Horse paws as raw material for fur industry

Horse skin is used for processing various types of skin. However, paws of horse skin are not used as fur raw material. Usually they are burned or sent to landfills and may cause infectious diseases. It is possible to minimize negative impact on the environment by converting this waste into fur raw material. In cold regions of Russia high fur boots made of cattle and deer paws are very popular. The aim of the research is to study the possibility of using paws of horse skin as raw material for fur industry. Processing of horse paws based on well-known leather and fur processing technologies lead to semi-finished product characterized by increased stiffness and uneven properties on different skin parts. Such semi-finished product was not suitable for high fur boots manufacture. The aim of the research is to work out a new technology and study chemical and physico-mechanical properties. In the work various treatment options for horse paws and their properties are investigated: moisture content, amount of minerals and chromium oxide, pH of the aqueous extract, tensile strength, elongation at a voltage of 10 MPa, and stiffness are determined. The possibility of transferring horse paws from municipal solid waste into fur raw material is shown.

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Effect of Moisture Content on the Processing and Mechanical Properties of a Biodegradable Polyester

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13101616 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 1616

Author(s):

Vincenzo Titone ◽

Antonio Correnti ◽

Francesco Paolo La Mantia

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Mechanical Testing ◽

Hydrolytic Degradation ◽

Slight Reduction ◽

Biodegradable Polyester ◽

Molding Process ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Effect Of Moisture

This work is focused on the influence of moisture content on the processing and mechanical properties of a biodegradable polyester used for applications in injection molding. The pellets of the biodegradable polyester were exposed under different relative humidity conditions at a constant temperature before being compression molded. The compression-molded specimens were again placed under the above conditions before the mechanical testing. With all these samples, it is possible to determine the effect of moisture content on the processing and mechanical properties separately, as well as the combined effect of moisture content on the mechanical properties. The results obtained showed that the amount of absorbed water—both before processing and before mechanical testing—causes an increase in elongation at break and a slight reduction of the elastic modulus and tensile strength. These changes have been associated with possible hydrolytic degradation during the compression molding process and, in particular, with the plasticizing action of the moisture absorbed by the specimens.

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Efektywność produkcji FAME na podstawie wymagań normy ISO 14045:2012

Nafta-Gaz ◽

10.18668/ng.2021.03.07 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 208-214

Author(s):

Michał Pajda ◽

◽

Wojciech Mazela ◽

Keyword(s):

Natural Environment ◽

New Technologies ◽

Negative Impact ◽

New Technology ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Production Costs ◽

Raw Material ◽

Energy Materials ◽

The Impact ◽

Selection Of

The aim of the work was to present the issue of eco-efficiency, based on the PN-EN ISO 14045:2012 standard in relation to the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The ecoefficiency analysis takes into account economic and environmental aspects in the improvement of products and processes / technologies. Eco-efficiency considers the product and technology throughout the life cycle, from the construction phase, through use to decommissioning. The impact on the natural environment is assessed on the basis of: consumption of energy, materials, dust and gas emissions, waste and sewage. Total costs include: production costs, raw material costs, costs during the use phase including maintenance, repair and operating costs, product disposal or recycling. The eco-efficiency analysis is helpful in making decisions regarding the selection of a new product or designing a new technology, and enables the selection of the variant that is the most economical and has the least possible impact on the natural environment. These issues are particularly important in the case of biofuels. The rapid growth of their production and the European Union’s policy, which aims to increase the share of energy from renewable sources, cause concerns of many experts regarding the threats related to the production of biofuels, both for the environment and food security. In particular, efforts are made to minimize the amount of waste and residues by implementing the idea of a circular economy. This approach promotes the development of new technologies that are more environmentally friendly. Due to the regulations set out in the RED and RED II Directives, there is a chance that the biofuels will have a less negative impact on the environment. This results from the obligation to certify compliance with the sustainability criteria, which is carried out by voluntary systems recognized by the European Commission, such as the KZR INiG System.

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PENGARUH PENYAMAKAN ZIRKONIUM TERHADAP UJI KEKUATAN TARIK, UJI KEKUATAN SOBEK, UJI KEMULURAN DAN UJI SUHU KERUT PADA BERBAGAI JENIS KULIT IKAN (The Effect of Zirconium Tanning Against Tensile Strength Test, Strength Test of Tear, Glide Test, and Wrinkle Temperature Test on Different Fish Types)

SAINTEK PERIKANAN Indonesian Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology ◽

10.14710/ijfst.13.2.105-110 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Rokhmah Hergiyani ◽

Y. S. Darmanto ◽

Lukita Purnamayati

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Strength Test ◽

Collagen Fibers ◽

Raw Material ◽

Tear Strength ◽

Complex Processes ◽

Materials Used ◽

The One ◽

Physical Changes

Kulit ikan merupakan limbah perikanan yang dapat memberikan dampak negatif pada lingkungan. Salah satu cara untuk menanggulangi limbah tersebut adalah dengan proses penyamakan kulit. Penyamakan kulit adalah rangkaian proses yang sangat kompleks terjadi banyak perubahan fisik dan kimia di satu sisi, bagian yang tidak berguna dihilangkan dari kulit mentah untuk mendapatkan serat kolagen murni dan membuka struktur serat kolagen. Proses penyamakan yang tidak baik mengakibatkan kulit menjadi rusak, lemas, dan kebusukan, sehingga penanganannya dapat dengan cara menambah bahan penyamak untuk menguatkan dan menghindari kebusukan. Bahan penyamak yang digunakan yaitu zirconium. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyamakan zirkonium terhadap uji kekuatan tarik, uji kekuatan sobek, uji kemuluran dan uji suhu kerut pada berbagai jenis ikan. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah kulit ikan nila, kakap dan bandeng. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah experimental laboratories menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga kali ulangan dan menggunakan analisa ragam ANOVA. Hasil uji menunjukan penggunaan zirkonium 7,5% terhadap kulit ikan nila, kakap, dan bandeng berpengaruh nyata (p<0,05) pada kekuatan tarik, kekuatan sobek, kemuluran dan suhu kerut pada karakteristik penyamakan. Penggunaan bahan penyamak zirkonium 7,5% terbaik dihasilkan oleh kulit ikan kakap pada uji kekuatan tarik 1675,84 N/cm2, kekuatan sobek 163,92 N/cm2 dan uji suhu kerut 103,45˚C sedangkan kemuluran untuk hasil terbaik pada kulit bandeng sebesar 28,74%, jadi setiap ikan mempunyai ciri kulit tersendiri pada setiap parameter uji. The skin of the fish waste is a fishery that can give a negative impact on the environment. One way of tackling the waste is by the process of tanning leather. Tanning is a very complex processes occur many chemical and physical changes on the one hand, the useless removed from rawhide to get pure collagen fibers and the open structure of the collagen fibers. The process of tanning is not a good result in the skin becomes broken, buckled, and corruption, so that responses can be with how to add ingredients to strengthen Tanner and avoid corruption. On the research of materials used i.e. Tanners used are zirconium.. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of zirconium tanning against test tensile strength, tear strength test, test and test temperature wrinkle elongation on various types of fish. The raw material used is leather fish tilapia, milkfish and snapper. Research methods used are experimental laboratories using Complete Random Design (RAL) with three-time repeats and a range of analysis using ANOVA. Test results showed the use of zirconium 7.5% against the skin of the fish, snapper, tilapia and milkfish influential real (p < 0.05) on the tensile strength, tear strength, elongation and wrinkle on temperature characteristics of tanning. The use of zirconium Tanner 7.5% best produced by skin test on a snapper 1675.84 tensile strength N/cm2, the strength of RIP 163.92 N/cm2 and test the temperature of the wrinkle 103,45 ˚ C while elongation for the best results on the skin of the banding of 28.74%, so each fish has its own skin characteristics on each test parameter.

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Fabrication and investigation on the properties of ilmenite (FeTiO3)-based Al composite by accumulative roll bonding

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0021998319876684 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (10) ◽

pp. 1259-1271 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Medhat Elwan ◽

A Fathy ◽

A Wagih ◽

A R S Essa ◽

A Abu-Oqail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Accumulative Roll Bonding ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Raw Material ◽

Accumulative Roll Bonding Process ◽

Roll Bonding ◽

Hardness Tests ◽

Al Composite

In the present study, the aluminum (Al) 1050–FeTiO3 composite was fabricated through accumulative roll bonding process, and the resultant mechanical properties were evaluated at different deformation cycles at ambient temperature. The effect of the addition of FeTiO3 particle on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the composite during accumulative roll bonding was investigated. The Al–2, 4, and 8 vol.% FeTiO3 composites were produced by accumulative roll bonding at room temperature. The results showed improvement in the dispersions of the particles with the increase in the number of the rolling cycles. In order to study the mechanical properties, tensile and hardness tests were applied. It was observed that hardness and tensile strength improve with increasing accumulative roll bonding cycles. The microhardness and tensile strength of the final composites are significantly improved as compared to those of original raw material Al 1050 and increase with increasing volume fraction of FeTiO3, reaching a maximum of ∼75 HV and ∼169 MPa for Al–8 vol.% FeTiO3 at seventh cycle, respectively.

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Vickers Microhardness Dependence Load and Determining of Tensile Strength of HQ 705 Steel from Microhardness Curves

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.842.43 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 842 ◽

pp. 43-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Viktor Malau ◽

Latif Arifudin

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Alloy Steel ◽

Vickers Hardness ◽

Vickers Microhardness ◽

Hardness Test ◽

Indentation Load ◽

Holding Time ◽

Raw Material ◽

Vickers Hardness Number

Vickers microindentation hardness test has been applied for a long time to determine the mechanical properties of a small volume of samples. The procedure of this hardness test consists of using a constant load on a rigid indenter and measuring the dimensions of the indenter residual impression (indentation imprint) on the surface of the sample tested after loading and unloading. The objective of this research is to characterize the mechanical properties and material constants of HQ (High Quality) 705 alloy steel mainly its VHN (Vickers Hardness Number) and tensile strength before and after quenching and tempering heat treatments. The characterization is based on Vickers microhardness dependence load curves.Quenching treatment was performed in a furnace by heating the samples at austenite temperature of 850 o C with holding time of two hours and then the samples were rapidly cooled in oil bath. Tempering processes were conducted by heating again the quenching samples to temperatures of 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 o C with holding time of two hours for each sample. Finally, all samples were slowly cooled in atmospheric temperature. The mechanical properties of samples were characterized by using Vickers microhardness dependence load curves.The results show that VHN (Vickers Hardness Number) depends on indentation load and VHN increases with increment of load for indentation load lower than 5 N. VHN is almost constant for indentation load greater than 5 N. The raw material (without heat treatment) has the VHN and tensile strength of 3413 MPa and 1050.61 MPa respectively and the quenched samples have the VHN and tensile strength of 5407 and 1861 MPa respectively. The Vickers hardness and tensile strength decrease with the increment of tempering temperatures. The higher tempering temperature produces lower hardness and tensile strength. The raw material tensile strength of 1058.8 MPa obtained by tensile test is comparable to its tensile strength of 1050.61 MPa obtained by Vickers indentation. This result indicates that Vickers microindentation is valid to use for evaluating the tensile strength of HQ 705 alloy steel.

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The Effect of the Drying Temperature on the Moisture Removal and Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fibers

Defect and Diffusion Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.380.66 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 380 ◽

pp. 66-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. Gomes dos Santos ◽

A.G. Barbosa de Lima ◽

P. de Sousa Costa

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Composite Materials ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Moisture Removal ◽

Heating Rates ◽

Drying Temperature ◽

Vegetable Fibers ◽

Drying Condition ◽

Sisal Fibers

Vegetable fibers have been used in most several applications, as raw material, for manufacturing of different products or directly as reinforcement in composite materials. Green fibers are wet, what requires its drying before their use.In this sense, the aim of this work is to study drying of the sisal fibers in oven. Drying experiments were carried out at different drying condition. It was evaluated the curves of moisture content, drying and heating rates and temperature, as well as the influence of the drying temperature on the mechanical properties of the fibers. It was found that the drying temperature (60 - 105°C) had no significant influence on the tensile mechanical properties, elongation at rupture and modulus of elasticity of the sisal fibers.

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Mechanical, Barrier, Physicochemical, and Heat Seal Properties of Starch Films Filled with Nanoparticles

Journal of Nano Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.25.90 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 90-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Abdorreza Mohammadi Nafchi ◽

Abd Karim Alias

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Decomposition Temperature ◽

Casting Method ◽

Film Properties ◽

Starch Films ◽

Seal Strength ◽

Mechanical Barrier

The effects of nanoparticles (nanoclay and nanosilicon dioxide) on heat sealability, physicochemical, barrier, and mechanical properties of starch films were investigated. Starch films were prepared by casting method with addition of nanoparticles and plasticizers. All film properties were measured under standard conditions. Mechanical properties of all types of films were increased by incorporation of nanoparticles. Mungbean starch films showed 100% increment in tensile strength by incorporation of nanoclay. Moisture content, water solubility, and WVP of all starch films decreased whereas decomposition temperature of the films was increased by incorporation of nanoparticles. All films were heat sealable, but nanoparticles-incorporated films exhibited better heat sealability than did control films. In summary, the type of starch governed the heat sealability but nanoparticles have potential to improve seal strength of starch films as well as other functional properties.

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Mechanical Properties for Elephant Dung and its Utilization as a Raw Material Composites Sheet: A Study

Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology ◽

10.51983/ajeat-2021.10.1.2720 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Rohit Kumar ◽

Ramratan . ◽

Anupam Kumar ◽

Rajinder Singh Smagh

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Polymer Composite ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Raw Material ◽

Weight Percentage ◽

The Impact ◽

Elephant Dung

Elephant dung is an excellent source of cellulosic fiber that is a basic requirement for paper making. But they contributed to very small percentage production of elephant dung. So, researchers are trying to find a new area of utilization of elephant dung fiber pulp as in reinforcement’s polymer composite. In this experiment element dung fiber pulp in the natural fiber component chemically treated with alkaline and soda AQ solution in this study, it has been aimed to use elephant dung fiber pulp in composite material and to study mechanical properties of the produced material. The produced composite samples were then characterized using tensile test, Izod impact test, thickness test. The fracture surface of the polymer composite sample was also inspected with the help of SEM. The content of elephant dung fiber pulp is varied (35%, 45%, 55%) weight percentage whereas the epoxy resin is varied (50%, 40%, 30%) percentage is kept constant 15% in hardener. The entire sample has been tested in a universal testing machine as per ASTM standard for tensile strength and impact strength. It is observed that composite with 35% fiber pulp is having the highest tensile strength of 4mm 6.445 Mpa and 8mm 11.80 Mpa. The impact strength of composite with 35% fiber pulp washes highest than 45% to 55% dung fiber pulp. This produces composite sheet will be used for the surfboards, sporting goods, building panel this not only reduces the cost but also save from environmental pollution.

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Analysis Physical and Mechanical Of Particle Boards Raw Materials Nipah Fruit Fiber

Teknomekanik ◽

10.24036/tm.v2i1.2672 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 14-19

Author(s):

M Saddikin ◽

Hendri Nurdin ◽

Primawati Primawati

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Average Density ◽

Raw Material ◽

Average Moisture Content ◽

Particle Board ◽

Wood Particles ◽

Tapioca Flour

The raw materials of the timber industry, especially furniture, are increasingly difficult to obtain in the quantity and quality needed. The development efforts carried out were utilizing Nipah coir waste as a raw material for making particle boards. Particle boards are panel boards made of wood particles or materials containing lignocellulose. Nipah plants contain 27.3% lignin and 36.5% cellulose which has the potential to be used as raw material for particleboard production. This study aims to reveal the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards made from Nipah fruit fibre with adhesive using tapioca flour. The making of particle board is done with a ratio of 90%: 10%, 80%: 20%, 70%: 30%, 60%: 40%, by giving a pressure of 100 kg / cm2. Particle testing is carried out according to the JIS A 5908 standard (2003). From this study, the optimum results were obtained in variations of 60%:40%. The particle physical properties which have an average density value of 1.15 gr / cm3 and an average moisture content of 5.8%. While the mechanical properties obtained by the value of Modulus of Elasticity an average of 21,188.93 kg / cm2. This shows the particle board variations of 60%: 40% produced to meet the JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. Based on the analysis of the quality variations 60%: 40% of particle boards can be recommended as raw materials for interior furniture.

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MICROSTRUCTURES, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES INGOT AlSi7Fe1 AFTER BLOWING OXYGEN THROUGH MELT

Acta Metallurgica Slovaca ◽

10.12776/ams.v23i1.808 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Arkady B. Finkelstein ◽

Olga A. Chikova ◽

Arseny Schaefer

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Aluminum Alloy ◽

Phase Composition ◽

Traditional Method ◽

New Technology ◽

Liquid Aluminum ◽

High Strength

The new technology of producing ingot of AlSi7Fe1 high-strength is described. This new technology consists in saturation of melt with hydrogen, with further blowing with oxygen. Studied the microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties of ingot after blowing oxygen of melt and ingot obtained with the traditional method. Have suggested that in liquid aluminum alloy AlSi7Fe1 because of blowing with oxygen arise refractory particles Al2O3. These particles Al2O3 further in crystallization serve as a modifier of the microstructure of ingot. Mostly observed <a name="_GoBack"></a>modifications of eutectic phases. Thus saturation of melt with hydrogen, with further blowing with oxygen provides an increased tensile strength of ingot AlSi7Fe1.

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