Developmental Differences in Children's Ballistic Aiming Movements of the Arm

2003 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin H. Yan ◽  
George E. Stelmach ◽  
Katherine T. Thomas ◽  
Jerry R. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Timing Variability ◽  
Movement Performance ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Movement Sequence ◽  
On Line

An experiment was conducted to examine the change in the relation between programming and “on-line” correction as a developmental explanation of children's arm movement performance. Each of 54 children in three age groups (5. 8, and 10 yr.) completed two types of rapid aiming arm movements in the longitudinal plane on the surface of a digitizer. Percent primary submovements and timing variability were dependent variables. Analysis suggested that the 5-yr.-olds used “on-line” monitoring during the arm movement and did not perform the movement sequence as a functional unit. Compared with 8- and 10-yr.-olds, the 5-yr.-olds planned a smaller portion of movements, executed the arm movements with more variability in time to peak velocity. The 8- and 10-yr.-olds appeared to plan their movements and execute the sequence as a unit. The developmental implications were discussed.

scholarly journals Movement Kinematics and their Relationship with Performance in Target Acquisition Task Using a Mouse

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 439-443
Author(s):  
Yuen-Keen Cheong ◽  
Randa L. Shehab ◽  
Chen Ling
Keyword(s):  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Movement Kinematics ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Movement Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acquisition Task ◽  
Psychomotor Ability ◽  
Kinematic Measures

Movement kinematics has been shown useful for characterizing the process of aiming movement in target acquisition tasks. There are multiple kinematic measures reported in the literature, but their relationship to eventual performance is not well documented. To determine the relationship between various kinematic measures and movement performance, data were collected from participants aged 21 to 90 years with a wide range of psychomotor ability. When computed across age groups, time to peak velocity (TPV), time to peak acceleration (TPA), and time from peak velocity until the end of movement (TPVEND) were found to correlate with movement performance. However, the relationships diminished when the correlations were computed within age groups (except for TPVEND). More interestingly, despite the extensive report, certain kinematic measures such as peak velocity were found to be uncorrelated with performance. Thus, when performance is the focus, improvement should be made to reduce TPV, TPA, and TPVEND.

scholarly journals 214 Longitudinal Changes in Sleep Duration, Timing, Variability, and Stages during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Large-Scale Fitbit Data

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A86-A86
Author(s):  
Michael Grandner ◽  
Naghmeh Rezaei
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Timing Variability

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in societal-level changes to sleep and other behavioral patterns. Objective, longitudinal data would allow for a greater understanding of sleep-related changes at the population level. Methods N= 163,524 deidentified active Fitbit users from 6 major US cities contributed data, representing areas particularly hard-hit by the pandemic (Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Miami). Sleep variables extracted include nightly and weekly mean sleep duration and bedtime, variability (standard deviation) of sleep duration and bedtime, and estimated arousals and sleep stages. Deviation from similar timeframes in 2019 were examined. All analyses were performed in Python. Results These data detail how sleep duration and timing changed longitudinally, stratified by age group and gender, relative to previous years’ data. Overall, 2020 represented a significant departure for all age groups and both men and women (P<0.00001). Mean sleep duration increased in nearly all groups (P<0.00001) by 5-11 minutes, compared to a mean decrease of 5-8 minutes seen over the same period in 2019. Categorically, sleep duration increased for some and decreased for others, but more extended than restricted. Sleep phase shifted later for nearly all groups (p<0.00001). Categorically, bedtime was delayed for some and advanced for others, though more delayed than advanced. Duration and bedtime variability decreased, owing largely to decreased weekday-weekend differences. WASO increased, REM% increased, and Deep% decreased. Additional analyses show stratified, longitudinal changes to sleep duration and timing mean and variability distributions by month, as well as effect sizes and correlations to other outcomes. Conclusion The pandemic was associated with increased sleep duration on average, in contrast to 2019 when sleep decreased. The increase was most profound among younger adults, especially women. The youngest adults also experienced the greatest bedtime delay, in line with extensive school-start-times and chronotype data. When given the opportunity, the difference between weekdays and weekends became smaller, with occupational implications. Sleep staging data showed that slightly extending sleep minimally impacted deep sleep but resulted in a proportional increase in REM. Wakefulness during the night also increased, suggesting increased arousal despite greater sleep duration. Support (if any) This research was supported by Fitbit, Inc.

scholarly journals The effect of time pressure on metacognitive control: developmental changes in self-regulation and efficiency during learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökhan Gönül ◽  
Nike Tsalas ◽  
Markus Paulus
Keyword(s):  
Time Allocation ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Study Time ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Metacognitive Control ◽  
Metacognitive Cues ◽  
Study Time Allocation

AbstractThe effect of time pressure on metacognitive control is of theoretical and empirical relevance and is likely to allow us to tap into developmental differences in performances which do not become apparent otherwise, as previous studies suggest. In the present study, we investigated the effect of time pressure on metacognitive control in three age groups (10-year-olds, 14-year-olds, and adults, n = 183). Using an established study time allocation paradigm, participants had to study two different sets of picture pairs, in an untimed and a timed condition. The results showed that metacognitive self-regulation of study time (monitor-based study time allocation) differed between age groups when studying under time pressure. Even though metacognitive control is firmly coupled at 10 years of age, the overall level of self-regulation of adults was higher than that of children and adolescents across both study time conditions. This suggests that adults might have been more sensitive to experiential metacognitive cues such as JoL for the control of study time. Moreover, the timed condition was found to be more effective than the untimed, with regard to study time allocation. Also, there was an age effect, with adults being more efficient than 10- and 14-year-olds.

Visual, Perceptual, and Cognitive Measures as Predictors of Collision Detection in Older Drivers

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 1018-1022
Author(s):  
Christina L. James ◽  
Kathryn Wochinger ◽  
W. Spencer James ◽  
Deborah Boehm-Davis
Keyword(s):  
Collision Detection ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables

This experiment examined whether visual, perceptual, or cognitive measures predicted the ability to detect vehicle collisions in intersections. Sixty subjects, comprised of three age groups balanced by gender, were presented dynamic intersection approaches in a part-task driving simulator. The subjects were asked to project the forward progress of crossing traffic and to indicate whether any of the crossing vehicles would conflict with their vehicle. Independent variables included visual, perceptual, and cognitive test batteries. Dependent variables included accuracy in collision detection and error type. Results showed that all three batteries predicted accuracy, but that the perceptual battery was the most predictive for each age group.

scholarly journals Voluntary Upper-Extremity Movements in Patients With Unilateral Peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-227
Author(s):  
Diane F Borello-France ◽  
Jere D Gallagher ◽  
Joseph M Furman ◽  
Mark S Redfern ◽  
George E Carvell
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Vestibular Loss ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Vestibular Hypofunction

Abstract Background and Purpose. People with peripheral vestibular pathology demonstrate motor impairments when responding and adapting to postural platform perturbations and during performance of sit-to-stand and locomotor tasks. This study investigated the influence of unilateral peripheral vestibular hypofunction on voluntary arm movement. Subjects and Methods. Subjects without known neurological impairments and subjects with vestibular impairments performed 3 voluntary arm movements: an overhead reach to a target, a sideward reach to a target, and a forward flexion movement through 90 degrees. Subjects performed these tasks under precued and choice reaction time conditions. During all tasks, body segment motion was measured. Head velocity measurements were calculated for the side task only. Results. Subjects with vestibular loss restricted upper body segment motion within the frontal and transverse planes for the 90-degree and overhead tasks. Average angular head velocity was lower for the group with vestibular hypofunction. Task uncertainty (the introduction of a choice reaction time paradigm) differentially influenced the groups regarding head velocity at target acquisition. Discussion and Conclusion. Individuals with vestibular loss altered their performance of voluntary arm movements. Such alterations may have served to minimize the functional consequences of gaze instability.

And Yet It Moves: What We Currently Know about Phantom Arm Movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Scaliti ◽  
Emanuele Gruppioni ◽  
Cristina Becchio
Keyword(s):  
Arm Movements ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Phantom Limb ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
The Real ◽  
Cortical Level ◽  
Hand Amputation

What is left over if I subtract the fact that my arm goes up from the fact that I raise my arm? Neurological evidence invites the provocative hypothesis that what is left over is a phantom arm movement—a movement of an arm that has been amputated. After arm/hand amputation, many amputees report that they can generate voluntary movements of the phantom limb; that is, they can move the arm that was amputated. But what is it like to move an arm/hand that is not there? Here, we review what is currently known about phantom limb movements at three descriptive levels: the kinematic level, the muscle level, and the cortical level. We conclude that phantom arm movements are best conceptualized as the real movements of a dematerialized hand.

scholarly journals FACE-TO-FACE AND FACEBOOK ACROSS THE LIFESPAN: SOCIAL INTERACTIONS BUFFER STRESS ON MOOD, BUT ONLY FOR ADOLESCENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S694-S695
Author(s):  
Yin Liu ◽  
Elizabeth B Fauth ◽  
Myles Maxey ◽  
Troy Beckert
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Stress Appraisal ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Social support serves as a protective factor, buffering stress in both adolescents and adults, however Socioemotional Selectivity Theory suggests developmental differences in stress reactivity and social support. It is unclear how modern forms of social contact, such as social media buffer stress, and the extent to which this differs across the lifespan. We utilized ecological momentary data to examine the moderating effects of age and two distinct types of social contacts the person had experienced in prior hours (frequency of face-to-face, or social media contacts) on the association between daily stress and momentary mood. Participants were recruited initially through Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk (adolescents referred by a parent). A total of 119 adolescent (n = 44; Agemean= 15.73) and middle-aged/older adult participants (n = 75; Agemean= 59.67) provided momentary data three times a day, on three consecutive days, every two weeks, for up to 12 weeks. Multi-level models showed significant 3-way interactions between stress appraisal of avoiding an argument, age group, and frequency of social contact via face-to-face (β = 1.698, se = 0.542, p = .002) and social media (β = 3.341, se = 0.984, p = .001). Older adults experienced better mood than adolescents. When avoiding an argument was appraised as more stressful, both age groups displayed worse mood. Whereas high levels of recent social contact (both face-to-face and social media) seemed to exacerbate the impact of this stressor on poorer mood for older persons, high levels of recent social contact, particularly social media, had stress-buffering benefits for adolescents.

Developmental Characteristics of Temporal Control of Movement in Preschool and School Children of Different Ages

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1455-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiko Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Time Difference ◽  
Temporal Control ◽  
Timing Pulse ◽  
Movement Sequence ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Developmental Characteristics ◽  
Temporal Control Of Movement

The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal control of repetitive tapping in children, ages 3 to 11 ( N = 99). The subjects tapped in synchrony with an auditory pulse (synchronizing phase) at nine different tempos (interpulse intervals of 370, 420, 500, 540, 620, 720, 850, 1000, and 1300 msec.) and were then asked to maintain the same tapping tempo without the aid of an auditory pulse (continuing phase). The time difference between the onset of the pulse and the tap in the synchronizing phase and intertap interval in the continuing phase were measured. Both the time difference between the timing pulse and the tap, and variation of intertap intervals were smallest at the tempo of 500 msec. for all age groups. The variation of the intertap interval at slower tempos was greater than that at fast tempos in all age groups. This suggests that the accurate interval (tempo) of all the subjects was around 500 to 600 msec At slower tempos, the intertap interval had a tendency to become slightly shorter with time and converged at intertap interval 500 to 600 msec. It is suggested that the preferred tempo was superior to the prescribed tempo in the continuing phase for younger subjects. Differing patterns of response in the movement sequence were observed between younger and older subjects in the movement sequence. The changes in temporal control over the age groups are thought to appear at between 5 and 7 years of age.

Evidence of Developmental Differences in Implicit Sequence Learning: An fMRI Study of Children and Adults

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1339-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Thomas ◽  
Ruskin H. Hunt ◽  
Nathalie Vizueta ◽  
Tobias Sommer ◽  
Sarah Durston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Implicit Sequence Learning ◽  
Age Related

Prevailing theories of implicit or unaware learning propose a developmental invariance model, with implicit function maturing early in infancy or childhood despite prolonged improvements in explicit or intentional learning and memory systems across childhood. Neuroimaging studies of adult visuomotor sequence learning have associated fronto-striatal brain regions with implicit learning of spatial sequences. Given evidence of continued development in these brain regions during childhood, we compare implicit sequence learning in adults and 7- to 11-year-old children to examine potential developmental differences in the recruitment of fronto-striatal circuitry during implicit learning. Participants performed a standard serial reaction time task. Stimuli alternately followed a fixed 10-step sequence of locations or were presented in a pseudorandom order of locations. Adults outperformed children, achieving a significantly larger sequence learning effect and showing learning more quickly than children. Age-related differences in activity were observed in the premotor cortex, putamen, hippocampus, inferotemporal cortex, and parietal cortex. We observed differential recruitment of cortical and subcortical motor systems between groups, presumably reflecting age differences in motor response execution. Adults showed greater hippocampal activity for sequence trials, whereas children demonstrated greater signal during random trials. Activity in the right caudate correlated significantly with behavioral measures of implicit learning for both age groups, although adults showed greater signal change than children overall, as would be expected given developmental differences in sequence learning magnitude. These results challenge the idea of developmental invariance in implicit learning and instead support a view of parallel developments in implicit and explicit learning systems.

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