Lie-Detection Biases among Male Police Interrogators, Prisoners, and Laypersons

2009 ◽  
Vol 105 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1047-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eitan Elaad
Keyword(s):  
Lie Detection ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Cues To Deception ◽  
Assessment Bias ◽  
Male Prisoners ◽  
Deceptive Behaviors

Beliefs of 28 male police interrogators, 30 male prisoners, and 30 male laypersons about their skill in detecting lies and truths told by others, and in telling lies and truths convincingly themselves, were compared. As predicted, police interrogators overestimated their lie-detection skills. In fact, they were affected by stereotypical beliefs about verbal and nonverbal cues to deception. Prisoners were similarly affected by stereotypical misconceptions about deceptive behaviors but were able to identify that lying is related to pupil dilation. They assessed their lie-detection skill as similar to that of laypersons, but less than that of police interrogators. In contrast to interrogators, prisoners tended to rate lower their lie-telling skill than did the other groups. Results were explained in terms of anchoring and self-assessment bias. Practical aspects of the results for criminal interrogation were discussed.

Nonverbal Dominance Versus Verbal Accuracy in Lie Detection

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1323-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldert Vrij
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Behavior ◽  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Police Practice ◽  
Cues To Deception ◽  
Lie Bias

With the exclusion of some specific circumstances, police officers typically pay more attention to nonverbal behavior than verbal behavior when they attempt to detect deceit. One of the reasons for this is that they believe that suspects are less able to control their nonverbal than verbal behavior and, consequently, nonverbal cues to deception are more likely to leak through. The author states that this assumption is not necessarily valid; deception research has revealed that many verbal cues are more diagnostic cues to deceit than nonverbal cues. Paying attention to nonverbal cues results in being less accurate in truth/lie discrimination, particularly when only visual nonverbal cues are taken into account. Also, paying attention to visual nonverbal cues leads to a stronger lie bias (i.e., indicating that someone is lying). The author recommends a change in police practice and argues that for lie detection purposes it may be better to listen carefully to what suspects say.

scholarly journals Interviewing to Detect Deception

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldert Vrij
Keyword(s):  
Deception Detection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
Terrorist Networks ◽  
Cues To Deception

DePaulo et al.’s (2003) meta-analysis of verbal and nonverbal cues to deception showed that cues to deception are faint and unreliable. If liars do not spontaneously display diagnostic cues to deceit, a logical step is to make sure that investigators elicit or enhance such cues in interviews through specific interview technique. Such interview techniques were scarce in the nonverbal and verbal cues to deception domain, but recently researchers have developed alternative protocols that have their roots in cognition and are based on the assumption that questions can be asked that are more difficult for liars to answer than for truth tellers. They will be discussed in the first part of this article. Traditionally, lie detection in a forensic context concentrated on police-suspect interview settings. However, in the wake of high-profile international terrorist attacks, the importance of identifying terrorist networks and gathering intelligence about the activities of such groups has become paramount. Deception detection in intelligence interviews differs in several ways from deception detection in traditional police-suspect interviews and requires innovative deception research. In the second part of this article we discuss the emerging literature in this domain.

NEUROTIC SYMPTOMATICS RELATED TO PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS IN YOUTH

2019 ◽  
pp. 2014-2019
Author(s):  
Milen Dimov
Keyword(s):  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Responsiveness ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
School Year ◽  
Real Behavior ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Ideal

The present study traces the dynamics of personal characteristics in youth and the manifested neurotic symptoms in the training process. These facts are the reason for the low levels of school results in the context of the existing theoretical statements of the problem and the empirical research conducted among the trained teenagers. We suggest that the indicators of neurotic symptomatology in youth – aggression, anxiety, and neuroticism, are the most demonstrated, compared to the other studied indicators of neurotic symptomatology. Studies have proved that there is a difference in the act of neurotic symptoms when tested in different situations, both in terms of expression and content. At the beginning of the school year, neurotic symptoms, more demonstrated in some aspects of aggressiveness, while at the end of school year, psychotism is more demonstrated. The presented summarized results indicate that at the beginning of the school year, neurotic symptoms are strongly associated with aggression. There is a tendency towards a lower level of social responsiveness, both in the self-assessment of real behavior and in the ideal “I”-image of students in the last year of their studies. The neurotic symptomatology, more demonstrated due to specific conditions in the life of young people and in relation to the characteristics of age.

scholarly journals Acoustic-Prosodic and Lexical Cues to Deception and Trust: Deciphering How People Detect Lies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 199-214
Author(s):  
Xi (Leslie) Chen ◽  
Sarah Ita Levitan ◽  
Michelle Levine ◽  
Marko Mandic ◽  
Julia Hirschberg
Keyword(s):  
Deception Detection ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Cues To Deception ◽  
Lexical Cues ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Large Corpus ◽  
Better Than

Humans rarely perform better than chance at lie detection. To better understand human perception of deception, we created a game framework, LieCatcher, to collect ratings of perceived deception using a large corpus of deceptive and truthful interviews. We analyzed the acoustic-prosodic and linguistic characteristics of language trusted and mistrusted by raters and compared these to characteristics of actual truthful and deceptive language to understand how perception aligns with reality. With this data we built classifiers to automatically distinguish trusted from mistrusted speech, achieving an F1 of 66.1%. We next evaluated whether the strategies raters said they used to discriminate between truthful and deceptive responses were in fact useful. Our results show that, although several prosodic and lexical features were consistently perceived as trustworthy, they were not reliable cues. Also, the strategies that judges reported using in deception detection were not helpful for the task. Our work sheds light on the nature of trusted language and provides insight into the challenging problem of human deception detection.

scholarly journals Using tropicamide and phenylephrine without cyclopentolate for pupil dilation in cataract surgery reduces postoperative intraocular pressure rise

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-289
Author(s):  
Rachel Xuan ◽  
Keith Ong
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Iop Elevation ◽  
Larger Sample

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate whether intraocular (IOP) elevation post-cataract surgery can be reduced by using tropicamide and phenylephrine only, without cyclopentolate. Medical records across two surgical facilities were analyzed. One surgical facility (Cohort A) used a combination of tropicamide, cyclopentolate, and phenylephrine preoperatively, while the other (Cohort B) used tropicamide and phenylephrine only. Of patients in Cohort A, 63.6% (n = 7) had a higher IOP in the operated eye, while it was only 27.3% (n = 3) in Cohort B. Therefore, it is preferable to exclude the use of cyclopentolate in the preoperative dilation regimen of patients undergoing cataract surgery. However, a study with a larger sample population is required to further evaluate the significance of these results.

George Rochberg's Road to Ars Combinatoria, 1943–63

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-150
Author(s):  
AMY LYNN WLODARSKI
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
The Road ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Ethical Conflicts ◽  
George Rochberg ◽  
Cumulative Process ◽  
Ethical Criteria

AbstractGeorge Rochberg often attributed his postmodern shift to the death of his son in 1964. Accordingly, the literature has described his practice of ars combinatoria (“art of combination”) as an “abrupt about-face”—a sudden rejection of modernist aesthetics. But the composer's unpublished essays, diaries, correspondence, and musical sketchbooks suggest that the road to ars combinatoria had well-laid roots in two of his least considered biographical periods: his service during World War II and his serial period. During these two decades, Rochberg actively sought positive models for humanistic composition, historical figures who rose to the level of musical heroes in that they served humanity through their art. But as the war had taught him, heroes are necessarily defined by their struggle against nemeses in ethical conflicts. Correspondingly, he constructed the other side of the artistic world as a realm of vain egoists who sought self-promotion and seemed unconcerned with humanistic modes of expression. As his ideas matured, Rochberg assigned different figures to these archetypes, but the guiding ethical criteria remained fairly consistent throughout. I therefore argue that ars combinatoria was less a sudden aesthetic reversal than it was the result of a longer cumulative process of self-assessment and compositional maturation.

Deliberate Practice Makes Perfect: Improving Therapist Effectiveness

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-01
Author(s):  
Keith Klostermann ◽  
Theresa Mignone ◽  
Emma Papagni
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Dropping Out ◽  
Psychotherapy Outcomes ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dental Cavities ◽  
Therapist Effectiveness ◽  
Assessment Bias

Psychotherapy works. The results of numerous studies show that those individuals treated are better off than those not treated or on waitlists with an average effect size of .8 (Duncan et al., 2008). To put it in perspective, the effects of psychotherapy are equal to those found for coronary artery bypass surgery and 4 times greater than fluoride in the prevention dental cavities. Yet, three persistent problems plague the psychotherapy field: 1) clients drop out of therapy at alarming rates – almost half of clients decide not to continue and prematurely terminate; 2) not only do therapists not notice when clients are at risk for dropping out, they also do not detect when things are getting worse (approximately 10% of clients get worse after starting therapy); and 3) a small percentage of clients (10%) accounts for the largest amount of expenditures (Minami, 2008). This last finding may be the result of therapists not realizing when things are not working or getting worse and instead of changing course, doing more of what is not working, over and over again. Along these lines, most therapists do not have an accurate sense of their helpfulness and on average, overrate their effectiveness by 65% (Chow, 2014). Given the issues with retention, coupled with the self-assessment bias among therapists, it’s not surprising that psychotherapy outcomes have not appreciably improved over the past 40 years.

Detecting Deception: Effect of Auditory and Visual Stimuli on Pupil Dilation

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kiho Kim ◽  
Yeonsil Lee ◽  
Hui-Teak Kim ◽  
Jang-Han Lee
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Question Type ◽  
Sensory Stimulus ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Control Question

We investigated the effects of auditory and visual stimuli on pupil dilation induced by emotional arousal during deception. The 33 participants were free to select to be in either a guilty or a not-guilty group. The guilty group performed a theft crime mission, and the not-guilty group performed a legal mission. To detect deception, we measured their pupil diameter with an eye tracker, and they completed the Control Question Test that is typically employed in polygraph tests, and which is based on a comparison of physiological responses to crime-relevant questions and comparison questions. This test was presented via one of three stimuli: auditory, visual, or dual sensory (auditory and visual simultaneously). The findings revealed that the diameter of the pupils of the guilty group increased differently according to the question type when both auditory and visual stimuli were presented simultaneously. Results suggest that pupil dilation could be the deception discriminant, and the use of more than one sensory stimulus may support lie detection in forensic investigations.

Second language speakers’ awareness of their own comprehensibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-373
Author(s):  
Lauren Strachan ◽  
Sara Kennedy ◽  
Pavel Trofimovich
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Second Language Speakers ◽  
Self Assessments ◽  
Mandarin Speakers ◽  
Task Content

Abstract This study investigated whether second language (L2) speakers are aware of and can manipulate aspects of their speech contributing to comprehensibility. Forty Mandarin speakers of L2 English performed two versions of the same oral task. Before the second task, half of the speakers were asked to make their speech as easy for the interlocutor to understand as possible, while the other half received no additional prompt. Speakers self-assessed comprehensibility after each task and were interviewed about how they improved their comprehensibility. Native-speaking listeners evaluated speaker performances for five dimensions, rating speech similarly across groups and tasks. Overall, participants did not become more comprehensible from task 1 to task 2, whether prompted or not, nor did speakers’ self-assessments become more in line with raters’, indicating speakers may not be aware of their own comprehensibility. However, speakers who did demonstrate greater improvement in comprehensibility received higher ratings of flow, and speakers’ self-ratings of comprehensibility were aligned with listeners’ assessments only in the second task. When discussing comprehensibility, speakers commented more on task content than linguistic dimensions. Results highlight the roles of task repetition and self-assessment in speakers’ awareness of comprehensibility.

SELF-ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Aelita Skarbalienė ◽  
Egidijus Skarbalius ◽  
Lina Gedrimė ◽  
Lolita Rapolienė
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Emotional Interaction ◽  
Healthcare Practice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Interaction Skills

Communication and social skills are becoming increasingly valuable in the 21st century. Despite increasing awareness of the importance of communication skills in modern healthcare practice, there is a lack of research that addresses this issue. The aim of this research is to assess the communication skills of healthcare professionals working in Lithuanian healthcare institutions. Respondents (n=1154) were asked to assess their own communication skills using the Interpersonal Communication Skills Inventory. The research revealed that sending clear message skills were the strongest and giving/getting feedback skills were the lowest for most of the respondents, including physicians, head nurses, nurse, nurse assistants, and other personnel. The strongest aspects were that respondents can talk to other people and others seemed to be interested and attentive when healthcare specialists were talking because in conversation they were trying to talk about things of interest to both them and the other persons. The respondents could recognize as well how others were reacting to what they were saying. However, they did not always care how other person feels about the point they try to make. Emotional interaction skills were the lowest for most of the respondents in this study. They saw a tendency to change the subject when other person’s feelings enter into the discussion and it was difficult for them to think when they were angry with someone. It was summarized that talking, listening, and emotional interaction skills of the respondents are the areas that need more consistent attention, and giving / getting feedback is the skill that needs much improvement. 

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