Time Estimation: Dependence and Independence of Modality-Specific Effects

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Brown ◽  
Lloyd Hitchcock
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Interval Reproduction

80 Ss were required to reproduce 9 time intervals, ranging from 1 to 17 sec. duration, under 8 experimental conditions: the factorial arrangement of auditory and visual interval presentation, auditory and visual interval reproduction, and patterned and unpatterned stimulus filling the interval. Mode of stimulus presentation and of reproduction had no consistent effect on time estimation. Significant modifications occurred with repeated trials and reliabilities of duration estimations were consistently high.

Immediate versus Remote Judgements: Delay of Response and Rate of Stimulus Presentation in Time Estimation

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Kathleen A. Crimmins
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Target Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Main Effects

A systematic replication of Vitulli and Shepard's 1996 study showed that a change in response requirements (verbal estimation) from circling time intervals on a scoring sheet in the older study to writing subjective time estimates in the present study did not alter the robust effects of a delay in retrospective judgement. A complete 2×2×2 factorial analysis of variance showed main effects for rate (fast versus slow) of stimulus (random digits, 1–5) presentation and delay of estimate (immediate versus remote), yet there were no interactions among rate, delay, or sex. The interpolation of “filler tasks” between the end of the target interval and subjective estimate of the duration of the target interval significantly increased perceived time compared to estimates made immediately after the target interval.

Factors Affecting Accuracy of Producing Time Intervals

1995 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 1043-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikos Marmaras ◽  
Panayotis Vassilakis ◽  
George Dounias
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Concurrent Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Difficulty ◽  
Positive Effect

The present study assessed the accuracy of producing time intervals. 92 subjects were asked to produce three different time intervals (15, 30, and 60 sec.) under six experimental conditions during which they performed concurrent tasks of different cognitive difficulty and requiring different cognitive functions. Real-life working situations guided the design of the experiment. Accuracy of time estimation was significantly affected by the length of the intervals to be produced and the concurrent tasks performed. 15-sec. intervals were more accurately estimated. Accuracy decreased as the cognitive demands of the concurrent tasks increased; subjects systematically overestimated the duration of the intervals. Having an activity requiring time estimation seems to have a positive effect on the accuracy of time estimation. The same was found for certain strategies aiding time estimation which were used spontaneously by certain subjects. No significant difference in the accuracy of estimation between women and men was found.

scholarly journals Comparison of Bite Force in Patients After Treatment of Mandibular Fractures With 3-Dimensional Locking Miniplate and Standard Miniplates

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Gaurav Singh ◽  
Madan Mishra ◽  
Amit Gaur ◽  
Dhritiman Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Bite Force ◽  
Mandibular Fractures ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Drilling Conditions ◽  
Group 1

Background: Fractures of the mandible can be studied and described in anatomic terms, functional considerations, treatment strategies, and outcome measures. The performance of any fixation system depends on multiple factors including plate adaptation, screw placement, bone quality, drilling conditions, and postoperative patient compliance. Bite force assesses masticatory muscle function under clinical and experimental conditions. Method: 30 patients with isolated, noncomminuted mandibular fractures were randomly divided into two equal groups. Group 1 patients were treated using 3-dimensional locking miniplates and group 2 patients were treated with standard miniplates. The bite forces were recorded at definite time intervals: preoperatively, and second week, sixth week, third month, and sixth month postoperatively. Result: At 6 weeks postoperative, 3 month postoperative, and 6 month postoperative, the mean bite force was found to be significantly higher among group 1 patients as compared to those in group 2 in all the sites. While at 2 week postoperative, the mean bite force was found to be significantly higher in Group 2 as compared to Group 1 at incisor region. Conclusion: The overall results of the present study show better performance in bite force for the 3-dimensional locking miniplate when compared with standard miniplates.

scholarly journals Tornado Warnings, Lead Times, and Tornado Casualties: An Empirical Investigation

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Simmons ◽  
Daniel Sutter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Tornado Warnings ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Conventional wisdom holds that improved tornado warnings will reduce tornado casualties, because longer lead times on warnings provide extra opportunities to alert residents who can then take precautions. The relationship between warnings and casualties is examined using a dataset of tornadoes in the contiguous United States between 1986 and 2002. Two questions are examined: Does a warning issued on a tornado reduce the resulting number of fatalities and injuries? Do longer lead times reduce casualties? It is found that warnings have had a significant and consistent effect on tornado injuries, with a reduction of over 40% at some lead time intervals. The results for fatalities are mixed. An increase in lead time up to about 15 min reduces fatalities, while lead times longer than 15 min increase fatalities compared with no warning. The fatality results beyond 15 min, however, depend on five killer tornadoes and consequently are not robust.

scholarly journals The ages of zone of proximal development for retrospective time assessment and anticipation of time event

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.V. Portnova ◽  
A. B. Rebreikina ◽  
O.V. Martynova
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Zone Of Proximal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Time Assessment

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the ability of children aged 5–14 years old (preschoolers, primary schoolers, and preteens) to assess and anticipate time intervals. 287 Russian children aged 5–14 years old and 26 adults of control group participated in our study. The neuropsychological assessment, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and a battery of time-related tests were applied. All groups of children overestimated the event’s duration, although the accuracy of the second estimations increased among the participants aged 6–8 years after a prompt was offered. A zone of proximal development for time anticipation task was detected for children aged 9-11 years, when the prompt could significantly improve the accuracy of time perception. The participants overestimated the duration of both upcoming and past events, with the degree of overestimation being found to be negatively correlated with age. Further, a higher degree of accuracy in terms of time estimation was found to be correlated with higher scores on the attention and memory tests, and accuracy of time anticipation was associated with scores of praxis test.

Separating Storage from Retrieval Dysfunction of Temporal Memory in Parkinson's Disease

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chara Malapani ◽  
Bernard Deweer ◽  
John Gibbon
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Temporal Memory ◽  
Dopaminergic Agents ◽  
State Interference ◽  
The Brain

Dysfunction of the basal ganglia and the brain nuclei interconnected with them leads to disturbances of movement and cognition exemplified in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease, including disordered timing of movements and impaired time estimation. Previous research has shown that whereas striatal damage in animals can result in the loss of temporal control over behavior, dopaminergic deregulation in the human striatum associated with PD distorts the memory for time. Here we show a dissociation between deficits in storage (writing to) and retrieval (reading from) temporal memory processes. Both are dysfunctional in PD and sensitive to treatment with dopaminergic agents, but produce dissimilar distortions. When time intervals are stored in memory while the subjects are dopamine depleted, the process is slowed, leading to overestimation of two different time intervals. Conversely, when retrieval occurs in a dopamine-depleted state, interference or coupling occurs between two remembered time intervals, producing overestimation of the shorter and underestimation of the longer one. Whether those two separable patterns of dysfunction in storing and retrieving temporal memories rely on distinct neural networks within the basal ganglia and/or their cortical targets remains to be answered by future research.

Temporal Oscillations in Human Perception

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislas Dehaene
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Human Response ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Discrete Processing ◽  
Processing Steps ◽  
Continuous Accumulation

The notion that human perceptual decisions are based on discrete processing cycles rather than a continuous accumulation of information was examined experimentally. Significant periodicities were found in human response times (RT) to feature and conjunction discrimination tasks in the visual and auditory modalities. Individual RT histograms were multimodal, with regularly spaced peaks and troughs, indicating that responses were emitted more frequently at regularly recurring time intervals following stimulus presentation. On average, responses were initiated after four to seven discrete processing steps whose “quantum” duration was proportional to task difficulty.

Precise hyperacuity estimation of spike timing from calcium imaging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huu Hoang ◽  
Masa-aki Sato ◽  
Shigeru Shinomoto ◽  
Shinichiro Tsutsumi ◽  
Miki Hashizume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Spike Timing ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Spike Time ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Photon Imaging ◽  
Two Photon Imaging

SummaryTwo-photon imaging is a major recording technique in neuroscience, but it suffers from several limitations, including a low sampling rate, the nonlinearity of calcium responses, the slow dynamics of calcium dyes and a low signal-to-noise ratio, all of which impose a severe limitation on the application of two-photon imaging in elucidating neuronal dynamics with high temporal resolution. Here, we developed a hyperacuity algorithm (HA_time) based on an approach combining a generative model and machine learning to improve spike detection and the precision of spike time inference. First, Bayesian inference estimates the calcium spike model by assuming the constancy of the spike shape and size. A support vector machine employs this information and detects spikes with higher temporal precision than the sampling rate. Compared with conventional thresholding, HA_time improved the precision of spike time estimation up to 20-fold for simulated calcium data. Furthermore, the benchmark analysis of experimental data from different brain regions and simulation of a broader range of experimental conditions showed that our algorithm was among the best in a class of hyperacuity algorithms. We encourage experimenters to use the proposed algorithm to precisely estimate hyperacuity spike times from two-photon imaging.

scholarly journals Effect of bicarbonate on growth of the oleaginous microalga Botryococcus braunii

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Salbitani ◽  
Carmela M.A. Barone ◽  
Simona Carfagna
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Botryococcus Braunii ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Inorganic Carbon Source ◽  
Doubling Times

The effect of bicarbonate, produced by the enzymatic hydration of CO2 from postcombustion fumes, was investigated on Botryococcus braunii growth. The NaHCO3, supplied to cultures in the role of inorganic carbon source is proposed as a more eco-sustainable alternative to gaseous CO2. The salt was provided to the cultures at the final concentration of 0.5-1.5-2.5 g L- 1. The growth rate was considered for specific time intervals (T0-T5, T5-T10 and T0- T10) showing values significantly higher in the culture supplemented with 2.5 g L-1 bicarbonate. The doubling times were also considered in all experimental cultures showing a faster doubling for the period T0÷T5. The increase in pH drives the increase in growth in the experimental conditions in which the salt was added. The results suggest that bicarbonate is able to promote the algal growth, therefore it can be considered a valid alternative to CO2 gas.

Modality-Specific Effects on Discrimination of Short Empty Time Intervals

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraga Hocherman ◽  
Gita Ben-Dov
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Empty Time

The ability of human subjects to judge the duration of short empty time intervals was studied in relation to the modality composition of the marker signals. Ac each trial, a pair of empty intervals was presented by a series of three successive stimuli, and the subject was asked to point out the longer interval of the two. Tone pips and flashes of light were used as the bounding signals. All the possible combinations of auditory and visual stimuli were used, in random order, to delimit pairs of intervals. Performance was found modality-independent when the first two stimuli were of the same modality. Strong response biases were introduced by varying the modality of the first or the second stimulus. Analysis of these biases indicates that memorization of the empty time intervals is affected by the modality of the binding signals.

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