-distance, cross-border, cycling event, and to describe patient presentations and event characteristics for the British Columbia (BC) Ride to Conquer Cancer from 2010 through 2012.MethodsThis study was a 3-year, descriptive case series report. Medical encounters were documented, prospectively, from 2010-2012 using an online registry. Data for event-related variables also were reported.ResultsProviding medical support for participants during the 2-day ride was complicated by communication challenges, weather conditions, and cross-border issues. The total number of participants for the ride increased from 2,252 in 2010 to 2,879 in 2011, and 3,011 in 2012. Patient presentation rates (PPRs) of 125.66, 155.26, and 198.93 (per 1,000 participants) were documented from 2010 through 2012. Over the course of three years, and not included in the PPR, an additional 3,840 encounters for “self-treatment” were documented.ConclusionsThe Ride to Conquer Cancer Series has shown that medical coverage at multi-day, cross-national cycling events must be planned carefully to face a unique set of circumstances, including legislative issues, long-distance communication capabilities, and highly mobile participants. This combination of factors leads to potentially higher PPRs than have been reported for noncycling events. This study also illuminates the additional workload “self-treatment” visits place on the medical team.LundA, TurrisSA, WangP, MuiJ, LewisK, GutmanSJ. An analysis of patient presentations at a 2-day mass-participation cycling event: The Ride to Conquer Cancer Case Series, 2010-2012. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(4):1-8.

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