Adding and Averaging Effects in Impression Formation as a Function of the Situational Context

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph L. Rosnow
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Combination Rule ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stimulus Combination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Simple Summation

Male and female Ss made comparative judgments of paired sets of simultaneously presented income stimuli. The pairs were constructed so that the sum of the values was higher in one set than in the other, while the mean income was simultaneously higher in the latter set than in the former. When the incomes within a set were represented as all belonging to the same person or when the incomes were attributed to different members of a family, both men and women tended to rate higher in economic status whichever sets of stimuli had the higher sums in direct relation to the manipulated discrepancy between sums. When the same stimuli were attributed to different members of a group, both sexes rated higher in economic status whichever sets had the higher arithmetic mean values in direct relation to the manipulated discrepancy between arithmetic means. The significance of this finding is in demonstrating that the stimulus-combination rule in impression formation is at least partially predicated upon situational determinants and that neither simple summation nor simple averaging is an exclusively valid or invalid combinatory principle.

STUDIES ON FOLIC ACID IN INFANCY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-511
Author(s):  
Yehuda Matoth ◽  
Ariela Pinkas ◽  
Rina Zamir ◽  
Fouad Mooallem ◽  
Nathan Grossowicz
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Folinic Acid ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Initial Drop ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

The level of folic and folinic acid in whole blood was assayed in 373 healthy infants from birth to one year. Folic acid was high at birth and dropped gradually over the first 8 postnatal weeks. The mean value for the remainder of the first year was significantly below the adult mean. Folinic acid was likewise high at birth and dropped parallel with the folic acid. However, following the initial drop, folinic acid mean values remained well above the adult mean. Folic and folinic acid values were higher in breast-fed than in artificially fed infants and lower in infants whose economic status was poor than in babies belonging to families of higher income.

Perturbing Structural Design Towards Minimizing Variation in Vibratory Response

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Zhou ◽  
J. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Robust Design ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Identification Algorithm ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Vibratory Response ◽  
Structural Uncertainties ◽  
The Mean

Real structures are always subject to uncertainties due to material imperfection, machining tolerance, and assemblage error, etc. These uncertainties lead to variations in structural vibratory responses. In order to reduce the likelihood of unexpected failures in structures, we need to minimize the response variations, which is the underlying idea of robust design. In this paper, we present an inverse sensitivity-based algorithm that allows us to tailor the structural design such that, under the same level of uncertainties, the response variations can be effectively reduced. We first develop a direct relation between the structural uncertainties and the response variations including the means and variances. We then formulate an optimal identification algorithm that will yield design perturbation to minimize the response variances while maintaining the mean values. Case analyses are carried out to validate the validity and efficiency of the new algorithm.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Arithmetic and Geometric Means in Estimating Crown Diameter and Crown Cross-Sectional Area

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-189
Author(s):  
KaDonna C. Randolph
Keyword(s):  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The use of the geometric and arithmetic means for estimating tree crown diameter and crown cross-sectional area were examined for trees with crown width measurements taken at the widest point of the crown and perpendicular to the widest point of the crown. The average difference between the geometric and arithmetic mean crown diameters was less than 0.2 ft in absolute value. The mean difference between crown cross-sectional areas based on the geometric and arithmetic mean crown diameters was less than 6.0 ft2 in absolute value. At the plot level, the average difference between cumulative crown cross-sectional areas based on the geometric and arithmetic mean crown diameters amounted to less than 2.5% of the total plot area. The practical significance of these differences will depend on the final application in which the mean crown diameters are used.

scholarly journals Intertribal variation with respect to BMI: A Study on tribal Women of Bastar, Chhattisgarh. India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 564-579
Author(s):  
D. K. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Chronic Energy Deficiency ◽  
Tribal Women ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
The Mean

Body mass index (BMI) is the most established indicator to assess nutritional status. The aim of the present study is to determine variation between Bhatra and Dhurwa women of Bastar, Chhattisgarh with respect to BMI and also to evaluate variation in magnitude of BMI in relation to socio-anthropometric determinants. Anthropometric data from290 Bhatra women and 207 Dhurwa women of reproductive age group were collected cross-sectionally and BMI is calculated in relation to the socio-economic status of tribal women. BMI is determined by measuring the weight and height of selected respondents by using standard techniques. Result reveals that Bhatra women are slightly heavier and taller than Dhurwa women. The mean BMI is found to be higher in Bhatra women (19.98± 0.15 Kg/M²) than Dhurwa women (19.70±0.18 Kg/M²). The mean values of mean BMI in relation to different socio-anthropometric determinants indicate state of normal nutrition in women of both tribal groups of Bastar except women of body weight ranged 30-41Kg., sitting height vertex ranged59-66cm and height vertex ranged 160-178cm. The present study reveals that the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) is higher in Dhurwa women (31.88%) than Bhatra women (27.58%). However BMI suggested that the prevalence of obesity in Bhatra women (3.45%) is higher than Dhurwa women (2.90%). The factors like age, menarcheal age, educational status, occupational status and different anthropometric determinants showed an impact over BMI magnitude among both tribal women of Bastar. However statistical analysis indicates non-significant intergroup differences among them except women of illiterate group, sitting height vertex ranged 59-66 cm and height vertex ranged 160-178 cm.  Sources of mean BMI of various tribal women of India indicates that tribal women of Bastar are nutritionally better and show state of normal nutrition in comparison to them.

Mean Entropies

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 289-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Lavenda
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Generating Functions ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Translation Invariance ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Weighted Arithmetic ◽  
Discrete Sample ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Increasing Functions

Entropies are expressed in terms of mean values, and not as weighted arithmetic means of their generating functions, which result in pseudo-additive entropies. The Shannon entropy corresponds to the logarithm of the inverse of the geometric mean, while the Rényi entropy, more generally, to the logarithm of the inverse of power means of order τ < 1. Translation invariance of the means relates to mean code lengths, while their homogeneity translates them into entropies: the arithmetic and exponential means correspond to the Shannon and Rényi entropies, respectively, under the Kraft equality. While under the Kraft inequality, the entropies are lower bounds to the mean code lengths. Means of any order cannot be expressed as escort averages because such averages contradict the fact that the means are monotonically increasing functions of their order. Exponential entropies are shown to be measures of the extent of a distribution. The probability measure and the incomplete probability distribution are shown to be the ranges of continuous and discrete sample spaces, respectively. Comparison is made with Boltzmann's principle.

Follicular variation in ovarian 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) activities: evidence for the paracrine inhibition of 11βHSD in human granulosa-lutein cells

1996 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
A E Michael ◽  
L Gregory ◽  
L Thaventhiran ◽  
J W Antoniw ◽  
B A Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Serum Free Medium ◽  
Oocyte Maturity ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cortisol Metabolism ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

Abstract We have previously shown that detectable metabolism of cortisol to cortisone by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) in human granulosa-lutein cells, pooled for each patient from all aspirated ovarian follicles, is associated with failure to conceive by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. The aims of the present study were to assess: (1) the variation in the 11β-HSD activities of granulosa-lutein cells obtained from individual follicles in relation to oocyte maturity and (2) whether the 11βHSD activity of pooled granulosa-lutein cells reflects the 11βHSD activities of the individual follicles for a given patient. 11βHSD activities were measured in intact cells in serum-free medium by a radiometric conversion assay (100 nmol/l [ 3H]cortisol to [3H]cortisone). Follicular 11βHSD activities ranged from <10 (undetectable) to 514 pmol/mg protein per 4 h (n=105 follicles from 12 patients) and did not correlate with oocyte maturity. In three separate patients, the follicular 11βHSD activities ranged from <10 to 117 pmol/mg protein per 4 h (n=8 follicles), 19 to 514 pmol/mg per 4 h (n=9) and 60 to 390 pmol/mg per 4 h (n=8). The 11βHSD activities of the corresponding multi-follicular pools of cells were <10, <10 and 44 pmol/mg per 4 h respectively, all of which were significantly lower (P<0·05) than the arithmetic means for the activities in the individual follicles (52, 132 and 215 pmol/mg per 4 h respectively). Likewise, the 11βHSD activities of two independent multi-patient pools of cells were significantly lower than the mean values of the 11βHSD activities of the appropriate individual patients. We conclude that ovarian 11βHSD activity varies between follicles and that co-culture of granulosa-lutein cells with low enzyme activity can suppress the ovarian 11βHSD activity in cells from different follicles (or patients) with high rates of cortisol metabolism. Hence, these data indicate the potential for paracrine inhibition of ovarian 11βHSD activity in human granulosa-lutein cells. Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 148, 419–425

scholarly journals Impact of engineering properties of grass seeds in developing post-harvest operations and machineries

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-399
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kumar Singh ◽  
Sheshrao Kautkar ◽  
Amit Patil
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Mean

Engineering properties of grass seeds are most important for the development of post-harvest mechanization and operations. Therefore engineering properties of fluffy as well as true seeds were determined in view of its important in development of post-harvest mechanization. The mean values of length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, thousands seed mass and bulk density of fluffy Deenanath grass seed were observed in the range of 5.23-7.17 mm, 2.10-3.44 mm, 1.17-2.49 mm, 3.07- 4.13 mm, 2.53- 3.69 mm,  41.01-60.13 %, 19.12-43.70 mm2, 3.70-18.24 mm3, 0.789-0.849 g and 7.41-7.89 kg/m3 respectively. However, for true seeds of Deenanath grass, the range of these values varied from 2.23-2.65 mm, 0.69-0.95 mm, 0.47-0.69 mm, 1.16-1.40 mm, 0.93-1.17 mm,  38.69-47.33 %, 2.67-4.31 mm2, 3.60-9.64 mm3, 0.468-0.488 g and 602.97-624.29 kg/m3 respectively moisture level of 9 % db. Determined properties of fluffy as well as true seeds of Deenanath would be utilized to develop threshing, cleaning, grading, seed storage and packaging operations and machineries.

Articulatory Behavior Pre and Post Full-Mouth Tooth Extraction and Alveoloplasty

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Zimmermann ◽  
J.A. Scott Kelso ◽  
Larry Lander
Keyword(s):  
Control Subject ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Normal Speech

High speed cinefluorography was used to track articulatory movements preceding and following full-mouth tooth extraction and alveoloplasty in two subjects. Films also were made of a control subject on two separate days. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of dramatically altering the structural dimensions of the oral cavity on the kinematic parameters of speech. The results showed that the experimental subjects performed differently pre and postoperatively though the changes were in different directions for the two subjects. Differences in both means and variabilities of kinematic parameters were larger between days for the experimental (operated) subjects than for the control subject. The results for the Control subject also showed significant differences in the mean values of kinematic variables between days though these day-to-day differences could not account for the effects found pre- and postoperatively. The results of the kinematic analysis, particularly the finding that transition time was most stable over the experimental conditions for the operated subjects, are used to speculate about the coordination of normal speech.

Comparative Study of Intranasal, Subcutaneous and Intravenous Administration of Desamino-D-Arginine Vasopressin (DDAVP)

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (01) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Köhler ◽  
P Hellstern ◽  
C Miyashita ◽  
G von Blohn ◽  
E Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Von Willebrand Factor ◽  
Factor Xii ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor ◽  
Factor Antigen

SummaryThis study was performed to evaluate the influence of different routes of administration on the efficacy of DDAVP treatment. Ten healthy volunteers received DDAVP intranasally (i.n.), subcutaneously (s.c.) and intravenously (i.v.) in a randomized cross-over trial. Factor XII and high molecular weight (HMW)-kininogen levels increased only slightly after DDAVP administration. The mean increase of factor VIII: C was 3.1 (i. v.), 2.3 (s. c.), and 1.3 (i.n.) - fold over baseline. Ristocetin cofactor (von Willebrand factor antigen) increased 3.1 (2.5), 2.0 (2.3) and 1.2 (1.2) - fold over baseline mean values after i.v., s.c. and i.n. DDAVP, respectively. The half-disappearance time of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWF) after DDAVP ranged from five (factor VIII: C) to eight hours (vWF). The mean increase of fibrinolytic activity was more pronounced after i.v. DDAVP. The antidiuretic effect was moderate with no apparent differences between the routes of application. This study provides further evidence that both i.v. and s.c. DDAVP administration result in an appropriate and reliable stimulation of haemostasis. An additional advantage of s. c. administration is its suitability for home treatment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document