scholarly journals Growing Blackgum Whips in Ground Beds Increases Survival and Growth Following Transplanting to Field

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Struve
Keyword(s):  
Short Fiber ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Transplant Shock ◽  
Nyssa Sylvatica ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Field Plots

Abstract Difficult-to-transplant species can be produced in containers and transplanted with high survival. However, circling roots can develop even in containers designed to prevent root malformation, requiring root pruning before transplanting and this results in transplant shock. In order to determine the effect of different containers and substrates on whip growth and survival after transplanting, blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.) whips were grown in four container types (Spinout®-treated plastic, tall or short fiber containers or in ground beds) and two substrates (pine bark: Com-Til™ and Haydite: Com-Til™). Container-grown whips were overwintered in unheated polyhouses; bed-grown were overwintered out-of-doors with no winter protection. Two year branched whips grown in Haydite: Com-Til™ were bare rooted and root pruned before transplanting. Whips grown in containers required root pruning to correct root malformation, while whips grown in pine bark: Com-Til™ in ground beds were root pruned as part of the harvesting process. Container and substrate treatment did not affect whip stem diameter, but whips grown in ground beds in pine bark: Com-Til™ were the tallest. Overwinter survival for container-grown whips ranged from 77 to 88% and averaged 85% for whips grown in ground beds. The percentage of whips reaching 1.2 m in height ranged from 53 to 97% for whips produced in tall fiber containers in Haydite: Com-Til™ substrate and in short fiber containers in Haydite: Com-Til™ substrate, respectively. Two years after whips were transplanted, survival averaged 98% (174 of 178). Two years after transplanting, whips produced in beds in pine bark: Com-Til™ substrate had the greatest caliper. Whips produced in ground beds in pine bark: Com-Til™ offer an acceptable alternative to container-produced blackgum whips; they had high overwintering and transplant survival; they were taller at the end of the two year whip production period, and two years after transplanting to field plots they had the largest trunk caliper.

scholarly journals Root Pruning and Transplant Success for Cathedral Oak® Live Oaks

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Patti J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root System ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Production Period ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Field Production

Abstract Trees that were root pruned regularly throughout the production period grew at a slower rate than trees that were not root pruned, but root pruning only in the last year of production did not affect trunk and canopy growth. Trees with root-pruning fabric installed under liners at planting grew at the same rate as trees without fabric during 39 months of field production. Hand spade root pruning throughout the production period increased the number of small diameter (< 3mm) roots and decreased the number of large diameter roots in the root ball compared to trees that were not root pruned. Root pruning only in the last year of production reduced the number of large diameter roots but did not increase the number of small diameter roots. Fabric had no impact on the root system. Root pruning with a hand spade throughout production or only in the last year of production reduced water stress significantly in trees following digging compared to trees not root pruned during production. Root-pruning fabric installed under liners at planting reduced stress following digging 39 months later, but only on two of the days when water stress was measured.

scholarly journals Water Relations of Field-grown Quercus virginiana Mill. from Preharvest through Containerization and 1 Year into a Landscape

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Transplant Shock ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Landscape Water

Large (≈5 m high) Quercus virginiana Mill. (live oak) trees produced in 0.64-m-diameter in-ground fabric containers were root pruned or not root pruned inside containers before harvest. Harvested trees were grown in two sizes of polyethylene containers for 10 months, then transplanted into a landscape. Water potential (ψT) of small branches (<4 mm in diameter) was measured diurnally during containerization and for 1 year in the landscape. Root pruning had no influence on postharvest survival. Neither root pruning nor container size affected tree water status during containerization or in the landscape. All surviving trees recovered from transplant shock following harvest after 16 weeks in a container, independent of treatment. In the landscape, 35 weeks of daily irrigation were required before dusk ψT declined to within 0.1 MPa of predawn values, a result indicating alleviation of transplant shock. Trunk growth rate during containerization was highest in larger containers. However, in the landscape, root pruning and small containers were associated with higher trunk growth rate. Tree water status during containerization and in the landscape is discussed.

Growth and survival of black spruce in the range-wide provenance study

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Morgenstern ◽  
T. J. Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Provenance Study ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Great Lakes States

Field experiments of the range-wide black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) provenance study were established between 1973 and 1977 through the cooperation of several organizations in the United States and Canada from the Atlantic Coast to Alberta. This study evaluates performance at 11 or 15 years from seed in 29 locations divided into 8 regional clusters of 2 to 10 experiments each. Analytical methods include correlations of height and survival with geographic and climatic variables, analyses of variance, and polynomial regressions followed by contour plotting. Best height was obtained in the Great Lakes States and in other temperate regions, and best survival in Newfoundland and some temperate regions with long growing seasons. Correlations between height and survival were positive and significant only in 10 locations, 8 of which were located in temperate regions. In many locations in boreal regions, correlations with latitude or climatic variables at the place of seed origin and height have opposite signs of correlations with survival, indicating difficulties when simultaneously selecting for good height and high survival in cold climates. Contour plots from the regressions demonstrate a similar trend by showing good pattern overlap of height and survival primarily in mild coastal (Newfoundland) or temperate continental climates (southern Quebec and Ontario, Great Lakes States). There is evidence that provenance differences are still developing and changes in rank are taking place, and therefore additional assessments are required in the future.

Establishment of Woody Weeds in Western New South Wales. 2. Growth and Competitive Potential.

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Booth ◽  
F Sanchez-Bayo ◽  
GW King
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
High Survival ◽  
High Survival Rate ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Tap Root

Growth and survival of hopbush (Dodonaea attenuata), turpentine (Eremophila sturtii) and punty bushes (Cassia eremophila and C. artemisioides) were studied in relation to the effects of grazing and shrub density, at four sites in the Bourke-Wanaaring region of western New South Wales during 1979 to 1982. Hopbush shrubs grew faster than turpentine and punty bushes. Small hopbush grew better on open areas, while mature shrubs grew better in dense stands. Turpentine showed better performance in open areas, and punty bush growth was unaffected by shrub population density. All these species showed a high survival rate, particularly in height classes greater than 25 cm, and they kept growing even during drought periods. The effects of grazing on survival were inconclusive. Hopbush and turpentine root development was rapid, attaining depths of over 1.1 m in wet soils, 14 weeks after germination. Mature plants in the field, both hopbush and turpentine, were observed to have extensive lateral root networks at either 22 cm or 30-70 cm soil depth respectively, as well as a tap root system. The characteristics of both species help explain the competitive advantage of these shrubs over herbaceous species, and their survival capability in times of drought. Competition of hopbush with the perennial grass woollybutt (Eragrostis eriopoda) and annual herbage was also examined. In spring, survival of hopbush seedlings was favoured within woollybutt tussocks, this situation being reversed in autumn. Woollybutt biomass was negatively affected by the proximity of hopbush shrubs. Annual herbage seemed not to have any effect on hopbush survival, although shrub seedlings grew better under conditions of moderate herbage cover. Microtopography affected the establishment of both grasses and shrubs, with depressions favouring the growth of grasses at the expense of shrubs during periods of adequate moisture, and the growth of shrubs during drier times. The findings suggest that the woody weed problem is unlikely to wax and wane and that turpentine may be particularly difficult to control. Maintenance of high levels of pasture cover from perennial grasses and annuals may slow down recruitment and growth in open areas with scattered parent shrubs, where control will be less costly, and may contain future spread.

scholarly journals The effect of density on the cultivation of the native mangrove oyster Crassostrea tulipa (Lamarck, 1819)

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 855-868
Author(s):  
Lincon José Brunetto ◽  
Carlos Henrique Araújo de Miranda Gomes ◽  
Cassio De Oliveira Ramos ◽  
Francisco Carlos da Silva ◽  
João Paulo Ramos Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
High Survival ◽  
High Survival Rate ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Floor Area ◽  
Adult Phase

In Brazil, the cultivation of Crassostrea tulipa (= C. gasar) is gaining in importance. However, little is known about the best conditions for farming. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of oyster density (50, 100, 200, and 400 mL of seeds/0.15 m2; 100, 200, 300, and 400 ind/0.10 m2 (basket area) and 30, 60, 120, and 180 ind/0.13 m2 (lantern floor area) in nursey, juvenile and adult phase, respectively) on the growth and survival of C. tulipa in farm cultivation. In the nursery phase, the 50 mL density resulted in smaller oyster size, as expressed in height and height/length (H/L) ratio (1.31 ± 0.03 mm), compared to other densities, while the length and width was equal among densities. The animals' individual average weight and H/L ratio were negatively influenced by a density of 100 ind/0.10 m2 or bigger. However, animals grown at the density of 200 ind/0.10 m2 did not differ statistically in length or width from those grown with 100 ind/0.10 m2. A high survival rate (≥98%) was found in the nursery and juvenile phases.

scholarly journals Root Pruning Influences Level of Embolism during Posttransplant Growth of Corylus colurna

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 689d-689
Author(s):  
P.R. Knight ◽  
J.R. Harris ◽  
J.K. Fanelli
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Two-year-old, bareroot, Corylus colurna seedlings were grown in 7.5-L containers from 15 Mar. to 23 June 1995. Plants were grown in a glasshouse using pine bark media. Temperatures were maintained at 30/20°C. Plants received no fertilization or Osmocote 18–6–12 top-dressed at 14 or 28 g/container. Additionally, plants were pruned to remove 0%, 25%, or 50% of the root system based on root length. Height, diameter, branch number, leaf area, and root and shoot dry weight increased linearly as rate of fertilization increased. Percent embolism was not influenced by rate of fertilization. Plant height, branch number, leaf area, and root and shoot dry weight were not influenced by rate of root pruning. Plant diameter increased linearly as rate of root pruning decreased. Percent embolism increased linearly as rate of root pruning increased.

Effects of Root Pruning on Growth and Survival of Field-Transplanted Nuttall Oak

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-189
Author(s):  
J. W. Farmer ◽  
S. R. Pezeshki
Keyword(s):  
Root Pruning ◽  
Growth And Survival

Genetic analysis of body condition in the sow during lactation, and its relation to piglet survival and growth

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Grandinson ◽  
L. Rydhmer ◽  
E. Strandberg ◽  
F. X. Solanes
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Body Reserves ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Piglet Growth ◽  
Weaning Piglets ◽  
Piglet Survival

AbstractA study seeking to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters for sow body condition around lactation and their relationship with piglet growth and survival is described. It also investigates the genetic relationship between piglet growth and survival, including both direct and maternal effects for both traits. Records were available from 24 549 Swedish Yorkshire piglets born in 2198 litters. Sows had records of weight and backfat depth at farrowing and at weaning. Piglets had individual records for weight at birth and weaning and cause of death for those that failed to survive during lactation. Mixed linear bivariate models were used to estimate correlations between traits. The models for the sow traits took into account the random effects of permanent environment and the genetic effect of the sow, whereas the models for the piglet traits included a litter effect as well as direct and maternal genetic effects. Estimated heritabilities for sow weight and backfat at farrowing and change of weight and backfat during lactation were low to moderate (0·10 to 0·47). We found significant genetic correlations between change of weight and backfat during lactation and piglet survival and growth, indicating that sows with the genetic capacity for rapid early piglet growth and high survival rate may lose more body reserves during lactation. Negative direct-maternal correlations for early piglet growth and survival imply that both the piglet and the sow trait should be included in a genetic evaluation for these traits. Genetic correlations between piglet survival and growth were not clearly favourable. Selection for the direct effect of piglet survival may lead to a decrease in early growth rate. We conclude that in a selection programme aiming at improving piglet survival and growth, attention should be paid to the sow's body condition during lactation. A high enough level of body reserves needs to be maintained in the sow if the incidence of reproductive problems and involuntary culling is not to increase.

scholarly journals Temperature Dependent Growth and Mortality of Agrotis segetum

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Esbjerg ◽  
Lene Sigsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Pheromone Trap ◽  
Agrotis Segetum ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Trap Catches ◽  
Nw Europe

From 1905 to present, cutworm outbreaks have caused substantial yield losses in North Western (NW) Europe. Early authors pointed to dry summers as the trigger; around 1980, the explanation was improved via modelling of historical data. The number of precipitation days and the July temperature proved to be important, and in experiments, moist soil caused considerable mortality. This information was used in preliminary forecasting with pheromone trap catches as biofix for estimations of occurrence and survival. As more precise information on temperature effects on growth and survival was needed, we performed experiments on growth and mortality effects on egg, all larval instars and pupae. We found clear positive relations between temperatures below 35 °C and development rates of eggs, all larval instars and pupae. Mortality was also affected, and low temperature caused pronounced mortality of young larvae. The severe mortality under cold, moist conditions versus high survival under warm, dry conditions may explain both the lack of relation between captures and injuries and the pronounced fluctuations of cutworm attacks in NW Europe reported from 1905 to present. These variations are likely to increase with the climate change and suggest a reanalysis of data on trap capture and injuries to improve decision support and sustainability in Integrated Pest Management.

Effect of stocking density and shelter on growth and mortality of early juvenile Jasus edwardsii held in captivity

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil J. James ◽  
Lennard J. Tong ◽  
Megan P. Paewai
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Early Juvenile ◽  
Jasus Edwardsii ◽  
Spiny Lobsters ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Overall Mortality

The effects of stocking density and the presence of shelter on the growth and mortality of early juvenile spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii, were determined over periods of 118 and 162 days respectively. Growth in length and weight were significantly slower with increasing stocking densities from 50 to 200 m–2, but overall mortality rates were very low and exhibited no difference amongst the densities tested. Conversely, shelter appeared to help to maintain high survival rates in early juvenile lobsters but had no effect on growth throughout the experiment. For maximum growth and survival in a commercial aquaculture operation, densities of 50 to 100 m–2, and adequate shelter would be recommended for early juvenile spiny lobsters. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to aquaculture of this species.

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