scholarly journals Trade Flows within the U.S. Nursery Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Hayk Khachatryan ◽  
Alan W. Hodges ◽  
Marco A. Palma ◽  
Charles R. Hall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Percentage Distribution ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
The U.S

This study summarizes regional trade flows in the U.S. nursery industry by incorporating origin and destination (OD) sales data from a national survey of ornamental plant growers and dealers conducted in 2014. Specifically, we discuss: 1) regional annual sales reported by the green industry firms in 2013, 2) percentage distribution of OD trade flows by regions and states, and 3) differences in the percentage distribution of OD trade flows during the 5-year period by region. Of 32,000 questionnaires sent via mail and email, a total of 2,657 usable observations were received and used in the analysis. The OD trade flow results were then compared with those of 2008 estimates by eight United States regions. The highest proportion of inter-regional sales were reported by firms in the Appalachian (35.7%), followed by Mountain (25.4%), and Southeast (19.1%) regions, and the lowest inter-regional sales were in the Midwest (2.2%) and Great Plains (0.9%) regions. The results show considerable changes in both intra-state (within home state) and inter-regional (between states) trade flows from 2008 to 2013. Overall, intra-regional trade in the Great Plains, Midwest, Pacific, and Southeast regions increased by 9.9, 3.7, 1.6, and 7.8% from 2008 to 2013, respectively. However, the proportion of sales within Appalachian, Mountain, Northeast and Southcentral regions, decreased by 11.1, 8.3, 3.8 and 0.2%, respectively. Implications for relevant green industry stakeholders are discussed.

scholarly journals Trade Flows within the United States Nursery Industry in 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
Melinda J. Knuth ◽  
Hayk Khachatryan ◽  
Charles R. Hall ◽  
Marco A. Palma ◽  
Alan W. Hodges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trade Flow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Percentage Distribution ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
Survey Estimates ◽  
Research Consortium ◽  
The U.S

Abstract This study is a continuation of the series of summaries by the Green Industry Research Consortium examining the regional trade flows in the U.S. nursery industry. This detailed analysis of green industry regional trade flows in eight U.S. regions compares 2018 data with those of the 2008 and 2013 national survey estimates of origin and destination (OD) information to sales data. Specifically, we discuss: 1) regional annual sales reported by the green industry firms in 2018, 2) the percentage distribution of OD trade flows by regions and states, 3) differences in the percentage distribution of OD trade flows during the 5-year period by region (2013 to 2018), and 4) differences in the percentage distribution of OD trade flows during the 10-year period by region (2008 to 2018) for both intra-state (within home state) and inter-regional (between states) trade flows. The OD trade flow results were compared with those of 2008 and 2013. The results show considerable changes in intra-state and inter-regional trade flows from 2013 to 2018. From 2008 to 2018, only the Southcentral region increased in the proportion of sales within the region. Implications for relevant green industry stakeholders are discussed.

scholarly journals Economic Contributions of the Green Industry in the United States in 2007–08

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 628-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan W. Hodges ◽  
Charles R. Hall ◽  
Marco A. Palma
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
Total Sales ◽  
The U.S

Economic contributions of the green industry in each state of the United States were estimated for 2007–08 using regional economic multipliers, together with information on horticulture product sales, employment, and payroll reported by the U.S. Economic Census and a nursery industry survey. Total sales revenues for all sectors were $176.11 billion, direct output was $117.40 billion, and total output impacts, including indirect and induced regional economic multiplier effects of nonlocal output, were $175.26 billion. The total value added impact was $107.16 billion, including employee compensation, proprietor (business owner) income, other property income, and indirect business taxes paid to state/local and federal governments. The industry had direct employment of 1.20 million full-time and part-time jobs and total employment impacts of 1.95 million jobs in the broader economy. The largest individual industry sectors in terms of employment and value added impacts were Landscaping services (1,075,343 jobs, $50.3 billion), Nursery and greenhouse production (436,462 jobs, $27.1 billion), and Building materials and garden equipment and supplies stores (190,839 jobs, $9.7 billion). The top 10 individual states in terms of employment contributions were California (257,885 jobs), Florida (188,437 jobs), Texas (82,113 jobs), North Carolina (81,113 jobs), Ohio (79,707 jobs), Pennsylvania (75,604 jobs), New Jersey (67,993 jobs), Illinois (67,382 jobs), Georgia (66,042 jobs), and Virginia (58,677 jobs). The total value added of the U.S. green industry represented 0.76% of U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2007, and up to 1.60% of GDP in individual states. On the basis of a similar previous study for 2002 (Hall et al., 2006), total sales of horticultural products and services in 2007–08 increased by 3.5%, and total output impacts increased by 29.2%, or an average annual rate of 5.8% in inflation-adjusted terms.

scholarly journals Refining Ornamental Heat Zone Categories with Evapotranspiration

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 884A-884
Author(s):  
Albert Sutherland* ◽  
Mike Schnelle ◽  
Derek Arndt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Heat Zone ◽  
Oklahoma Mesonet

The American Horticulture Society (AHS) Heat Zone categories have been developed to categorize ornamental plant adaptability to different air temperature climates. These zones, like the Plant Hardiness map showing plant cold hardiness zones within the United States, are primarily north to south zones. Within the Great Plains region of the United States, the AHS Heat Zone categories provide a basic level of plant adaptability to air temperature, but do not account for plant reaction to variations in wind, relative humidity or sunlight. Daily reference evapotranspiration provides a single number that responds to variations in air temperature, wind, relative humidity and sunlight. In Oklahoma, the Oklahoma Mesonet provides a uniform statewide network of weather monitor towers that can be used to accurately calculate both short and tall American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) reference evapotranspiration (ref ET) across the entire state. Accumulated daily ref ET values can be used to provide further refinement in categorizing ornamental plant adaptability.

scholarly journals Drought and Pluvial Dipole Events within the Great Plains of the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1886-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Christian ◽  
Katarina Christian ◽  
Jeffrey B. Basara
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
One Year ◽  
The U.S

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to quantify dipole events (a drought year followed by a pluvial year) for various spatial scales including the nine Oklahoma climate divisions and the author-defined regions of the U.S. Southern Great Plains (SGP), High Plains (HP), and Northern Great Plains (NGP). Analyses revealed that, on average, over twice as many standard deviation (STDEV) dipoles existed in the latter half of the dataset (1955–2013) relative to the first half (1896–1954), suggesting that dramatic increases in precipitation from one year to the next within the Oklahoma climate divisions are increasing with time. For the larger regions within the Great Plains of the United States, the percent chance of a significant pluvial year following a significant drought year was approximately 25% of the time for the SGP and NGP and approximately 16% of the time for the HP. The STDEV dipole analyses further revealed that the frequency of dipoles was consistent between the first and second half of the dataset for the NGP and HP but was increasing with time in the SGP. The temporal periods of anomalous precipitation during relative pluvial years within the STDEV dipole events were unique for each region whereby October occurred most frequently (70%) within the SGP, September occurred most frequently (60%) within the HP, and May occurred most frequently (62%) within the NGP.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS TO THE COMMODITY TRADE FLOWS (CASE STUDY: INTERNATIONAL PALM OIL TRADE)

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-206
Author(s):  
Riska Pujiati ◽  
Muhammad Firdaus ◽  
Andriyono Kilat Adhi ◽  
Bernhard Brummer
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Regional Trade Agreement ◽  
The Impact

Indonesia and Malaysia are the major exporters of palm oil in South East Asia. South East Asia Regional Trade Agreement can affect worldwide trade flow of palm oil. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of the Regional Trade Agreement on the trade flows of Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil. The effect is analyzed with gravity model.  The result shows positive dynamic effect of Free Trade Agreement to palm oil trade flow. Regional Trade Agreement has higher impact to Malaysia than Indonesia due to dissimilar government policies.

The Physical Mechanisms by Which the Leading Patterns of SST Variability Impact U.S. Precipitation

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1815-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailan Wang ◽  
Siegfried Schubert ◽  
Max Suarez ◽  
Randal Koster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Diabatic Heating ◽  
Moisture Flux ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Sst Variability ◽  
Precipitation Response ◽  
The U.S

Abstract This study uses the NASA Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP-1) AGCM to investigate the physical mechanisms by which the leading patterns of annual mean SST variability impact U.S. precipitation. The focus is on a cold Pacific pattern and a warm Atlantic pattern that exert significant drought conditions over the U.S. continent. The precipitation response to the cold Pacific is characterized by persistent deficits over the Great Plains that peak in summer with a secondary peak in spring, and weakly pluvial conditions in summer over the Southeast (SE). The precipitation response to the warm Atlantic is dominated by persistent deficits over the Great Plains with the maximum deficit occurring in late summer. The precipitation response to the warm Atlantic is overall similar to the response to the cold Pacific with, however, considerably weaker amplitude. An analysis of the atmospheric moisture budget combined with a stationary wave model diagnosis of the associated atmospheric circulation anomalies is conducted to investigate mechanisms of the precipitation responses. A key result is that, while the cold Pacific and warm Atlantic are two spatially distinct SST patterns, they nevertheless produce similar diabatic heating anomalies over the Gulf of Mexico during the warm season. In the case of the Atlantic forcing, the heating anomalies are a direct response to the SST anomalies, whereas in the case of Pacific forcing they are a secondary response to circulation anomalies forced from the tropical Pacific. The diabatic heating anomalies in both cases force an anomalous low-level cyclonic flow over the Gulf of Mexico that leads to reduced moisture transport into the central United States and increased moisture transport into the eastern United States. The precipitation deficits over the Great Plains in both cases are greatly amplified by the strong soil moisture feedback in the NSIPP-1 AGCM. In contrast, the response over the SE to the cold Pacific during spring is primarily associated with an upper-tropospheric high anomaly over the southern United States that is remotely forced by tropical Pacific diabatic heating anomalies, leading to greatly reduced stationary moisture flux convergences and anomalous subsidence in that region. Moderately reduced evaporation and weakened transient moisture flux convergences play secondary roles. It is only during spring that these three terms are all negative and constructively contribute to produce the maximum dry response in spring. The above findings based on the NSIPP-1 AGCM are generally consistent with observations, as well as with four other AGCMs included in the U.S. Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) project.

The United States and Asia in 2014

Asian Survey ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
William T. Tow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The U.S

Visible U.S. efforts to sustain influence in the Asia-Pacific met with mixed success. President Barack Obama’s visit to the region reinforced alliance commitments, but U.S. policy momentum on regional trade and diplomacy remained sluggish. Washington’s effective management of its relations with Beijing remains the key factor to how well the U.S. will fare with other regional actors and issues.

scholarly journals Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gardening in the United States: Postpandemic Expectations

2022 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
David San Fratello ◽  
Benjamin L. Campbell ◽  
William G. Secor ◽  
Julie H. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Household Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
Normal Green ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic altered the way many consumers and businesses transacted business. Concerning the green industry, many households began gardening and/or purchased more green industry products. As the pandemic ends and households begin to return to normal, green industry firms need to understand this new normal. Using an online national survey of households, we assessed which households were more likely to remain in the market after entering during the height of the pandemic (2020). Findings indicated that younger consumers (i.e., Millennials and younger individuals who were born in 1985 or after) were less likely to indicate they always garden (before the pandemic) but more likely to have started gardening during the pandemic and perceived that they would not continue to garden as states returned to normal (2021). This age group was also more likely to not have gardened in 2020, but they intended to garden in 2021. This finding shows a dichotomy in gardening preferences in this young age group. Further findings indicated that race, household income, number of children in the household, and the impact of the pandemic on the household also help explain the household’s decision to garden or not.

scholarly journals A Climatology of Springtime Dryline Position in the U.S. Great Plains Region

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 2132-2137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Hoch ◽  
Paul Markowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Western Great Plains ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Surface Observations ◽  
Relative Humidity Data

Abstract A climatology of dryline frequency and location is presented based on 30 yr (1973–2002) of April, May, and June surface observations from the Great Plains region of the United States. Drylines having a horizontal specific humidity gradient greater than or equal to 3 × 10−8 m−1 [greater than or equal to 3 g kg−1 (100 km)−1] are found to be present on 32% of the days, with the peak frequency occurring in mid- to late May. The most favored longitude of the generally meridionally oriented drylines is near −101°W at 0000 UTC, although the favored longitude tends to shift westward as the April–June period elapses. There is no robust suggestion of a shift in the annual mean dryline position over the period studied. Relationships between dryline position and wind and relative humidity data at mandatory levels (e.g., 850, 700, and 500 mb) also are investigated. Dryline longitude increases with increasing westerly momentum aloft. Dryline longitude also increases with decreasing relative humidity at 850 mb, primarily at stations in the western Great Plains region, west of the climatologically favored dryline position near −101°. Dryline position is not as closely associated with either 850-mb relative humidity east of the climatologically favored dryline position or relative humidity in the middle troposphere.

The Great Plains Coal Gasification Project Status

1986 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 432-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Bodnaruk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Capital Projects ◽  
Plant Construction ◽  
Original Plan ◽  
The U.S

The Great Plains Gasification Project is the first commercial-sized plant to produce substitute natural gas from coal in the United States. The plant is designed to convert 14,000 tons/D of North Dakota lignite into 137.5 million standard cubic feet of gas per day. The plant construction has been successfully completed per original design, on schedule and on budget. The plant has also been successfully turned over from construction to operations, as per the original plan. With the completion of the capital projects being implemented at the plant, plans are to achieve 70 percent stream factor in the first year of production (1985). The DOE-Chicago Operations Office has been assigned the responsibility for monitoring the project’s performance against baselines of cost, schedule, and technical criteria. During the startup phase of the project, significant technological advancements have been made and considerable knowledge has been gained, both by the operators and DOE (considering this to be a first of a kind plant built in the U.S.).

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