scholarly journals Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Materials by Cellulolytic and Xylanolytic Paenibacillus illioisensis CX11

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer Ahmed Qaed Ahmed ◽  
Tracey McKay
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Fermentable Sugars ◽  
Corn Stalk ◽  
Lignocellulosic Materials ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Paenibacillus Illinoisensis ◽  
Xylanolytic Enzymes ◽  
Interesting Alternative

The utilization of lignocellulosic materials to produce a variety of building blocks (e.g. fermentable sugars) is an interesting alternative approach to meeting the growing demand for high value chemicals. Cellulose and hemicellulose can be hydrolyzed by cellulase and xylanase enzymes into their respective building blocks (hexoses and pentoses), which can later be converted into the targeted compounds. The aim of this study was to test the ability of Paenibacillus illinoisensis CX11 to saccharify different lignocellulosic materials, and to determine its ability to produce cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes for possible use in converting lignocellulosic materials into their respective fermentable sugars. The ability of P. illinoisensis CX11 to produce CMCase, xylanase, FPase, and avicelase was tested using SSF of corn stalk. Furthermore, the ability of P. illinoisensis CX11 to saccharify lignocellulosic materials was tested using corn stalk, wheat bran, sawdust, and corn cob. The amount of reducing sugars released from the saccharification of lignocellulosic materials was determined by the 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) method. Obtained results showed that P. illinoisensis CX11 can produce CMCase (400.12 ± 1.23 U/L), xylanase (385.57 ± 2.25 U/L), FPase (266.93 ± 2.22 U/L), avicelase (187.85 ± 2.22 U/L) and extracellular protein (4.56 ± 0.14 mg/L). Moreover, P. illinoisensis CX11 showed an ability to saccharify lignocellulosic materials. These findings confirm that P. illinoisensis CX11 has the ability to produce cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes, and to hydrolyze different lignocellulosic materials into fermentable sugars. Therefore, this study concludes that P. illinoisensis CX11 can be considered a good source of cellulase and xylanase enzymes to saccharify different lignocellulosic materials.

scholarly journals CVDentus bur for epithelial abrasion in the treatment of melanin pigmentation: case report

RSBO ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Katiane Vieira Menezes Leite ◽  
Patrícia Oliveira de Souza ◽  
Jussania Fonseca da Paz ◽  
Ana Beatriz Franco Fernandes ◽  
Leonardo Fernandes da Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Melanin Pigmentation ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Safe Technique ◽  
Dark Color ◽  
One Year ◽  
Fast Procedure ◽  
Interesting Alternative

Introduction: The gingival melanin hyperpigmentation (GMH) is resulted from an abnormal deposition of melanin, but it is not a pathology. However, GMH is an esthetic problem for some people. Some alternatives of treatment for this situation exist. The epithelial abrasion has been an interesting alternative because it has a satisfactory esthetic outcome, is a fast procedure, of easy execution, and low cost. Recently, tips adapted in ultrasound (CVDentus) can bean alternative approach. Objective: To report a clinical case of GMH treated by the technique of the epithelial abrasion with association of instrument adapted in ultrasound. Case report: Patient aged 28 years, melanoderm, sought treatment due to esthetic dissatisfaction because of intense dark color in the maxillary gingiva. The GMH removal was proposed through the technique of the epithelialabrasion CVD bur. Conclusion: The technique of epithelial abrasion using CVD bur was effective in removing GMH at one-year follow-up showing to be easy and safe technique.

Effective Substrate Loading for Saccharification of Corn Cob and Concurrent Production of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes by Fusarium oxysporum and Sporothrix carnis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Folasade M. Olajuyigbe ◽  
Cornelius O. Fatokun ◽  
Oluwatosin I. Oni
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Substrate Concentration ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Lignocellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
Lignocellulosic Wastes ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Substrate Concentrations

Background: One of the critical challenges of cost-effective bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is the decreasing yield of reducing sugars caused by increasing substrate loading. Hence, it is crucial to determine the best substrate concentration for efficient saccharification of lignocellulosic wastes. Objective: This paper reports the saccharification of corn cob by two lignocellulolytic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Sporothrix carnis) and concurrent production of lignocellulolytic enzymes at varying substrate concentrations. Methods: F. oxysporum and S. carnis were cultivated on corn cob based media at 30°C and 160 rpm for 144 h. The lignocellulosic composition of corn cob was determined. Saccharification of varying concentrations of substrate was determined by evaluating the release of reducing sugar while the production of cellulase and xylanase was monitored. Results: Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents of corn cob were 37.8±1.56%, 42.2±1.68% and 12.7±1.23%, respectively. Yields of reducing sugar by F. oxysporum and S. carnis were 5.03 µmol/mL and 6.16 µmol/mL; and 6.26 µmol/mL and 6.58 μmol/mL at 10.0 and 25.0% substrate concentration, respectively. The production of cellulase and xylanase was exponential as corn cob concentration increased from 0.5% to 10.0% yielding 586.93 U/mL and 1559.18 U/mL from F. oxysporum, with 590.7 U/mL and 1573.95 U/mL from S. carnis, respectively. Conclusion: The study shows that the most efficient saccharification of corn cob by F. oxysporum and S. carnis was achieved at 10.0% substrate concentration. This suggests that two separate saccharification processes at this concentration will result in higher yields of enzyme and reducing sugars than a single process involving higher concentration.

scholarly journals Iridates from the molecular side

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper S. Pedersen ◽  
Jesper Bendix ◽  
Alain Tressaud ◽  
Etienne Durand ◽  
Høgni Weihe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Magnetic Interactions ◽  
Spin Orbit Coupling ◽  
Soft Chemistry ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Coupling Characteristic ◽  
Oxide Ions ◽  
Electronic Ground ◽  
Strong Spin

Abstract New exotic phenomena have recently been discovered in oxides of paramagnetic Ir4+ ions, widely known as ‘iridates’. Their remarkable properties originate from concerted effects of the crystal field, magnetic interactions and strong spin-orbit coupling, characteristic of 5d metal ions. Despite numerous experimental reports, the electronic structure of these materials is still challenging to elucidate, and not attainable in the isolated, but chemically inaccessible, [IrO6]8– species (the simplest molecular analogue of the elementary {IrO6}8− fragment present in all iridates). Here, we introduce an alternative approach to circumvent this problem by substituting the oxide ions in [IrO6]8− by isoelectronic fluorides to form the fluorido-iridate: [IrF6]2−. This molecular species has the same electronic ground state as the {IrO6}8− fragment, and thus emerges as an ideal model for iridates. These results may open perspectives for using fluorido-iridates as building-blocks for electronic and magnetic quantum materials synthesized by soft chemistry routes.

scholarly journals Building Blocks for Alternative Four-Dimensional Pyramids of Corporate Social Responsibilities

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Meynhardt ◽  
Peter Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Citizenship ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Dialogue Process ◽  
Economic Foundation ◽  
Corporate Social

Carroll shaped the corporate social responsibility (CSR) discourse into a four-dimensional pyramid framework, which was later adapted to corporate citizenship and sustainability approaches. The four layers of the pyramid—structured from foundation to apex as economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic (or discretionary) responsibilities—drew considerable managerial attention. An important criticism of the economic foundation of the Carroll pyramid concerns the identification and ordering of the four dimensions, which are inadequately justified theoretically. The authors of this article propose an alternative approach that builds on the public value concept, which integrates a microfoundation of psychological research into basic human needs. Drawing on their Swiss Dialogue process, the authors argue that a four-dimensional pyramid does have heuristic value for managers. The advantage of this alternative pyramid logic is that it may be contingently adapted to different cultural contexts, because it allows adaptive internal reordering.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chlorella (Chlorophyta) as Source of Fermentable Sugars via Cell Wall Enzymatic Hydrolysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcoaurélio Almenara Rodrigues ◽  
Elba Pinto da Silva Bon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Stationary Growth Phase ◽  
Fermentable Sugars ◽  
Stationary Growth ◽  
Biomass Hydrolysis ◽  
Citrate Buffer ◽  
Chlorella Zofingiensis ◽  
Inorganic Medium ◽  
Cell Pellet

The cell wall of Chlorella is composed of up to 80% carbohydrates including cellulose. In this study, Chlorella homosphaera and Chlorella zofingiensis were evaluated as source of fermentable sugars via their cell wall enzymatic degradation. The algae were cultivated in inorganic medium, collected at the stationary growth phase and centrifuged. The cell pellet was suspended in citrate buffer, pH 4.8 and subjected to 24 hours hydrolysis at 50°C using a cellulases, xylanases, and amylases blend. The measurement of glucose and reducing sugars concentration in the reaction mixture supernatant, on a dry biomass base, showed hydrolysis yields of 2.9% and 5.03% glucose and 4.8% and 8.6% reducing sugars, for C. homosphaera and C. zofingiensis, respectively. However if cells were washed with chilled ethanol, cold dried, and grounded the biomass hydrolysis yields increased to 23.3% and 18.4% glucose and 24.5% and 19.3% reducing sugars for C. homosphaera and C. zofingiensis, respectively.

scholarly journals Review on pretreatment methods and ethanol production from cellulosic water hyacinth

BioResources ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2108-2124
Author(s):  
Shahabaldin Rezania ◽  
Mohd Fadhil Md Din ◽  
Shaza Eva Mohamad ◽  
Johan Sohaili ◽  
Shazwin Mat Taib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Eichhornia Crassipes ◽  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Fermentable Sugars ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Biomass Resources

Lignocellulosic biomass resources are renewable materials that can be converted to fermentable sugars and subsequently into ethanol. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a cellulosic aquatic plant that has high carbohydrates, low lignin content, and notable reducing sugars content in its structure. Based on the literature review in the case of water hyacinth, the most frequently used pretreatment methods were acid and alkali, while ionic liquid and microwave-assisted methods were used rarely. The dominant sugars were glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, and mannose. Based on the findings, cellulase and S. cerevisiae were mostly used for enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of water hyacinth to ethanol, respectively. This review presents the recent studies in pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation of water hyacinth biomass into ethanol.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic α-Alkylation of Amines with Alkyl Halides

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingying Leng ◽  
Joseph Ready
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Nucleophilic Addition ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Alkyl Halides ◽  
Organometallic Reagents ◽  
Dehydrogenative Coupling ◽  
Alkyl Bromides ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Traditionally Prepared ◽  
Carbon Centered Radical

a-Branched amines represent essential building blocks for organic synthesis. They are traditionally prepared through nucleophilic addition to imines. These methods often require highly reactive organometallic reagents and proceed under rigorous air- and moisture-free conditions. Here we describe an alternative approach that involves a net dehydrogenative coupling between alkyl bromides and amines. Mechanistically, the reaction likely involves photocatalytic generation of an a-amino radical and a stabilized carbon-centered radical (allyl, benzyl, a-carbonyl) followed by radical recombination. This approach offers a mild, atom-economical, redox neutral synthesis of a-branched amines that shows broad scope and avoids pre-metalated reagents.

scholarly journals Intensification of cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis by microwave pretreatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Mücahit Varlı ◽  
Elif Gülin Ertuğral ◽  
Zoltán Jákói ◽  
Cecilia Hodúr ◽  
Sándor Beszédes
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Corn Cob ◽  
The Third ◽  
Acidic And Alkaline Media

A significant representative of the third generation of raw materials is waste containing hemicellulose. Agriculture and the food industry generate a great deal of this type of waste, which has many potential opportunities for processing. Our research group investigated the pre-treatments for the enzymatic saccharification of the cellulose content of the two fractions of corn cob meal. Microwave energy communication was performed in both acidic and alkaline media. It was found that the pH of the medium influences the amount of reducing sugars, but to an almost equal extent. The yield is also significantly dependent on the starting material and the concentration of the suspension.

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