Gestalt Study of Time Estimation

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles M. Friel ◽  
William T. Lhamon
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Temporal Duration ◽  
Temporal Proximity ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Experience Of Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nonsense Syllables

In order to investigate the relationship between the temporal proximity of associational processes and the experience of time, 40 male Ss were asked to reproduce a series of 1-min. time intervals in which they wrote down words input to them at various rates. Half the group was given nonsense syllables and the other half was given words with high associational value. Ss who heard nonsense syllables gave progressively shorter estimates of the 1-min. interval as the rate of input of these stimuli was increased. However, Ss who heard words with high associational value showed no difference in their time estimates as the rate of input was increased. The study suggests that time estimates are in part a function of the frequency of associational processes initiated during a given temporal duration.

Immediate versus Remote Judgements: Delay of Response and Rate of Stimulus Presentation in Time Estimation

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Kathleen A. Crimmins
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Target Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Main Effects

A systematic replication of Vitulli and Shepard's 1996 study showed that a change in response requirements (verbal estimation) from circling time intervals on a scoring sheet in the older study to writing subjective time estimates in the present study did not alter the robust effects of a delay in retrospective judgement. A complete 2×2×2 factorial analysis of variance showed main effects for rate (fast versus slow) of stimulus (random digits, 1–5) presentation and delay of estimate (immediate versus remote), yet there were no interactions among rate, delay, or sex. The interpolation of “filler tasks” between the end of the target interval and subjective estimate of the duration of the target interval significantly increased perceived time compared to estimates made immediately after the target interval.

Time Urgency and Imagery in the Type a Behavior Pattern

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1323-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merilyn F. Howton ◽  
Joanne S. Lindoerfer ◽  
Richard G. Marriott
Keyword(s):  
Visual Imagery ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type A Behavior ◽  
Type A Behavior Pattern ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Mixed Analysis ◽  
Subject Variables ◽  
The Relationship

This study explored the relationship between Type A Behavior Pattern, visual imagery, and ability for time estimation. 115 subjects filled out a questionnaire which assessed them for the presence of a visual imaginary representation of time and scores on Type A or B behavior. While completing the questionnaire, subjects made estimates of four timed intervals of 8 min., 22 sec. The treatment consisted of formal training in visual imagery representations between time estimates of intervals 3 and 4. Data were analyzed using a 2 × 2 × 4 mixed analysis of variance in which the subject variables (Type A/B, visual imaginary representation, and time estimate) were dichotomized using median splits. The dependent measures were accuracy scores for each of the four estimation trials. Subjects with training in visual imaginary representation estimated time more accurately; Type A subjects with training in visual imaginary representation were the most accurate. All subjects improved over the four trials, with greatest improvement following training in visual imaginary representation. The most consistent improvement in time estimates occurred in Type A subjects. Results replicated and extended previous findings associating visual imaginary representations with more accurate time perception, especially for individuals scoring as showing Type A behavior pattern.

Time Estimation and Juvenile Delinquency

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1559-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Carrillo-De-La-Peña ◽  
M. A. Luengo
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Delinquent Activity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Relationship

Certain empirical evidence suggests that subjects prone to delinquent activity may have faster internal clocks than others. To investigate the relationship between antisocial behavior and time perception and its dependence on the experimental time interval and method and on whether the subject is institutionalized we obtained verbal and production estimates of 5-, 15-, 30-, and 60-sec. intervals from 249 adolescents (156 school attenders and 93 institutionalized subjects) classified into 3 groups according to the intensity of their antisocial activity. Results provide no support for the hypothesis that overestimation of short time intervals is associated with either juvenile delinquency or institutionalization.

Impact of 30- Versus 60-Second Time Intervals Between Automated Office Blood Pressure Measurements on Measured Blood Pressure

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1502-1510
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Juraschek ◽  
Anthony M. Ishak ◽  
Kenneth J. Mukamal ◽  
Julia M. Wood ◽  
Timothy S. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Ambulatory Blood Pressure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Interaction Term ◽  
Automated Office Blood Pressure ◽  
The Relationship

Guidelines recommend 1 to 2 minutes between repeated, automated office-based blood pressure (AOBP) measures, which is a barrier to broader adoption. Patients from a single hypertension center underwent a 3-day evaluation that included a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitor (ABPM) and one of two nonrandomized, unattended AOBP protocols. Half of the patients underwent 3 AOBP measurements separated by 30 seconds, and the other half underwent 3 BP measurements separated by 60 seconds. All measurements were compared with the average awake-time BP from ABPM and the first AOBP measurement. We used linear regression to assess whether the 30-second protocol was associated with individual or average AOBP measurements or awake-time ABPM and used an interaction term to determine whether interval modified the relationship between AOBP measurements (individual and mean) with awake-time ABPM. Among 102 patients (mean age, 59.2±16.2 years; 64% women; 24% Black), the average awake-time BP was 132.5±15.6/77.7±12.2 mm Hg among those who underwent the 60-second protocol and 128.6±13.6/76.5±12.5 mm Hg for the 30-second protocol. Mean systolic/diastolic BP was lower with the second and third AOBP measurement by −0.5/−1.7 mm Hg and −1.0/−2.3 mm Hg for the 60-second protocol versus −0.8/−2.0 mm Hg and −0.7/−2.7 mm Hg for the 30-second protocol; protocol did not significantly modify these differences. Differences between AOBP measurements (first, second, or third) and awake-time ABPM were nearly identical across protocols. In conclusion, a 30-second interval between AOBP measurements was as accurate and reliable as a 60-second interval. These findings support shorter time intervals between BP measurements, which would make AOBP more feasible in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Confabulations on Time: Relationship between Confabulations and Timing Deviations in Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad El Haj ◽  
Frank Larøi
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Ongoing Activity ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives We investigated the relationship between confabulations and the ability to process chronological characteristics of memories in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Methods We evaluated provoked confabulations, spontaneous confabulations, and time perception in 31 AD patients. We evaluated provoked confabulations with questions probing general and personal knowledge. We evaluated spontaneous confabulations with a scale rated by nursing and medical staff. Regarding time perception, we invited the participants to perform a simple ongoing activity (i.e., deciding whether words were abstract or concrete), in order to provide a verbal estimation of the elapsed time intervals. Results We observed significant positive correlations between provoked/spontaneous confabulations and deviations in time estimation on the time perception task. Conclusions These findings demonstrate a relationship between confabulations in AD and difficulties in processing the chronological characteristics of elapsed events.

scholarly journals Time estimation and time perceiving in patients receiving intravenous anaesthesia for endoscopic procedures

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Płotek ◽  
Małgorzata Sobol-Kwapinska ◽  
Marcin Cybulski ◽  
Anna Kluzik ◽  
Małgorzata Grześkowiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Intravenous Anaesthesia ◽  
Time Production ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Examination

Introduction. The basic goals of the study were to analyze how patients receiving intravenous anaesthesia for endoscopy produce one-minute time intervals after anaesthesia, and to characterize the relationship between attitude towards time and the production of one-minute intervals. Material and methods. Twenty four intravenously anesthetized patients constituted the Anaesthesia Group and 25 nonanesthetized patients formed the Control Group. The Mini-Mental State Examination and the Sense of Coherence Meaningfulness Subscale were used to recognize the problem of dementia and depression, the Time Metaphors Questionnaire was used for the assessment attitudes toward time. Time production of one-minute was measured three times in each of four sessions. Results. The tested participants of both groups shortened the one-minute intervals. Duration of anaesthesia did not affect the time production. Perceiving time as empty and meaningless was related with misestimating time after colonoscopy. Conclusions. Time interpretation by using metaphors and time production are related with each other.

Learning and Retention in the Estimation of Short Time Intervals: A Circuit and a Study

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis R. Aiken
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Temporal Course ◽  
Response Feedback ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Feedback Phase

An investigation of the temporal course of learning and retention in the estimation of short time intervals is reported. In addition, a versatile response feedback circuit used in this investigation and appropriate for other studies concerned with time estimation or delayed responding is described. The experimental design was a 6 time intervals (1½, 3, 4½, 6, 7½, and 9 sec.) by 6 Ss balanced Latin square in which 6 adult female Ss made 10 pre-feedback, 25 feedback, and 15 post-feedback time estimates by terminating a 500-cps stimulus tone when they judged it to have been on for a certain time interval. Feedback consisted of informing S if she had responded too soon, too late, or at the correct time. Analysis of the 1800 absolute differences in milliseconds between real and estimated interval gave the following results. (1) During the pre-feedback phase, there was a moderate negative relationship between accuracy of time estimation and duration of interval estimated. (2) Accuracy of estimation improved on the trial following the first feedback trial, but little further improvement during the feedback phase was noted. (3) Amount of improvement in accuracy of estimation with feedback had a moderate negative relationship to duration of interval estimated. (4) Accuracy of estimation declined rather rapidly during the post-feedback phase. Some implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are presented.

Time Estimation and the Nosology of Schizophrenia

1966 ◽  
Vol 112 (482) ◽  
pp. 37-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Orme
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
The One

Time judgments of various kinds are often disturbed in schizophrenia, but a review of the literature (Orme, 1962) suggests the disturbance is not characteristic in type. The present writer has studied (Orme, 1964) the verbal estimation of an elapsed “filled” interval with various clinical groups. Subjects were asked, after 30 minutes of interviewing, “How long have we been together, how long does it seem to you?” A summary of the distribution of time estimates is given in Table I. The most statistically significant feature (see Orme, 1964 for details) is the contrast between the hysteric, psychopathic and manic groups on the one hand, and the melancholic, anxious and depressed neurotic on the other. Individual variations in estimates appear unrelated to age, sex and intelligence.

Using Work Time Estimation Methods to Predict Preventive Maintenance Task Completion Times

1984 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
R. Jay Ritchie ◽  
Jerome C. Notestine
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Maintenance Personnel ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Completion Times

Work time estimation techniques, as an alternative to direct work time measurement methods, were replicated using preventive maintenance personnel as expert estimators. Two groups of maintainers, those familiar with maintenance activities on specific equipments included in the study, and those with generic preventive maintenance experience, estimated subtask completion times on electronic equipment. Both groups' task completion time estimates correlated very highly with observed task completion times, indicating that general knowledge of maintenance is sufficient to produce strong prediction models. The relationship between generic experts' estimates and observed task completion times was further strengthened by providing more detailed subtask descriptions during the estimation process.

The Relationship Between Suicidal Thinking and Dating Violence in a Sample of Adolescent Abortion Patients

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 246-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen E. Ely ◽  
William R. Nugent ◽  
Julie Cerel ◽  
Mholi Vimbba
Keyword(s):  
Unintended Pregnancy ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Assessment Scale ◽  
Adolescent Dating Violence ◽  
Adolescent Relationships ◽  
Suicidal Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The relationship between suicidal thinking and adolescent dating violence has not been previously explored in a sample of adolescent abortion patients. Aims: This paper highlights a study where the relationship between dating violence and severity of suicidal thinking was examined in a sample of 120 young women ages 14–21 seeking to terminate an unintended pregnancy. Methods: The Multidimensional Adolescent Assessment Scale and the Conflict in Adolescent Relationships Scale was used to gather information about psychosocial problems and dating violence so that the relationship between the two problems could be examined, while controlling for the other psychosocial problems. Results: The results suggest that dating violence was related to severity of suicidal thinking, and that the magnitude of this relationship was moderated by the severity of problems with aggression. Conclusions: Specifically, as the severity of participant’s general problems with aggression increased, the magnitude of the relationship between dating violence and severity of suicidal thinking increased. Limitations of the study and implications for practice are discussed.

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